高中英语阅读理解8主旨大意题（议论文&夹叙夹议文）

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1、 中小学个性化教育专家精锐教育学科教师辅导讲义讲义编号_ 学员编号： 年 级： 高三 课时数及课时进度：学员姓名： 辅导科目： 英语 学科教师： 学科组长/带头人签名及日期课 题 阅读理解之主旨大意题授课时间：备课时间：教学目标阅读理解（议论文、夹叙夹议类）中主旨大意题解题方法与技巧的掌握及灵活运用重点、难点解题思路与应试技巧的掌握考点及考试要求理解主旨和要义；理解文章的基本结构；理解作者意图、观点和态度教学内容Step I、ProverbsWhere there is a will, there is a way.Well begun is half done.It is never too

2、 old to learn.Step II、阅读理解主旨大意题型方法指导高考对主旨大意题的考查主要包括基本论点、文章标题、主题及作者意图、观点、态度等方面。要求考生在理解全文的基础上能运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法对文章高度概括或总结，属于高层次阅读理解题，很多考生对此类题型的解答感到很吃力，没有把握。一、题型特点与命题方式此类题型主要针对段落或短文的主题(subject)、中心思想(main idea)、标题(title)、作者写作意图(purpose)拟题。要求学生在理解全文后归纳文章要点，概括中心思想，分析文章篇章结构，抓住开头的主旨句及文章最后的结论，从而找出能概括文章主旨的

3、题目和中心思想。常见设问形式如下：What is the best title/headline for the passage？ Which is the best possible title for the passage？Which of the following is the best title for the passage? What is the theme/subject/topic of the passage/story? What is the text mainly about？ What does the passage mainly discuss?With

4、what topic is the passage chiefly concerned? What does the passage chiefly deal with?What does the author mainly want to tell us in this passage?The purpose of the passage is to .二、解题思路与应试技巧 首先，考生做题时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容，留意文章开头与结尾，注意每一段落的主题句（开头居多），抓住文中具有概括性的信息，从上下文连贯的意思来理解全文，透过文字叙述的过程来归纳文章主题思想。其次，要注意干扰项的设定特

5、点。主旨大意题选项的干扰项大致可分为三类：以局部代整体；夸大事实程度；与文章无关。考生在阅读时，千万不能被这些干扰项所迷惑，也不可脱离原文而仅凭个人的看法主观臆断，而应回归原文仔细分析文章结构，提炼关键信息，从而得出正确选项。再次，做这类题型时应主要使用略读法(skimming)。即快速阅读文章找出各个段落的主题句，再把各段主题句联系起来，着眼于全文结构安排，了解文章重心，并概括出文章中心。在阅读过程中应留意一些有利于把握文章主题句的关键词，如举例词汇first, second，因果联系词汇because, so，转折关系词汇but, however以及一些描述人物、事物的重要特征的词等。下面

6、结合最新高考题（议论文及夹叙夹议类文章），对主旨大意题的不同类型加以解读。1、文章大意类文章大意主要通过文章主题、中心思想及作者写作意图体现。解答此类题关键是要找出主题句，把握文章主旨。那么应如何进行主题句定位呢？这对考生来说是一大难点。一般来说，议论文及夹叙夹议类文章的写作方法有以下五种，理清作者的写作思路有助于我们快速找出主题句。1) 正三角形写作法。即主题句位于句首，接下来的部分为细节描写，目的是用来支撑、印证句首的主题句；2) 倒三角形写作法。即主题句位于句末，前面部分的细节描写是为了归纳要点，得出结论或建议，最终引出文章的主题句。3) 圆形写作法。即首尾呼应，主题句在句首和句末均有体

7、现。首先提出主题，接着用细节拓展主题，结尾再点主题，进一步深化文章中心思想。4) 菱形写作法。即主题出现在中间。文章开头提出问题，接着引出主题，然后对主题进行解释、支撑、发展。5) 正方形写作法。主题句隐含于全文，即全文没有明确的主题句，读者需寻找关键词、句，把所有细节综合起来方能确定文章主题。l 当然无论是哪种写作方法，对议论文来说，都应特别注意表明作者观点态度的词句，如果出现两种或更多观点时，应尤其关注转折词，如but, yet, although, however, in spite of, by contrast, on the contrary等，转折词后的句子通常就是作者想要表达的

8、观点。而对于记叙文及夹叙夹议类文章来说，则应注意概括情节和中心的动词或反映人物特点的形容词。【考例分析 1】（2008广东卷，A篇，夹叙夹议类）Parents and kids today dress alike, listen to the same music, and are friends. Is this a good thing? Sometimes, when Mr. Ballmer and his 16-year-old daughter, Elizabeth, listen to rock music together and talk about interests bot

9、h enjoy, such as pop culture, he remembers his more distant relationship with his parents when he was a teenager.“I would never have said to my mom, Hey, the new Weezer album is really great. How do you like it?” says Ballmer. “There was just a complete gap in taste.”Music was not the only gulf. Fro

10、m clothing and hairstyles to activities and expectations, earlier generations of parents and children often appeared to move in separate orbits.Today, the generation gap has not disappeared, but it is getting narrow in many families.注意关键词 “getting narrow”, 主题句出现在句中， 由前面的叙述转向议论， 对叙述的问题进行观点提炼 Conversa

11、tions on subjects such as sex and drugs would not have taken place a generation ago. Now they are comfortable and common. And parentchild activities, from shopping to sports, involve a feeling of trust and friendship that can continue int0 adulthood.No wonder greeting cards today carry the message,

12、“To my mother, my best friend.”But family experts warn that the new equality can also result in less respect for parents. “Theres still a lot of strictness and authority on the part of parents out there, but there is a change happening,” says Kerrie, a psychology professor at Lebanon Valley College.

13、 “In the middle of that change, there is a lot of confusion among parents.”Family researchers offer a variety of reasons for these evolving roles and attitudes. They see the 1960s as a turning point. Great cultural changes led to more open communication and a more democratic process that encourages

14、everyone to have a say.“My parents were on the before side of that change, but todays parents, the 40-year-olds, were on the after side,” explains Mr. Ballmer. “Its not something easily accomplished by parents these days, because life is more difficult to understand or deal with, but sharing interes

15、ts does make it more fun to be a parent now.”41. The underlined word gulf in Para.3 most probably means _.A. interestB. distanceC. differenceD. separation42. Which of the following shows that the generation gap is disappearing?A. Parents help their children develop interests in more activities.B. Pa

16、rents put more trust in their childrens abilities.C. Parents and children talk more about sex and drugs.D. Parents share more interests with their children.43. The change in todays parent-child relationship is _.A. more confusion among parentsB. new equality between parents and childrenC.1ess respec

17、t for parents from childrenD. more strictness and authority on the part of parents44. By saying “todays parents, the 40-year-olds, were on the after side.” the author means that todays parents _.A. follow the trend of the changeB. can set a limit to the changeC. fail to take the change seriouslyD. h

18、ave little difficulty adjusting to the change45. The purpose of the passage is to _.A. describe the difficulties todays parents have met withB. discuss the development of the parent-child relationshipC. suggest the ways to handle the parent-child relationshipD. compare todays parent-child relationsh

19、ip with that in the past【解析】这是一篇夹叙夹议类的文章，通过孩子的一些独白以及专家的评论引出文章主题：即随着时代的发展与社会的进步，父母与孩子之间的代沟不断缩小，两者之间关系不断趋于和谐。所设的五道题中有三道细节理解题（42，43，44题），一道词义猜测题（41题）以及一道主旨大意题（45题）。该主旨大意题以文章大意形式（写作意图）设问。要准确解答这一类型的题目，就得灵活运用前面提到过的基本解题技巧。纵观全文，可明显得出作者的写作方法为菱形写作法。即首先列举现象，然后根据现象得出文章基本论点，即“Today, the generation gap has not di

20、sappeared, but it is getting narrow in many families. ”且“getting narrow”使用的是进行时态，可推知正确选项B中“development”的合理性，接下来的段落再对这一主题进行进一步阐述。而选项A过于片面，且不是文章的重点；选项C属于文章未提及的内容；选项D也未抓住文章关键，文章侧重于阐述现阶段家长与孩子关系的改善，而并非与过去两者关系对比。综合各方面考虑可知B选项为最佳答案。Step III、Practice 1（广东省茂名市2011届高三上学期第一次模拟考试，B篇）（夹叙夹议，菱形写作法）People say time i

21、s relative. But relative to what? I do know that sometimes time “seems” to be moving slower. Remember Christmas Eve when you were a child? It was the longest night of the yearIt lasted forever! And now it seems like I just paid my bill yesterdayand its due again! People tell me all too frequentlyI n

22、eed more time! Oh, really?Mother Teresa，Michelangelo，and Helen Keller all had 24 hours a day. Look what they did with their time!Is it that we need to manage our time betteror our priorities（重点）?Youve heard the expression “first things first.” The first step in understanding the power of time is to

23、understand that it is limitedWhy is it then that some people get a lot more done? We know the answer. They use their time smartly. One day an expert on time management was speaking to a group of students and announced a quizHe pulls out a wide-mouthed jarNext，he places about a dozen fist-sized rocks

24、，one at a time , into the jar, until no more will fit”Is it full?” he asks. ”Yes,” responds the class. ”Oh really?” he asks. So he takes out a bucket of gravel（砂砾）, which he manages to work down into the spaces between the larger rocks”Is it full now?” he asks.Wising up, one answered, Probably not”S

25、ure enough”, he takes out a bucket of sand，which he pours into the empty spaces. “Is it full now?” he asks. “No!” reply the students confidently. So he takes a glass of water and fills it in. Then he asks,” What is my point?”One said, “No matter how full your schedule is, if you try really hard, you

26、 can always fit some more things into it!”“No，”the speaker replied, “ It tells us if you dont put the big rocks in first, youll never get them in at all.”What are the big rocks? The things you should put in to your jar first.The rich dont get 25 hours and the poor dont get 23we all get the same. Let

27、s use them wisely! Invest your time wisely!61. The text is written mainly A. to explain the origin of the expression “first things first”B. to call on us to use our time in a smart manner C. to introduce a meaningful class given by an expertD. to tell us about the relativity and the power of time62.

28、 What do “the big rocks” in this passage refer to?A. Difficult points B. Advantages C. Minor things D. Focuses63. The underlined phrase “Wising up” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. Becoming aware B. Telling the truth C. Rising to his feet D. Raising her hand64. How is the passage mainly dev

29、eloped?A. By inferring B. By comparingC. By listing examples D. By giving facts65. What does the point of the quiz lie in?A. How to put more things into a jarB. How well the students learn the lessonC. How to get more done in limited timeD. The skill and order is very important【考例分析 2】（2008广东卷，B篇，议论

30、文）Sometimes youll hear people say that you cant love others until you love yourself. Sometimes youll hear people say that you cant expect someone else to love you until you love yourself. Either way, youve got to love yourself first and this can be tricky. Sure we all know that were the apple of our

31、 parents eyes, and that our Grandmas think were great talents and our Uncle Roberts think that we will go to the Olympics. But sometimes its a lot harder to think such nice thoughts about ourselves. If you find that believing in yourself is a challenge. it is time you build a positive self-image and

32、 learn to love yourself.Self-image is your own minds picture of yourself. This image includes the way you look, the way you act, the way you talk and the way you think. Interestingly, our self-images are often quite different from the images others hold about US. Unfortunately, most of these images

33、are more negative than they should be. Thus changing the way you think about yourself is the key to changing your self-image and your whole world.The best way to defeat a passive self-image is to step back and decide to stress your successes. That is, make a list if you need to, but write down all o

34、f the great things you do every day. Dont allow doubts to occur in it.It very well might be that you are experiencing a negative self-image because you cant move past one flaw or weakness that you see about yourself. Well, roll up your sleeves and make a change of it as your primary task. If you thi

35、nk youre silly because you arent good at math, find a tutor. If you think youre weak because you cant run a mile, get to the track and practice. If you think youre dull because you dont wear the latest trends, buy a few new clothes. But remember, just because you think it doesnt mean its true.The be

36、st way to get rid of a negative serf-image is to realize that your image is far from objective, and to actively convince yourself of your positive qualities. Changing the way you think and working on those you need to improve will go a long way towards promoting a positive self-image. When you can p

37、at(拍) yourself on the back, youll know youre well on your way. Good luck!46. You need to build a positive self-image when you _.A. dare to challenge yourselfB. feel it hard to change yourselfC. are unconfident about yourselfD. have a high opinion of yourself47. According to the passage, our serf-ima

38、ges _.A. have positive effectsB. are probably untrueC. are often changeableD. have different functions48. How should you change your serf-image according to the passage?A. To keep a different image of others.B. To make your life successful.C. To understand your own world.D. To change the way you thi

39、nk.49. What is the passage mainly about?A. How to prepare for your success.B. How to face challenges in your life.C. How to build a positive self-image.D. How to develop your good qualities.50. Who are the intended readers of the passage?A. Parents.B. Adolescents.C. Educators.D. People in general.【解

40、析】本文是一篇标准的议论文。论点突出，论证详细。纵观全文，不难发现作者采用的是正方形写作手法。即主题句贯穿于全文，根据每段段落大意可推知作者的写作意图。仔细阅读每段的段首或段尾，可知这些段落都是围绕“the way to build positive self-image and to get rid of the negative self-image”这一论题展开的。把这些段落大意联系起来可知正确选项为C。而选项A文章未提及；选项B中“face challenges”出现在第一段，只是文章的引子，为下文服务，而下文重点不在阐述如何面对挑战；选项D偏离了文章的主题，因为文章出发点并非讨论如何

41、发展个人良好品质。2（揭阳市2011年高中毕业班高考第一次模拟考，C篇）（议论文，正方形写作法）The fourth-graders at Chicagos McCormick Primary School are unaware of the difficulty in learning Chinese. For most, who speak Spanish at home, its becoming their third language. Theyve been learning and using Chinese words since kindergarten, and its

42、now second nature to give a hearty “ni hao” when strangers enter the classroom.The classroom scene at McCormick is unusual, but it may soon be a common fixture(固定物) in American schools, where Chinese is rapidly becoming the hot new language. Government officials have long wanted more focus on securi

43、tyuseful languages like Chinese, and pressure from themas well as from business leaders, politicians, and parentshas driven a quick growth in the number of programs.Chicago itself is home to the largest effort to include Chinese in US public schools. The program here has grown to include 3,000 stude

44、nts in 20 schools, with more schools on a waiting list. Programs have also spread to places like Houston, Los Angeles, New York City, and North Carolina. Its true that the number of students learning Chinese is tiny compared with how many study Spanish or French.Advocates (提倡者，拥护者) see knowledge of

45、the Chinese language and culture as a help in a global economy where China is growing in importance. “This is an interesting way to begin to engage with the worlds next superpower,” says Michael Levine, director of education at the Asia Society, which has started five new public high schools that of

46、fer Chinese. “Globalization（全球化) has already changed the arrangements in terms of how children today are going to need to think about their careers The question is, when not whether, the schools are going to adjust.”In Chicago, the trend extends beyond schools with high numbers of Asian students. “T

47、he fact that my students are 98% low income and 99% Latino(拉丁美洲人) and they are succeeding in this, tells me everyone should have a try at learning languages,” says Virginia Rivera, principal at McCormick. “We want to give our young people opportunities to advance and Chinese is a great opportunity t

48、o survive in todays economy,” says Richard M. Daley, Mayor of Chicago.36. The first paragraph is mainly written to _.A. show the importance of Chinese learning B. introduce the topic to be followedC. advise primary schools to teach Chinese D. prove its easy for children to learn language37. How many

49、 languages are mentioned in this passage?A. Six. B. Two. C. Three. D. Four. 38. In the last paragraph, the underlined word “this ”probably refers to _.A. the competition between Latino and Asian students B. the global economy C. the interesting way to engage with China D. the Chinese learning39. Wha

50、t CANNOT be learned from this passage?A. Most students at McCormick can speak three languages. B. Chinese is gaining its popularity in all schools in Chicago.C. French has far more speakers than Chinese does in Chicago.D. Globalization in a way makes it necessary to learn Chinese.40. Which of the fo

51、llowing is mainly about in this passage?A. The Chinese learning in Chicago. B. The ways to learn Chinese.C. McCormick Primary School. D. Globalization and Chinese learning.2、文章标题类文章标题是中心思想及文章大意最精炼的表达形式，选择的表达意义范围要能涵盖全文，不能太大也不能太小。命题者常根据常识编造干扰项，把文中细节当主旨，考生需特别留意。这类题在阅读中不仅要求要求考生能根据自己的已知信息概括段落的中心思想，而且要对中心

52、思想进行提炼，拟定段落标题。拟定的标题主要是词或短语。特点是短小精悍、涵盖性强、精确性强，不可随意改变语言表意程度及色彩。【考例分析 3】（2010广东卷，B篇，议论文）When something goes wrong，it can be very satisfying to say，“Well, its so-and-sos fault.” or “I know Im late，but its not my fault；the car broke down.” It is probably not your fault，but注意关键词 “but” once you form the ha

53、bit of blaming somebody or something else for a bad situation，you are a loser you have no power and could do nothing that helps change the situation. However注意关键词 ”however”, 后面语句即为作者观点, you can have great power over what happens to you if you stop focusing on whom to blame and start focusing on how

54、to remedy the situation. This is the winners key to success.注意关键词 “key”，与正确选项题干中 “secret”类似 Winners are great at overcoming problems. For example, if you were late because your car broke down, maybe youneed to have your car examined more regularly. Or, you might start to carry along with you the use

55、ful phone numbers, so you could call for help when in need. For another example, if your colleague causes you problems on the job for lack of responsibility or ability, find ways of dealing with his irresponsibility or inability rather than simply blame the person. Ask to work with a different perso

56、n, ordont rely on the person. You should accept that the person. Ask to work with a different person, or dont rely on this person. You should accept that the person is not reliable and find creative ways to work successfully regardless of how your colleague fails to do his job well. This is what bei

57、ng a winner is all aboutcreatively using your skills and talents so that you are successful no matter what happens. Winners dont have fewer problems in their lives; they have just as many difficult situations to face as anybody else. They are just better at seeing those problems as challenges and op

58、portunities to develop their own talents. So, stop focusing on “whose fault it is.” Once you are confident about your power over bad situations, problems are just stepping stop on for success.46. According to the passage, winners .A. deal with problems rather that blame othersB. meet with fewer diff

59、iculties in their livesC. have responsible and able colleaguesD. blame themselves rather that others47.The underlined word remedy in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to . .A. avoid B. accept C. improve D. consider48.When your colleague brings about a problem, you should .A. find a better way to han

60、dle the problemB. blame him for his lack of responsibilityC. tell him to find the cause of the problemD. ask a more able colleague for help49. When problems occur, winners take them as .A. excuses for their failuresB. barriers to greater powerC. challenges to their colleaguesD. chances for self-deve

61、lopment50.Which of the following is the best title for the passage?A.A Winners Secret. B.A Winners Problem.C.A Winners Opportunity. D.A Winners Achievement.【解析】这是一篇典型的议论文，分析了成功者所具备的品质特征。所设的五道题中有三道细节理解题（46，48，49题），一道词义猜测题（47题）以及一道主旨大意题（50题）。明显可见50题是以标题形式设问，四个选项都简洁明了，符合标题的基本特征。为检验各选项正确与否，我们还是要回到前面提到过的

62、基本解题技巧。首先从整体来看，本文作者采用的是正三角形写作法，作者在开头便提出了自己的论点，接下来两段都是对论点进行进一步阐述、分析、论证，速读每段开头可得知两段落都仅仅围绕“成功者如何取胜于他人”这一主题展开讨论。因此正确选项应为A。再看其他三个选项：选项B与论点相悖，而选项C与论题无关，选项D也不是文章讨论的重点。3（揭阳市2011年高中毕业班高考第一次模拟考，A篇）（议论文，正三角形写作法）Most young people enjoy some forms of physical activity. It may be walking, cycling, or swimming, or

63、 in winter, skating or skiing. It may be a game of some formsfootball, basketball, hockey, golf or tennis. It may be mountaineering.Those who have a passion of climbing high and difficult mountains are often looked upon with astonishment. Why are men and women willing to suffer cold and hardship, and to take risks in high mount