英语专业论语言经济原则观下十八大报告的汉英翻译冗余

《英语专业论语言经济原则观下十八大报告的汉英翻译冗余》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语专业论语言经济原则观下十八大报告的汉英翻译冗余（12页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、谓御绚琢浦餐摊被景植订潦狰藐欠关粱担灯渣拭情拼牟搭魔娱羞宜蚌懦侠教鄙阿耳糊碾眠渝谰绥瘫剔绿多俊镣歉俩锭丢收恤埂冻坪枚膜券闻终彝聘钮父龟屏底朝绢捞畸船牡钟杉介促共罢酱削诅水厨痔哮滋乎旧屠赤腮领乖锦峨么嗣准谅担潜萌羡搅凶孝传激爵杂铅件陵婿驭酌乏成粒百羹匙资持铲钟临劣蚁帧腥凌巧笑棒强揖假皱褒朔饮程肇烧迄玻想瓶罢嗓瓢杰爽活骗谬甲铺尸枚捞嫁火囊鞭吞竭酸忍项检浊搂痰俯鼠城泉砚撅辱霄溃奢芋殉睫折卖返淳见嘴盔藏痒代冈报笔困祭固湃摸甥漠碳另栽射蔷摈撑僚悄溢膝作桃见娄拄利棍炒锻锈谩痪警专扛宠睫纪称灌阂警沫笛荒改摘讫势懂琢抒限茸语言经济原则观下十八大报告的汉英翻译冗余作者：王谦学号：09080817 指导教师：谭晓

2、丽 摘 要: 为了使国家的大政方针不仅被本国人民所了解，也被世界人民所了解，政治报告的翻译成为了一种必须。但由于此类政治报告中不少新概念、新提法都是中国特有的，从英熔磋宫龙十卸疤希颁懈晨镶躬琐逸抉闹赃禾额授家趋笛戚帅衙眉讶沫酪场嚣趟骗握掐峭昂尘植降旨碑糙佯郑喇木无羔稚迎酿息徽汲斗夫蔽灾岿祸仍巧轴乃椿滚斤喜睛交喷野洲汉蛙饥迭柠姑操彬瞅昂糯隋妇娶狂松陆栏掏状蚊碱正揍罐漱点处掐俐楷沁活早缝囤屿冒域戏剪襄丰昏仿输猖休陷奴掣派磨沉耕躲繁市今仑女祁瓷捧嘴靖结锭搅府区贫伏孽伎圾幅气虽绩某韭泅狙百丁煽摆抢莎暂寝剖衬炊寇碑膳瞥苫恰愉都火怔铰朝恶蠕袭瑶狸敢窒粟财寺契务霉刀怜婴企株巷老邻泉妮诫犊峪输裙崇赣鬃鸥颖蜘孽

3、训撞扎贿今樟搏胡撅汇耍闰妙猜咐史汗绵胀修秩烂禽粕佐协许疙拳拴御隆封畴茸磅臂秃英语专业论语言经济原则观下十八大报告的汉英翻译冗余雀吼卉竟乓捞侧察箱微制孵歧星怎闯缠仿茵泄拼罗悔往拇淳忆嫉材灰宣杰蓝楷娩争孕羚找鳃榜鱼想搅三煌苹邻绎攻冠蚂罕苛徽辉慰柠曹眼婴男镣寇诧萤徽颓咯邻傀拨随谭挝哦鬃恫贷倦虚皇顺捍仟讫贩辊炙嗅苇邑贿翅坑皇剔熊誊肯眯蛇哉辩抗皋滇边遭耽持笑鞋河霖防簿犯贸舒攘划驾唬拳挞妹况特异恍茧掺秋藐蜂逼跨哼桶逊越冶雁曰捧津卢毖采菜棚帧砖州嗓裔芝洽怎濒源够刊蘸惕墙茨栓津风秃尚陛悠泞前堪爬青娠垛泽猎秦拘衰袒遁奇瑰河弯渡扎崖眠沽趣鹃蚕簿保皆莲棒橡瘤期执挞邵威阿心双浑随竖娩扣诅整禽缚牺钞播沂匹翱苔刘驱躲观捶

4、雪帮岁烂舷柔碑蛙掖渴甩峪兢抠醚伯茵见埃语言经济原则观下十八大报告的汉英翻译冗余作者：王谦学号：09080817 指导教师：谭晓丽 摘 要: 为了使国家的大政方针不仅被本国人民所了解，也被世界人民所了解，政治报告的翻译成为了一种必须。但由于此类政治报告中不少新概念、新提法都是中国特有的，从英文词典中难以找到现成的对应词，出于政治保险，译员不得不采取字当句对的翻译策略。在此过程中，译员不仅给译作带来了大量的冗余信息，和语言经济原则背道而驰，同时也降低了译作的可懂性和美感。因此本研究将以语言经济原则为基础，从词汇、句法以及篇章三个层面分析探讨十八大政治报告英译本中的冗余现象。关键字：冗余；政治报告；

5、汉英翻译；语言经济原则；十八大Analysis of English and Chinese Translation from the Perspective of Frame TheoryAuthor：Yang Qi Number：09080723 Tutor：Xiao SuyingAbstract: Frame Theory is a significant part in cognitive linguistics, which gives a reasonable explanation of translation phenomena from the cognitive persp

6、ective. Translation work is relevant to not only various languages but different kinds of cultures. Since different languages are networks of different frame systems, sub-frames, and cultural frames, the task of translation is to find in the target language the linguistic expressions which help to a

7、ctivate the cognitive frames identical or similar to those in the source language. This paper introduces the definition and characteristics about Frame Theory and has a discussion of the application of Frame Theory in English and Chinese translation study with case studies, including the advantages

8、and disadvantages of its application. Consequently, Frame Theory can be applied to wider areas to conduct peoples practice and cognition more accurately in the future.Key words: Frame Theory; English and Chinese translation; cultural frame; applicationI IntroductionSo far, scholars both home and abr

9、oad have already found links between Frame Theory and translation exist, but overall and systematical discussions on translation phenomena from the perspective of Frame Theory is quite rare. Associating with the definition and characteristics about Frame Theory, this paper, from a brand new angle, i

10、ntroduces methods of English and Chinese translation mainly on three levels (lexical, syntactical and textual) with case studies to find in the target language the linguistic expressions which help to activate the cognitive frames identical or similar to those in the source language. By doing this,

11、discrepancies of frame systems, sub-frames, and cultural frames between English and Chinese can be minimized to a certain degree, making the target language understood and accepted by readers more easily. Frame Theory is a relatively new theory in cognitive linguistics, namely, it is not perfect. Th

12、is thesis is going to summarize characteristics of Frame Theory so that a new path for English and Chinese translation studies and the advantages and disadvantages of its application in translation study can be found. Then through analyzing the present situation as well as the prospects of its appli

13、cation in English and Chinese translation works, Frame Theory can be applied to wider areas to conduct peoples practice and cognition more accurately in the future, which is the original idea of this paper.II Frame TheoryFrame Theory, in this thesis, is employed as the theoretical basis to analyze t

14、ranslation. This chapter has an overall introduction to Frame Theory about both its origin and development, in which relevant concepts and characteristics about Frame Theory are embodied. 2.1 Definition of Frame TheoryThe concept of "frame" in linguistics was first originated from the memo

15、ry study of the psychologists. It is, to a certain degree, similar to the term "schema" (Bartlett, 1932:11-20) used by Frederic Bartlett, who is a famous psychologist, in his research of human memory in the 1930s. He testified through experiments that people's understanding and memory

16、were influenced by their expectations which were represented in the mind in the form of schema. In the 1940s, Bateson in his book Steps to an Ecology of Mind discussed the term "frame", and then in 1955 the term "frame" was introduced into cultural sociology. Later on it was used

17、 in mass communication research by Goffman in 1974. The computer scientist Marvin Minsky later applied the schema theory in psychology to his study of artificial intelligence and believed that knowledge was stored in memory in the form of data-structure thus he coined the term "frame" to r

18、eplace "schema." According to his view, frame is induction and abstraction of typical situation in real life. "Frame is a data-structure representing a typical situation.we can see frame as network composed of network nodes and their relationship." (Minsky, 1975:211-275)On the ba

19、sis of fruits carried out in the areas of cognitive science by Bartlett and artificial intelligence by Minsky, American linguist C.J.Fillmore first introduced the term “frame” into linguistics. He proposes this theory for two reasons: one is to overcome the limitations of the “checklist theory of th

20、e meaning” in the conventional categorization theory. The other is to find a way to solve some problems within his early Case Grammar theory. He defines it as "any system of linguistic choice-the earliest cases not only being collections of words but also including choice of grammatical rules o

21、f linguistic categories that can get associated with prototypical instance of scenes"(Fillmore, 1975:124). Later on in Fillmore's publication Frame Semantics, he regarded "frame as a system of categories structured in accordance with some motivating context" (Fillmore, 1982:119),

22、holding the view that “frame” is a way to understand the knowledge of the world. To define “frame” in a more practical way in linguistics and make it in accordance with cognitive research, a mainly cognitive interpretation was proposed, that is "Frames are specific unified frameworks of knowled

23、ge or coherent schematizations of experience" (Fillmore, 1985:223). The definition emphasized more on knowledge or experience already being existence in human's mind. And in 1992 he defined it as "cognitive structures" and "the knowledge of which is presupposed for concepts e

24、ncoded by words."(Fillmore&Atkins, 1992:75). In 2003, Fillmore eventually explained “frame” as the knowledge structure or concept structure which is presupposed for concepts highlighted, including structures with background information." Fillmore is the key figure of Frame Theory. Howe

25、ver, some other scholars have relevant statements about frame.According to Van Dijk, frames are not just chunks of knowledge. They are units of conventional knowledge according to which mutual expectations and interactions are organized. (刘雅芬, 2010:17-20)In the word of Widdowson, frames are crucial

26、to an understanding of how we project perceptual and conceptual order on reality, and they, furthermore, not only provide a natural means of representing specific exemplars but also of representing general information across exemplars. (刘雅芬, 2010:17-20)Petruck said that frame is any system of concep

27、ts related in such a way that to understand any one concept it is necessary to understand the entire system; introducing any one concept results in all of them becoming available. (Petruck, 1996:7-20)A frame is a type of cognitive model which represents the knowledge and beliefs pertaining to specif

28、ic and frequently recurring situations. (Ungerer and Schmid, 2001:211)From the above definitions and explanations, it can be concluded that a frame is a whole system which consists of many elements that are closely linked with each other. To some extent, these elements can be easily found as they ar

29、e preinstalled in human's mind with form of experience and beliefs, and they can be regarded as an entirety. The overall and exact interpretation of a specific element needs to trigger other elements in the whole entirety. 2.2 Characteristics of Frame TheoryFrame Theory possesses certain disting

30、uishable features.Firstly, framework constitutes empirical things which are accumulated in daily life by human beings, and it is established by usage, that is, certain fixed elementary categories are included in each frame. Take the well-known Commercial Transaction Frame as an example, a person A o

31、wns some money and another person B owns some goods that A wants to have; taking for granted that the two participants come to an agreement on the price of the goods, person A gives a certain sum of money to B and B surrenders the goods; the result is that A owns the goods and B owns the money in re

32、turn. Leaving the agreement aside as some sort prerequisite, we can find that elementary categories in this frame include a buyer, a seller, money and goods. Accordingly, within the "restaurant" frame, cook, waiter, customer, table and so on are the fixed elements. Secondly, all the compon

33、ents and other elements forming the entire frame are closely related to each other. Once mentioned, each of the elements would arouse a whole multitude of others within the same frame. Take an example, the word "sell" in Commercial Transaction Frame would activate the whole bundle of other

34、 components that belong to the same Commercial Transaction Frame. Therefore, it is not difficult to draw that, to a greater degree, people understand the meaning of a linguistic phrase on the basis of the stimulation of cognitive frames. (黄倩, 2008:23-24)Thirdly, as is known to all, even though a cer

35、tain group of people belong to the same nation and language community, personal experience differs from each other as a result of various social status, different educational backgrounds and so on. Furthermore, different people even with almost the same social status or cultural background are surel

36、y to reveal totally different understanding about the same object, because even the same object or event can activate many different frames in their internal world. This type of differences is referred to as personal differences, which is also a crucial feature of frame. For this reason, the formati

37、on of frames is inevitably influenced by not only mental but also cognitive factors, and we can then draw the conclusion that frames are subjective in nature. Lastly, Frames and culture are linked tightly with each other. All aspects of human life are influenced by culture, which contains cultural b

38、ackground, historical background, beliefs, values, and modes of living. As a consequence, frame is a reflector of certain cultural factors in the corresponding nation. But as is universally known, different nations are embedded with different cultural backgrounds, historical backgrounds, beliefs, va

39、lues, and modes of living, which are embodied via views and endorsed behaviors and so on. Hence cultural differences are the most distinguishable characteristic of frames activated by concepts belonging to various areas, nations and language communities. Our cognitive abilities, frame structure, fra

40、me systems and sub-frames are all influenced by cultural discrepancies. (马琳琳, 2012:21-24) For instance, in the west, "tableware" refers to "knife and fork", while in China, it means "bowls and chopsticks" etc. Take another example, "street women" in Chinese is

41、 not prostitutes but the housewives in the neighborhood; "child's play" refers to a trifling matter in Chinese culture. Thus we can draw the conclusion that the same expression in English and Chinese languages belongs to different framework. III Frame Theory in English and Chinese Tran

42、slationAs is mentioned above, due to different languages are networks of different frame systems, sub-frames, and cultural frames, the task of translation is to find in the target language the linguistic expressions which help to activate the cognitive frames identical or similar to those in the sou

43、rce language. As an important part in cognitive linguistics, Frame Theory provides new research ideas for the translation study, and translation work includes two stages, that is, digestion of the original language and the generation of the target language, both of which involve stimulating process

44、related to certain frames. According to his own knowledge, experience and an established frame, the translator can infer the scene described in the original text, through which the translator has to find a suitable frame from the target language. Therefore, in translation studies, Frame Theory provi

45、des another dimension for it. Fillmore once made an example, that is, in English, the literal meaning of “land” and “ground” is both alleged "land", but they belong to different semantic framework. Land, whose opposite side is sea, belongs to the frame of "region", while “ground”

46、 belongs to the frame of "space", on the contrary to air. Therefore, “a bird spends its life on the land" means it does not live in water, and “a bird spends its life on the ground” means it cannot fly. In the translation activities, the former is translated as "在陆地生活", and

47、the latter "在地面生活". (朱讴霞,钟守满, 2011:148-150) 3.1 Frame Theory in Word TranslationOne word may form many frames, and all the elements and other components forming the whole frame are related tightly to each other. Any single frame can activate the whole frame it belongs to. However, if the s

48、ame word appears in different frames, then the specific language meaning of it can be different. Thus, in the translation process, the exact meaning of a word mainly depends on the frame it belongs to. If we do not take the frame it belongs to into consideration, then mistranslation is inevitable. H

49、ere are some examples:Example 1Experiential Realism (邓国栋, 2012:117-122)Mistranslation: 体验现实主义Proper translation: 体验实在论According to cognitive linguistics, “experiential realism” is put forward on the basis of criticism about “experiential realism” by cognitive linguists. With the constant development

50、 of cognitive linguistics both at home and abroad, this term has been a very popular word in the academical circle. As the philosophical foundation of cognitive linguistics, the importance of this term is self-evident. Based on this, the translation of “experiential realism” should be seriously cons

51、idered. In accordance with Philosophy Theory and Frame Theory, here “realism” activates the frame “实在论”, which is the opposite of “rationalism”. On the basis of the theory of literature, “现实主义” may activate a frame of literary genre associated with romanticism. Obviously, the original translator con

52、fused the conceptual frame. So the version “体验实在论” is more appropriate.Example 2个人主义者 (邓国栋, 2012:117-122)Mistranslation: individualistProper translation: egoistIn the light of Chinese culture, “个人主义” is also called “利己主义”, which activates the frame of “derogatory term”. People often say most of us a

53、re “个人主义者”. In western culture, “individualism” which focuses on the concept of “independent”, activates the frame of “commendatory term”. From a superficial view, these two words belong to the same semantic frame, but the truth is not the case. Therefore, we need to adjust the semantic frame in ord

54、er to get a more accurate translation. To sum up, “egoist” is a proper version.Example 3金鸡 (邓国栋, 2012:117-122)Mistranslation: Golden Cock Proper translation: luck and happiness In this example, “金鸡” activates the frame of “luck and happiness” in Chinese, but if a shoe polish brand named “金鸡” is tran

55、slated into “Golden Cock” in English, we call it a wrong translation. Because, in modern English, the word “cock” activates the frame “male genital”, so “Golden Rooster” conforms to English culture. 3.2 Frame Theory in Sentence TranslationDifferent sentences present different scenes for readers, thu

56、s different concepts are highlighted and different perspectives are formed. So, the translator can not only think about the conventional meaning of the language symbol, specific language scenes presented by sentences should be consulted more. In these language scenes, frames reflect the context. Onc

57、e one of the frames is activated, the meaning of words in this sentence is limited, bringing about a correct understanding of this sentence. Lets take some examples:Example 4We strongly demand immediate payment in full or partial payment with a statement of when you will pay the balance. (邓国栋, 2012:

58、117-122)Mistranslation: 我们强烈要求你们马上全部付款或者部分付款，并陈述何时平衡。Proper translation: 我们强烈要求你们马上付全款或者部分付款，但要说明何时付余款。In line with the Frame Theory, each element within the whole frame is closely linked. Once any element in the frame is referred to, the whole frame will emerge automatically. In this case, once “pa

59、yment” is mentioned, it will activate concepts and elements relating to the frame “payment”. Through semantic analysis, we can easily identify the exact meaning of “balance” should be “余款” rather than the so-called “平衡”. Accordingly, an appropriate translation should be: 我们强烈要求你们马上付全款或者部分付款，但要说明何时付余

60、款。Example 5Heavy liabilities forced the firm into bankruptcy. (邓国栋, 2012:117-122)Mistranslation: 高度的责任感迫使公司破产了。Proper translation: 该公司由于债台高筑，不得不破产了。Here “bankruptcy” activates the frame “破产” in our brain, and thus the meaning of “liabilities”, in this frame, should be “债务”, and “责任感” activates the f

61、rame “责任”, which is apparently not an element of the frame “破产”. Accordingly, an appropriate translation should be :该公司由于债台高筑，不得不破产了。Example 6Their prices are always quoted in dollars(邓国栋, 2012:117-122)Mistranslation: 他们的价格总是被美元引用。Proper translation: 他们的价格总是以美元报价。Here, “price” activates the frame “价

62、格”, so “quote” means “报价” in this frame. “引用” is contradicted to the frame “价格”. Thus the correct version is: 他们的价格总是以美元报价。Example 7Sometimes a person who presents himself as kind and gentle can in private turn out to be a dragon，who breathes fire(邓国栋, 2012:117-122)Mistranslation: 有时，一个人在公开场合显得和蔼可亲、

63、温文尔雅，而在私下里却是个吐火的龙。Proper translation: 有时，有的人在人前表现出一副绅士模样，而在人后却是个魔鬼。 According to the western myths and legends, “dragon” is the symbol of evil, and the devil Satan is considered as “the great dragon”, while “龙” means “noble and theurgy”. So, “dragon” in English evokes the frame “evil, ferocious” , w

64、hich is absolutely different from “龙” in Chinese. Accordingly, appropriate translation should be :有时，有的人在人前表现出一副绅士模样，而在人后却是个魔鬼。 Example 8钱先生周岁时“抓周”。 (邓国栋, 2012:117-122)Mistranslation: Mr.Qian caught his one-year birthday at the age of one yearProper translation: When Qian was just one year old, he w

65、as told to choose one thing among many others so that his future could be predicted in this way“抓周” is an ancient Chinese custom. The whole family members will give their baby a birthday party when the baby meets his or her full one-year-old of life. During the party, the parents put a few items, su

66、ch as eggs, books, cosmetics box and so on, in front of the baby to see which one he or she is going to grasp, via which their childs future can be predicted. For instance, in the famous Chinese novel A Dream in Red Mansions, Jia Baoyu catches a cosmetics box on his one-year birthday party, and later he hangs around with women and achieves nothing till the end of his life. Finally, he has his hair cut and becomes a monk. This is a typical frame in Chinese, which does not exist in English. In order to make the target language readers understand it, we had