非谓语动词精练ppt课件

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1、2. 不定式（ infinitive ）类别1.动名词（ gerund ）3. 分词（ participle ）动名词，顾名思义，具有双重作用：它既有动词的作用（后面可加自己的宾语），又有名词的作用（可以做句子的主语、宾语等）。定义一、动名词作主语一、动名词作主语例子 1 ：Constant dropping wears a stone away.例子 2 ：Speaking English fluently needs a lot of practice. 二、动名词作表语二、动名词作表语 例子 1.Your job will be babysitting. 例子 2. The proble

2、m with me is remembering new words. 三、动名词作宾语三、动名词作宾语有些动词只能接动名词做宾语，而不能接有些动词只能接动名词做宾语，而不能接不定式。这是考试中常见的考点。请大家务必不定式。这是考试中常见的考点。请大家务必多练多用多读多说，尽量培养语感，这比单纯多练多用多读多说，尽量培养语感，这比单纯死记硬背这些枯燥的词汇要容易得多。死记硬背这些枯燥的词汇要容易得多。常见的动词有： advise, admit, appreciate, avoid, allow, bear, cant help, cease, delay, deny, discourage,

3、enjoy, envy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, permit, postpone, practice, risk,等等。1. She admitted stealing (having stolen) the bicycle. 2. I couldn t help laughing after I heard the news.3. The company has ceased trading in this area.4. When can you finish writing the novel?

4、5. Would you mind working overtime without being paid?1 Mark often attempts to escape_ whenever he breaks traffic regulations.A) having been fined B) to have been fined C) to be fined D) being fined 2. People appreciate _with him because he has a good sense of humor. A) to work B) to have worked C)

5、working D) having working选择题：汉译英：汉译英：1.她不想冒着失去工作的危险她不想冒着失去工作的危险。（。（ risk ）She doesn t want to risk losing her job.2. 他拒不承认他对这个计划有任何的了他拒不承认他对这个计划有任何的了解。解。(deny)He denied knowing anything about the plan.3. 这只鸟没有被射中。这只鸟没有被射中。(miss)The bird missed being shot.4. 政府正在考虑取消这个工程。政府正在考虑取消这个工程。The government i

6、s considering canceling the project. 凡是动词凡是动词+介词、名词介词、名词+介词或形容介词或形容词词+介词形成的词组，都要求接动名词做介词形成的词组，都要求接动名词做宾语，因为几乎所有介词后的动词都要使宾语，因为几乎所有介词后的动词都要使用动名词形式。用动名词形式。1. He insisted on doing it in his own way. 2. I m looking forward to seeing you again.3. He has no interest in learning music.4. The teacher hasnt s

7、ucceeded in convincing him.5. Is there any place you are keen on visiting?例 1 ： He gives people the impression _ all his life abroad. A) of having spent B) to have spent C) of being spent D) to spent例 2 ：You may still have a problem riding a tricycle even if you are quite used _ a bicycle. A) to rid

8、e B) to riding C) to have ridden D) to be riding* 所有的介词后面的动词都应该是动名词（某所有的介词后面的动词都应该是动名词（某些句子中的特殊结构除外）。比较容易错的是些句子中的特殊结构除外）。比较容易错的是介词介词“to”，因为它也是一个不定式的符号。因，因为它也是一个不定式的符号。因此要记住下面的短语：此要记住下面的短语：be used to; look forward to; be opposed to; devote( give) to; contribute to; pay attention to ; object to 等等。汉译英

9、：汉译英：1. 这些孩子一直盼望着参观北京。这些孩子一直盼望着参观北京。These children have been looking forward to visiting Beijing. 2. 他把他大部分课余时间都用在提高听他把他大部分课余时间都用在提高听力技巧上了。力技巧上了。He devoted most of his spare time to improving his listening skills.“It is +名词或形容词+动名词” 句型。满足这个句型的形容词通常是：no good, no use, senseless, useless, waste, worthw

10、hile等。例 1 ： It s no use talking to him about it.例 2 ：Do you think it worthwhile investing a large sum of money in this project? 动名词短语之前可以有一个物主代词或名词所有格来表示它的逻辑主语。当这一结构不处于句首时，逻辑主语用名词的普通格式或代词宾语更自然些。例 1.：_ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for. A) The girl was educated B) The

11、girl educated C) The girls being educated D) The girl to be educated例 2. Although punctual himself, the professor was quite used _ late for his lecture.A) to have students B) for students being C) for students to be D) to students being这句话也如果改一下，更加自然和口语化：这句话也如果改一下，更加自然和口语化：Although punctual himself,

12、 the professor was quite used to students (them) being late for his lecture.返回返回The InfinitivesA)A)结构结构不定式的主动态是不定式的主动态是to do，其否定式是，其否定式是not to do，被动态是，被动态是to be done，进行态是，进行态是to be doing，完成态是，完成态是to have done。例子：Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it known that much of his collection _ to the nation. A)

13、has left B) is to leave C) leaves D) is to be leftB)B)功能功能用作主语用作主语 、宾语、宾语 、定语、定语 、状状 语语 、 宾语宾语 （主（主 语语 ） 补补 足足 语语 等。等。a. a. 直接作主语直接作主语1 ） To be a man is much easier than to be a woman.2 ） To go to the ball with such poor clothes is a shame on me.1 1不定式做主语不定式做主语例1：It is not unusual for boys to have a

14、 long hair nowadays. b. b. 用形式主语代替：用形式主语代替：c. c. 作表语作表语My duty is to make you well behaved and disciplined. 例2：It is good of you to always take others into consideration. 汉泽英：汉泽英：1. 乘地铁到火车站更方便。乘地铁到火车站更方便。It is more convenient to take underground (subway) to the railway station.2. 你给了我这么多的帮助，真是太好了。你给

15、了我这么多的帮助，真是太好了。How kind it is of you to help me so much! a. a. 不定式做宾语补足语不定式做宾语补足语有有 些些 动动 词词 和和 短短 语语 可可 用用 不不 定定 式式 做做 宾宾 语语 补补 足足 语语 ，构，构 成成 句句 型：主型：主 语语 + 谓谓 语语 动动 词词 + 宾宾 语语 + 不不 定定 式。式。 2. . 不定式做补足语的用法不定式做补足语的用法2) I prefer you to do this job because you are more careful.3) Didn t I warn you not

16、 to play around with the computer?4) Three years efforts enabled her to be enrolled in a prestigious university.1) I strongly advise you to stay away from that fishy guy.这样的动词有：advise, allow, ask, assist, bear, beg, cause, command, direct, enable, encourage, forbid, force, get, hate, help, inspire,

17、instruct, intend, invite, lead, like, mean, need, order, permit, persuade, prefer, recommend, remind, request, require, teach, tell, urge, want, warn, wish等。汉译英：汉译英：1 . 爸 爸 妈 妈 总 是 鼓 励 我 不 要 气 馁 。爸 爸 妈 妈 总 是 鼓 励 我 不 要 气 馁 。(encourage) My parents always encourage me not to lose heart.2. 爱因斯坦被迫离开德国来到美

18、国。爱因斯坦被迫离开德国来到美国。(force)Einstein was forced to leave Germany for the US.3.贝克汉姆生病使他与这场比赛失之交臂。贝克汉姆生病使他与这场比赛失之交臂。(cause) Beckhams illness caused him to miss the game.4. 我们很想去郊游，但天气不容许。我们很想去郊游，但天气不容许。(permit)The weather didnt permit us to go for an outing, thought we wanted very much to.典型 错误：1. suggest

19、 sb. to do sth.2. hope sb. to do sth.3. think sb. to do sth.b) 不定式做主语补足语不定式做主语补足语上面的句子如果变成了被动语态，宾上面的句子如果变成了被动语态，宾语补足语语补足语 就成了主语就成了主语 补足语补足语例1 ：The street was not meant to have so much traffic.例 2: Everybody was encouraged to develop their own interest at that university.例：The ancient Egyptians are s

20、upposed _ rockets to the moon. A) to send B) to be sending C) to have sent D) to have been sendingc)c)动词短语后的补足语动词短语后的补足语这样的短语有：这样的短语有：call on（请求）（请求）, care for（关（关心）心）, count on（依靠，指望）（依靠，指望）, depend on（依（依赖、依靠）赖、依靠）, long for（渴望）（渴望）, vote for（选（选举）举）, rely on（信赖）（信赖）, wait for（等待）。（等待）。还有一些动词和词组用不

21、定式做宾语补足语时不带to，但在被动形式时，其宾语补足语不定式必须带to。这样的动词和词组有 let, make, have, look at, see, watch, notice, observe, overhear, hear, listen to, feel 。汉译英：老师要求我在班会上 发言。(call on)The teacher called on me to speak at the class meeting.我喜欢看孩子们在湖上划船。(watch)I like to watch kids boat in the lake. 例2：Sally was made _ a mus

22、ic instrument though he didnt want to.A)learnB) to learnC) learning D) learnt例：They are going to have the serviceman _ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.A)install B) to install C) to be installed D) installed选择题：3. 不定式做宾语不定式做宾语大量的动词后可以加不定式做宾大量的动词后可以加不定式做宾语。常用的语。常用的 动词有：动词有：want, wish, hope, hat

23、e, manage, ask, offer, promise, pretend, intend, attempt, decide, learn, desire, agree, care, choose, determine, undertake, expect, continue, prefer, try, remember, forget, mean, start, begin, like,等。等。1) They preferred not to put this on the agenda.2) He offered to sponsor the charity organization.

24、3) Mother warned him never to drive after drinking.4) The young man told the doctor that he didn t need to have his heart checked.4) 有些动词后既可加不定式，也可加动名词，但用法不同，意义也不同。注意remember, forget, stop, regret, go on, afford, attempt, try, 等单词的用法。1) If I had remembered _ the window, the thief would not have got

25、in. A) to close B) closing C) to have closed D) having closed选择题：2) Martin could never forget _ President Roosevelt during World War II.A)to meetB. meetingB) to have met D. metneed, want, deserve, require 这几个词的共同特这几个词的共同特点是：它们后面既可加不定式，也可加动名词，点是：它们后面既可加不定式，也可加动名词，意义相同。但是，表示被动时，动名词依然使意义相同。但是，表示被动时，动名词

26、依然使用主动形式，不定式则变成被动形式。其中，用主动形式，不定式则变成被动形式。其中，这几个词后面加动名词的格式是常考项目之一。这几个词后面加动名词的格式是常考项目之一。例子：Your hair wants _. Youd better have it done tomorrow.A) cut B) to cut C) cutting D) being cut对比：对比： Your hair wants (needs) to be cut.Not: being cut.dislike, hate, like, love, prefer 这些词加动名词时，表示喜欢或讨厌这些词加动名词时，表示喜欢

27、或讨厌一般性、习惯性或发生过的某事、某物；一般性、习惯性或发生过的某事、某物；加不定式时，表示喜欢或讨厌的、偶然一加不定式时，表示喜欢或讨厌的、偶然一次的、打算做的某事、某物。次的、打算做的某事、某物。I like to be a teacher. ( 目前不一定是。）I like being a teacher. ( 目前一定是。）例句：prefer的用法稍微复杂一点，它后面加不的用法稍微复杂一点，它后面加不定式还是加动名词通常是由它的固定结构或定式还是加动名词通常是由它的固定结构或习惯用法决定的。常见的结构是：习惯用法决定的。常见的结构是：would prefer + to do（更想做某

28、事）（更想做某事）; prefer doing A to doing B（比起做（比起做B来说，更喜欢做来说，更喜欢做A。）。）特别注意：这里的比较使用的不是特别注意：这里的比较使用的不是than，而，而是是to）。）。例 1. Mr. Johnson preferred to be given heavier work to do.例 2. Many old people prefer walking to riding a bicycle.比较：Many old people prefer to walk rather than ride a bicycle.一些动词，特别是系动词，如ap

29、pear, chance, come, fail, get, happen, manage, prove, seem, tend, turn out等，后面接不定式，形式上是宾语，实际是一种复合结构句型，除人、物做主语外，还可用it做主语，所跟to be可省略。The thief turned out to be handicapped.比较：It turned out that the thief was handicapped.例1 ：He may appear _ but actually he is quite clever. A) fool B) to be fool C) bein

30、g a fool D) to be a fool例 2 ：Id rather read than watch television; the programs seem _ all the time.A) to get worse B) to have got worse C) to be getting worse D) getting worse4. 不定式做定语不定式做定语不定式做定语时，与中心词之间在逻不定式做定语时，与中心词之间在逻辑上有多种关系，其中可能是修饰与辑上有多种关系，其中可能是修饰与被修饰的关系。也就是被修饰的关系。也就是, ,不定式修饰中不定式修饰中心词；不定式短语末的

31、介词与中心词心词；不定式短语末的介词与中心词组成介词短语，修饰不定式。这些动组成介词短语，修饰不定式。这些动词不定式可能是及物的（带宾词不定式可能是及物的（带宾 语），语），也可能是不及物的，要特别注意不要也可能是不及物的，要特别注意不要漏掉不定式短语末的介词。漏掉不定式短语末的介词。 换句话说，有三种逻辑关系：主谓关系：主谓关系：She said that she was the last person to love me.动宾关系动宾关系Do you think he is the right person to depend on?同位关系同位关系I lost the chance t

32、o go to university those days.常见的和不定式有同位关系的名词：wish, way, plan, time,chance, opportunity, reason, determination, decision, intention, ambition, 等等。Note:1) 不定式作定语往往当时还没有发生的动作。不定式作定语往往当时还没有发生的动作。例：Jacky Chans movie to be shown next week will be very enjoyable.2）作定语时，如若判定是动宾关系，用的是）作定语时，如若判定是动宾关系，用的是不及物动

33、词短语，注意用适当的介词使之具不及物动词短语，注意用适当的介词使之具有动宾关系。有动宾关系。例：We need a better place to put the pandas in.汉译英：汉译英：1.我们需要有人来帮忙打字。我们需要有人来帮忙打字。We need someone to help with the typing.2. 她是一个很好共事的人。她是一个很好共事的人。She is a very good person to work with.3.老板有什么理由解雇你呢？老板有什么理由解雇你呢？What reason does the boss have to fire you?4

34、. 在随后的岁月里，他去了很多国家。在随后的岁月里，他去了很多国家。In the years to come, he went to many different countries.选择题：例1：Could you find someone_？A) for me to play tennis with B) for me to play tennis C) play tennis with D) playing tennis例2：The pressure_causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a const

35、ant emotional strain.A) to compete C) to be competed B) competing D) having competed5. 不定式做状语不定式做状语不定式作状语修饰谓语动词，表示行为的目的、结果、原因等等。但主要是用来表示目的。例：He said he was clever enough to deal with it by himself. (表结果）1. We eat to live. We dont live to eat.2. He rushed out only to find his car was gone.3. We jumpe

36、d with joy to hear the exciting news.表目的表目的表结果表结果表原因表原因汉译英：汉译英：今天早上他起身很早，以免上学再迟到(so as to)。He got up very early this morning so as not to be late for school again.要当尖子学生，你应更加努力学习。You should study even harder (in order) to be a top student.他们太激动了以至说不出一句话来了。(tooto)They were too excited to say a word .

37、发现屋子里空无一人，他们很奇怪。They were surprised to find that nobody was in the house. 返回返回现在分词过去分词Present ParticiplePast Participle让我们先来看看下列的句子： 1.Getting on his horse, the soldier rode off.2.A boy, wounded in the street fight, came limping(瘸) by.第一个句子中，getting on 是soldier发出的动作，不再是语法意义上的谓语；但它还带有宾语horse,因此含有动词的意

38、味。这就是分词的特征。与逻辑主语呈主谓关系。第二个句子中，wounded也有动词和形容词的特征。这个过去分词还有被动的意思。与逻辑主语呈被动关系。 用法用法As predictive (作表语作表语) As attributive (作定语作定语) As object complement (作宾语补足语作宾语补足语) As adverbial (作状语作状语) 插入语，独立结构插入语，独立结构结束a) 分词作表语分词作表语1. The game is interesting. 2. They are interested in model cars. 3. The news is excit

39、ing. 4. The rice is well cooked. b) 分词做定语分词做定语1.Thats an interesting story. 2.I hear a barking dog. 3.I have often seen falling stars. 4.There is great danger in approaching a wounded tiger. 5.A burnt child dreads(惧怕) the fire. 分词放在被修饰的名词之前分词放在被修饰的名词之前如果是分词词组，则放在被修饰的名词之后如果是分词词组，则放在被修饰的名词之后The boy hu

40、rt by the car was sent to the hospital immediately. 例：As early as 1647, Ohio made a decision that free, tax supported schools must be established in every town _ 50 households or more. A) having B) to have C) to have had D) having had如果被修饰的名词是 something, anything, everything, nothing 等，分词也放在它们的后面1.T

41、here is nothing interesting. (名词nothing, 分词interesting)2.I felt something crawling up my leg. (something, crawling)c) 分词作宾语补语分词作宾语补语We saw a boat coming slowly towards us.I found her writing something.Have you heard the language spoken?Youd better have your shoes mended.选择题选择题例：After the Arab states

42、 won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys _ to go to school.A) to be encouraged B) being encouraged C) been encouraged D) be encouraged例：When I caught him _ I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop. A) cheating B) cheat C

43、) to cheat D) to be cheating1. I saw him walking in the street. 2. He kept water boiling. 3. I met him coming down the street. 4. I heard them singing in the classroom. 5. We found the baby crying. “have.v+-ed(done)” 表示过去分词的动作非主语所属。表示过去分词的动作非主语所属。1.I have my hair cut.2.The girl couldnt make herself

44、understood. 3.Have you heard any other language spoken?除介词with之外，用作宾语补语的分词常配合下列的动词：see, watch, hear, feel set, keep, find, have,get, meet.d) 分词作状语分词作状语用作状语的现在分词和逻辑主语是主动关系。表示动作和谓语的动作同时发生。1. David was lying in bed crying. (伴随）2. Arriving home, she started to cook.(时间)3. Beinga student, she likes to he

45、lp others.（原因）4. Wearing a new pair of glasses, she can read easily. （条件)现在分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，要用现在分词完成式。1. Having written the letter, I went out to post it. 2. Having already seen the film twice, she didnt want to go to the cinema. 例1：_ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall of the

46、 edge of the earth.A) Having believed B) Believing C) Believed D) Being believed用作状语的分词和逻辑主语有被动关系，要用过去分词1. We went home exhausted(疲惫地). (结果）2. Encouraged by my teacher, I decided to work hard. （原因）3. Told by the teacher, she knew she was wrong. (时间,被动） 例2：If I correct someone, I will do it with as m

47、uch good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one _.A) to correct B) correcting C) having corrected D) being corrected例3：There seemed little hope that the explorer, _ in the tropical forest, would find his way through it.A) to be deserted B) having deserted C) to have been deserted D) having be

48、en deserted也可用deserted有的分词在句子中没有逻辑主语，这类特别的分词有：1.He did poorly in his examinations, considering how hard he had studied for them.2.Judging by her accident, she must be from Shichuan.3.Talking of fine arts, do you have interest in painting?4. Generally speaking, girls are better at languages than the boys. 分词的否定形式(not + v-ing)、(not + having + v-ed)1.Not knowing what to do next, she stopped to wait.分词的被动形式：表示分词的动作和被修饰的名词之间的关系是被动的。The bridge being built will be completed next year. 2.Not having finished the homework, the pupil doesnt dare to go to school.