The Conception of Literal Translation and Free Translation论翻译概念直译和意译

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1、论翻译概念:直译和意译The Conception of Literal Translation and Free TranslationSubmitted by Cui JingliStudent ID number 110102196605213035Supervised by Mr. Lu DachuaASSESSMENT CHECKLIST FOR TUTORSPlease tick in the proper cell and write your overall comments in the box of “Tutors Comments” below. In-text comm

2、ents should also be offered if necessary.评价项目(Assessment Items)评价指标(Assessment Criteria)评估(Acceptable/Revise)请打勾进行评估（）合格需修改论文封面 Cover page 1. 格式符合模板要求。The cover page conforms to the template.2. 包含以下内容：论文标题、学生姓名、学籍号、辅导老师姓名、论文完成时间等必要信息。The cover page includes such essential information as the title, n

3、ame, student ID, tutors name, completion date, etc.3. 无任何语言错误。There are no language errors.Tutors Comments: 1. DIRECTIONS FOR LEARNERS1) Download the template for the Chinese and English abstracts from the learning platform and fill in them with your own abstracts and key words. The Chinese and Engl

4、ish abstracts should include the following information the background, objective, data type(s), data analysis method(s), result(s) and significance of the research. Each abstract is suggested to be in between 300 and 500 Chinese characters or English words.2) Insert the Chinese and English abstracts

5、 in the space below. The Chinese characters should be in 宋体，12; the English words in Time New Roman, 12; and the space between lines should be 1.5. Both the Chinese and English key words should be separated from each other by semi-colon “；”.摘要本文论述的是翻译中的直译和意译的概念。直译能够使译文生动、贴切，并同时保留原著的思想、形式和修辞。直译不等于逐字翻

6、译。意译必须能体现出原著的主体思想。笔者列举了一些专业技术术语的翻译例子，并分析了一些不能直译的句子。 笔者将翻译划分成两类，即直译和意译。翻译不仅仅是文字的转换，文章的文化背景是翻译的前提条件，翻译的法则和技巧与社会和文化因素息息相关。逐字翻译或者说偏离原意的翻译是因为翻译不熟练造成的 翻译是语言交流的一种有效方式，也是文化交流的一种重要方式。因此，直译、意译或其他翻译方法应能尽最大程度体现出原文化的特征。无论是直译还是意译，必须充分、准确地体现出原作的原有特点。关键词：翻译概念； 直译； 意译； 原文化特征AbstractThis thesis addresses the two conc

7、eptions of literal translation and free translation. Literal translation is a good choice to translate lively and closely, and it retains the idea, style and rhetoric of the original. Literal translation is not word-for-word translation. Free translation must express the general idea of original. Th

8、e author gives some examples on translation of professional and technical words and terms, and some of them could not be translated literally. The author divides translation into two categories, viz. the literal and free translation. Translation is more than the mere exchange of words, but also a pr

9、ocess that always has its preconditions of cultural background, and all strategies and skills are conditioned by social and cultural factors. Word for word translation or deviation from the original are both due to low proficiency in translation.Translation is an effective way of communication betwe

10、en languages; furthermore, its an important way of cultural exchange. So in order to promote exchanges among cultures, literal translation and free translation and some other translation methods which can transmit the source culture characteristics better should be applied to a maximal extent. Whate

11、ver literal translation and free translation the original features of the original must be expressed completely and accurately.Key words: Cultural Translation Conception; Literal and Free Translation2. DIRECTIONS FOR LEARNERS1) Analyze the data in no less than 1,000 words by using one or some of the

12、 methods recommended in Step 2 and Step 3 of Stage 7 in Writing Your BA Paper Through Practical Translation Project Design. The analysis should be based on the examples from the data, or no less than 3 samples from each category of the data.2) The heading for this section has been given. You may dec

13、ide on your own subheadings if there are any.3) Insert your analysis of the data in paragraphs, tables, diagrams or listings in the space below. 4.Data Analysis 4.1The Type of TranslationThere are three types of translation (Roman Jakobson, 1959: 232-239):1) Intralingual translation or rewording, wh

14、ich is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language. 2) Interlingual translation or translation proper which is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language.3) Intersemiotic translation or transmutation which is an interpretation of verbal signs

15、 by means of signs of non-verbal sign systems. (Roman Jakobson, p.233)And Bassnett points out that translation proper describes the process of transfer from SL to TL. And she goes on to point to the central problem in all types: complete equivalence (in the sense of synonymy or sameness) cannot take

16、 place. While messages may serve as adequate interpretations of code units or messages, there is ordinarily no full equivalence through translation. Even apparent synonymy does not yield equivalence since each unit contains within itself a set of non-transferable associations and connotations, and i

17、ntralingual translation often has to resort to a combination of code units in order to fully interpret the meaning of a single unit.( Bassnett, 1980: 15) claims that translation is only an adequate interpretation of an alien code unit and equivalence is impossible. (Bassnett, 1980: 56)4.2The Concept

18、ion of Literal Translation and Free Translation As the two most widely-used translation methods, Literal Translation and Free Translation have been argued about since the very beginning of the translating activities. Literal Translation is “made on a level lower than is sufficient to convey the cont

19、ent unchanged while observing TL norms” (Barkhudarov 1969: 10, translated, cited from Mark Shuttleworth & Moira Cowie, 2004: 95).Free Translation: a type of translation in which more attention is paid to producing a naturally reading TT than to preserving the ST wording intact; also known as Sen

20、se-For-Sense Translation, it contrasts with Literal and Word-For-Word Translation. Barkhudarov believes it can be defined as a translation “made on a level higher than is necessary to convey the content unchanged, while observing TL norms”(Barkhudarov 1969: 11, translated, cited from Mark Shuttlewor

21、th & Moira Cowie, 2004: 62).Professor Xu Yuanchong, a celebrated translator, expresses his idea in the following way:If one puts the fidelity of the ST content in the first place, the form in the second, and the form of the fluent TL in the third, that is the literal translation. If the TT and S

22、T happen to have the same form with the same meaning, such method can be employed. If the ST form is preserved at the cost of the meaning, the method then is no more than the “rigid translation” or “formalism”. In this case, one should employ another method free translation, i.e., to put the loyalty

23、 of the ST content in the first place, the form of the fluent TL in the second, and care nothing about the ST form. This approach is usually adopted on the occasion of the TL form impossible to convey the meaning loaded in the SL. If one pays his attention to the TT fluency at the cost of losing the

24、 ST content, his method then is that of “abusive translation” or “liberalism”. (许渊冲, 1984: 5-6)4.3Foreignizing Translation & Domesticating TranslationBefore the translator starts translating, he or she has to make a decision: either to adapt the original text or to retain as much as possible the

25、 foreign flavor of the original text. In other words, the translator must make a conscious choice of translation strategy according to his/her purpose and the intended readership. Closely related to literal translation and free translation is another couple of key notions in translation, that is for

26、eignization (alienation) and domestication (adaptation). Generally speaking, people think that these two terms emphasize more on the cultural elements in translation. For the definition of foreignization, Mark Shuttleworth and Moira Cowie put it as follows: “Foreignizing Translation (or Minoritizing

27、 Translation), a term used by Venuti (1995) to designate the type of translation in which a TT is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original.” Venuti sees the origin of such a concept in Schleiermacher, who discusses the type of tr

28、anslation in which “the translator leaves the author in peace, as much as possible, and moves the reader towards him”. As the representative of foreignization, Venuti describes foreignizing translation as an “ethnodeviant pressure”, thus he sees its role as being to “register the linguistic and cult

29、ural difference of the foreign text, sending the reader abroad”. In concrete terms such a strategy would entail not only a freedom from absolute obedience to target linguistic and textual constraints, but also where appropriate the selection of a non-fluent, opaque style and the deliberate inclusion

30、 of SL REALIA or TL ARCHAISMS; the cumulative effect of such features would be to provide TL readers with an “alien reading experience”. (Mark Shuttleworth and Moira Cowie, 2004: 59)As for “Domestication”, Dictionary of Translation Studies defines it as “Domesticating Translation (or Domestication):

31、 A term used by Venuti (1995) to describe the translation strategy in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for TL readers.” Venuti traces the roots of the term back to Schleiermachers famous notion of the translation which “leaves the

32、reader in peace, as much as possible, and moves the author towards him”. However, for Venuti the term domestication has negative connotations as it is identified with a policy common in dominant cultures which are “aggressively monolingual, unreceptive to the foreign”, and which he describes as bein

33、g “accustomed to fluent translators that invisibly inscribe foreign texts with target language values and provide readers with narcissistic experience of recognizing their own culture in a cultural other”. Venuti argues that domestication is the predominant translation strategy in Anglo-American cul

34、ture, and that this is consistent with the asymmetrical literary relations which generally exist between this and other cultures. He further argues that, since domestication serves broader domestic agendas, it is necessary to challenge its domination by consciously adopting other translation strateg

35、ies. (Mark Shuttleworth and Moira Cowie, 2004: 43-44)Venuti prefers foreignization to domestication and can be called the representative of this translation strategy. He proposes his brand of abusive fidelity, which he calls “resistancy”, meaning “refuses fluency” (Venuti, 1995: 290) but in no sense

36、 arbitrary, nor willfully predatory. He views the two strategies more from the perspective of the post-colonialism, such as hegemony, major/minor cultural status, etc, than from that of the translation method.4.4Literal Translation Does Not Mean Word-for-Word TranslationTranslators should know that

37、literally translation is not word-for-word translation. When translate literally, it is possible to change word order, sequence order, and sequence of main clause and subordinate clause, and also allows conversion, split and reverse order with Chinese, however, these changes do not deviate from the

38、words, sentence structure as well as expression style of original. Whereas it is quite different when translate freely. For example, to translate “Design parameters involved usually permit a lower cost generator at the lower value of SCR” into “相关的设计参数通常使短路比(SCR) 越小的发电机造价越低” (Cui, 2007:57 ), althoug

39、h conversion is applied, it belongs to scope of literal translation. 4.5Use of Proper Free TranslationIn which situation the translators can not use literal translation? When some sentences that the way of expressive between source language and target language are different, should not use literal t

40、ranslation. If use literal translation, target language readers would have some trouble to understand, then make the translation unacceptable. In these situation, free translation should in use. Free translation expresses the general idea of the original according to the meaning of the original, and

41、 does not pay attention to the details. But translation should be fluent and natural. For example: (1) A boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, and three boys no boy. (Cai, 2007:20)Literal translation: 一个男孩是一个男孩，两个男孩是半个男孩，三个男孩不是男孩。Free translation: 一个和尚挑水喝，两个和尚抬水喝，三个和尚没水喝。(2) My hands are clean. I have

42、no blood on them.(Wei 2007:76).Literal translation: 也许Kino会割掉自己的脑袋，把自己毁了.Free translation: 也许Kino走了绝路，自己毁了自己.From the example (2), the original "cut off his head" means have done something badly, felt into predicament. If a translator translated the original literally, his translating woul

43、d make target language readers confused, after reading, target language readers would feel unacceptable. So translators should use free translation in the example (1) and (2). Because free translation can tell the true meaning to target language readers. Some sentences, if translate literally are al

44、so fluent and natural that it seems these sentences should translate literally. But translated these sentences literally could not express the deep meaning of the original. If we use free translation, effect would be better than literal translation. Free translation could express the deep meaning of

45、 the original sentences.For example: (Wei 2007:76)(3) Cast pearls before swine. (Wei 2007:76)Literal translation: 把珍珠扔到猪面前.Free translation: 对牛弹琴.(4) Barbara was born with a silver spoon in her mouth. (Wei 2007:76)Literal translation: Barbara嘴里叼着银调羹出生的.Free translation: Barbara出生最富贵人家.4.6Free Transl

46、ation Skill Needs Extensive Knowledge and Culture of Both Source Language and Target LanguageFree translation gives translators some leeways. Translators should use then correctly. Not only should translators comprehend the meaning of the original message, but also they should be provided with exten

47、sive knowledge and culture of both source language and target language. For professional translation, you need to know or at least familiar with the knowledge in professional field, such as metallurgy, chemical, electrical, electrical etc. A translator who wanted to translate a professional literatu

48、re composition should do his effort to accumulate something about its knowledge, process, and other relevant disciplines. In additional, translators should know the background of the thing what you translated. More extensive knowledge the translators have, more thoroughly he can comprehend the meani

49、ng of the original. ASSESSMENT CHECKLIST FOR TUTORSPlease tick in the proper cell and write your overall comments in the box of “Tutors Comments” below. In-text comments should also be offered if necessary.评价项目(Assessment Items)评价指标(Assessment Criteria)评估(Acceptable/Revise)请打勾进行评估（）合格需修改语料分析 Data An

50、alysis 1. 与研究目标相关。The analysis is related to the objective of the research.2. 以“文献综述”中引用的概念或理论为支持。The Analysis is supported by the concepts or theories quoted in the Rationale.3. 针对语料中原语与译语的差异（建议从语言、体裁、修辞或文化等角度比较），或同一原语的不同译语间的差异（建议从翻译的社会背景、目标、对象或译者的翻译倾向等角度比较），具体分析语言、文化或社会因素对翻译的影响。The analysis illust

51、rates the effects of linguistic, cultural or social variants on translation by comparing and contrasting the source language with the target language (from the linguistic, stylistic, rhetorical, cultural or other perspectives), or different translation version (in terms of the social background, tra

52、nslation purpose, target reader, translators approach to translation, etc.).4. 分析充分详细，涵盖语料中的相关示例或相关示例代表，代表不少于3例。The analysis is adequate and detailed, based on the examples from the data, or no less than 3 samples from each category of the data.5. 语言准确，表意清楚，逻辑连贯。The analysis is presented in clear, c

53、orrect and coherent English.6. 字数不少于1,000字。The analysis contains no less than 1，000 English words.7 格式（标题、字体和行间距）符合要求。 The analysis is formatted as required.Tutors Comments:3. DIRECTIONS FOR LEARNERS1) Derive the results from the analysis you have made above, and then based on these results, make so

54、me suggestions on the future translating practice. The section of results and suggestions should contain no less than 1,000 English words.2) The heading for this section has been given. You may decide on your own subheadings if there are any.3) Insert the results and suggestions in the space below.

55、5.Results and Suggestions 5.1The Intended Function of the Translation Comparison of the intended function of the source and target texts leads to the conclusion that the brief can be carried out by heterofunctional instrumental translation. In the target text, the information about stratagems will h

56、ave priority over the operative-expressive function. In case of aim conflict, this aspect may justify a reduction of operative-expressive elements in favor of informative ones.5.2The Functional Elements Need to be Adapted to The Requirements of The Translation Purpose1)The addresseesThe TT addressee

57、s lack source-culture knowledge, so the translator should take account of the prospective readers' culture-specific knowledge presupposition. On the other hand, the translator, as a particular addressee of the ST, should comprehend the original in terms of the intratextual factors analyzed above

58、 so as to guarantee the invariance of the information. Many culture-specific phenomena which are familiar to the ST receivers may be unfamiliar to the TT receivers. This may require an adjustment of the relationship between explicit and implicit information in the text.2)The time and place of text r

59、eceptionThe time of reception for both texts is greatly different and the time gap amounts to about 2500 years. As a result, there will be great problems involving different temporal deixis. As far as the translation of Chapter of Ji is concerned,the ST written in archaic Chinese should be transferr

60、ed to the TT in modern English which is intelligible, coherent and fluent.The difference with regard to the place of reception is obvious for both texts. But this difference may be ignored because the addressees of the TTs are interested not in the place in which the ST originates but in the stratag

61、ems assumed to be of a more general nature.3)The mediumThe medium is the same for both the ST and TT. Any textual expansions or reductions will not affect the invariance of the information transmitted.4)The motiveAs analyzed in translation brief above, the motive for text production and reception is

62、 the same for the ST and TT. This again justifies the priority of the informative over operative-expressive function. ASSESSMENT CHECKLIST FOR TUTORSPlease tick in the proper cell and write your overall comments in the box of “Tutors Comments” below. In-text comments should also be offered if necess

63、ary. 评价项目(Assessment Items)评价指标(Assessment Criteria)评估(Acceptable/Revise)请打勾进行评估（）合格需修改结果和建议 Result(s) and Suggestion(s) 1. 归纳语料分析结果。The result(s) is (are) inferred from the analysis of the data.2. 结果与研究目标相关。The result(s) is (are) related to the objective of the research.3. 结合语料分析结果，建议处理语言、文化或社会因素的翻

64、译策略，为未来的翻译实践提供借鉴。Strategies are suggested based on the result(s) of the research for the proper treatments of the linguistic, cultural or social variants in the process of translation.4. 语言准确，表意清楚，逻辑连贯。The result(s) and suggestion(s) are presented in clear, correct and coherent English.5. 字数不少于1, 000字。The result(s) and suggestion (s) contain no less than 1,000 English words.6. 格式（标题、字体和行间距）符合要求。 The result(s) and suggestion(s) are formatted as required.Tutors Comments:4. DIRECTIONS FOR LEAR