On Cultivating Middle School Students’ Autonomous English Learning Abilities

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1、On Cultivating Middle School Students Autonomous English Learning Abilities浅谈中学生英语自主学习能力的培养摘 要：本文提出了提高中学生学习英语的兴趣和主动性的方法培养学生自主学习能力，从而提高课堂效率和学习效率。通过本文的研究，为提高课堂教学效率和学生学习英语的积极性提供了切实的解决办法，为教师与学生架起沟通的桥梁，使学生爱学习、要学习，主动发现问题，将新课标落到实处。使学生真正成为课堂的主人。此文也可作为中学英语教师的教学参考。关键词：自主学习 能力培养 学生主体 教师引导On Cultivating Middle

2、School Students Autonomous English Learning Abilities Abstract：The outcome of the thesis puts out a practical method to improve the efficency of classes and motivations of students.It puts up a bridge between teachers and students,and carries new criteria into practice.It also makes the students rea

3、l hosts in classes,which gives them opportunities to love learning and initiate them to question. The thesis can also be a reference to teachers in middle school. Key word: autonomous learning; ability culture; student body; teachers guideContentsAbstract1Key word11. Introduction11.1 The Background

4、of Autonomous Learning11.2 The Concept of Autonomous Learning22. The Qualities Possessed by Middle School Students in Autonomous Learning42.1.Fomulate Autonomous Learning Plan52.2 Fall into a self-study habit62.3 Learn to use learning tools and set goals72.4 Motivation and Attitudes to Study83. Teac

5、hers role in the training of Students Autonomy93.1. To enhance students awareness of autonomous learning103.2. To organize and help participate in purposeful learning activity113.3. To help choose proper materials and promote their use113.4. To give advice and evaluate and comment on self-learning.1

6、23.5 To inspire intrinsic motivation for sustaining autonomy.124. Culture Influence and Family Education13 Conclusion.15References16Chinese Abstract171. Introduction1.1 The Background of Autonomous LearningIt is usually believed that teachers are leading actors in education and they are key to the s

7、uccess or failure of education. For instance, teachers are expected to pass on the truth, impart knowledge, and solve problems, as was asserted by Han Yu , a famous scholar in Tang Dynasty. Such function of teachers has lasted all the way through to the present. In such a teaching mode, the teachers

8、 thus assume the responsibility of so-called teaching the book and educating the students .It is called teaching-centered classroom. The teachers chief duty was to impart knowledge to students. What students must do was just to take in the knowledge spoon-fed by the teacher. The traditional beliefs

9、about the teachers role have been challenged by the dramatic changes of the situation in the new era characteristic of an explosion of knowledge and information. Learning how to learn autonomously and independently rather than being spoon-fed by teachers becomes a universal belief among a majority o

10、f teachers and educators. The goals of education and the explosion of population, and the lifestyles of students are converging to cause a focus on students being transferred into self-directed. “The New English Course Standard for the Basic Education Stage” issued by the Minster of Education in Sep

11、tember, 2000 puts forward Developing students autonomous learning in English learning .This goal requires teachers to explore and make good use of various resources so as to create prerequisites for learner autonomy in English study. Greatly inspired by this understanding many middle school teachers

12、 in China have commenced to direct learner autonomy and shift their role in middle school teaching.Unfortunately, however, problems still exist in the field of middle school English teaching. No matter how hard the teacher works, students dont seem to learn what the teachers expect them to learn in

13、class. After one or two years unconventional English teaching practice , some teachers returned to traditional way of English teaching in class . They prefer to dominate the classroom and retain their authority. The students learn English under the teachers pressure. Some of them became bored or sca

14、red with English, but they have to learn it well, because they are afraid of being reprimanded by the teachers. Since learners tend to come into classroom with predisposed beliefs about the nature of language, classroom activities and the role of the teacher, which are regarded as important variable

15、s for autonomy. It is vital important for us to investigate right the role of the teacher and student play in class respectively 1.2 The Concept of Autonomous LearningIn the course of the rather rapid spread of the concept, the term of autonomy has many shades of meaning, which has sometimes caused

16、confusion about leaner autonomy might entail. Thus the concept of learner autonomy needs to be made clear first.Holec views autonomy as “the ability to take charge of ones own learning in The process of learning .”That is make decisions on issues related to his or her own learning. These decision-ma

17、king activities include determining learning goal, choosing learning material and pace, selecting learning methods and skills, monitoring learning process (such as time, pace, place, etc) Evaluating learning outcomes. Littlewood defines autonomy in educational terms as “involving students capacity t

18、o use their learning independent of teachers His definition removes away the culture difference. Since it is obvious that no student, anywhere, will have their teachers accompany them throughout their life, autonomy is an incontrovertible goal for learners everywhere.From the authors view , autonomo

19、us learning are a philosophy of teaching-and-learning，as well as an art. Comparing to other schools of education，they hold that everyone has the right to make his own decision, which should not be replaced by anyone else. The so-called “autonomous learning” is in terms of the essence of learning, in

20、stead of passive learning or mechanical learning. It is “can learn”, based on self-awareness; It is “want to learn” based on inner learning motivation; It is “will learn” based on certain grasped learning strategies; It is “persist in learning “based on ones own will power.In the point of autonomous

21、 learner, others can only provide limited sources and limitations. And how to make a choice under these limitations as well as what kind of values you will hold depend on the learners themselves. Others can merely provide some advices rather than make decisions for him. Neither can they judge what i

22、s good or bad for him. It is not in special situation that teachers have no rights to force students to do things in the way of teachers or learn the designed materials. Lecture classes are a two-way learning contract between teachers and students, instead of one-way teacher authority.Autonomous lea

23、rning is kind of modern learning method correspondence to the traditional accepting study. As the name suggested, autonomous learning regards students as the main body. It obtains its goals through analysis, exploration, practice, query, creation, and other methods by students themselves.Experts in

24、China, such as Prof. He Lianzhen in Zhejiang University thinks that autonomous learning is an indispensable technique in class ,which learners to grasp their own learning .Knowing language values and essential conditions related to autonomous learning ,which is better for teachers to be a guider ,or

25、ganizer ,trouble solvers .Besides, Prof. Hu weifen, Shenzhen University point out that the purpose of foreign language teaching must aimed at cultivating students autonomous ability and the center of teaching should be transferred from teaching to learning. Meanwhile, the transferred center of teach

26、ing demands more from teachers: On one hand is its own professional quality, On the other hand is the teacher must participate into the students learning process .The teachers must act as students learning companions and hold open attitudes towards their views and advices.Other education specialists

27、 abroad believe that the motivation of autonomous learning is from inner side or self-motivation .And the method of learning is planned, has been up to the plan or been skillfully achieved the degree of automation .Therefore, independent learners arrangement is timing and effective, which they can r

28、ealize the results of their studies, thus maintain a highly sensitive and random strain capacity to their learning materials and social environment. For instance, Prof. Liam Kane, Stanford University USA has given a analysis to autonomous learning theory, aiming at a series of problems that result f

29、orm lots of experiments. He holds that we should combine the theory with continual practices. Thus perfect the autonomous learning theory little by little. Certainly, there is also demand learners reflection and feed back As a whole, autonomous learning is a self-regulation learning activity under t

30、he guidance of overall teaching goal and teachers .The learners achieve specific goal according to own capacities and needs, accordingly choose ones own learning goal, content, method freely2. The Qualities Possessed by Middle School Students in Autonomous LearningAs a result of change of he teacher

31、s role, the students role in classroom teaching has changed, too. First, students should be active learners rather than passive receivers .They must know what to do and where to go under the guidance of the teacher. They must be industrious enough to insult the reference books or surf on the Interne

32、t so as to gain some knowledge on their own .Besides, the students should be active participants or performers in class. In tradition the teachers play the absolute lead in the class room teaching, and they are the absolute host .But it isnt the case now .Its time for the students to show themselves

33、 and to give a full play to their abilities. They should pluck up their courage their own opinions or to make heated discussions with others. In addition, the students should realize clearly that it is themselves, not teachers, should take whole responsibility of their learning because they are affo

34、rded the opportunities to the self-generated, personally relevant communication which involves in a wide range of motivations, functions, and meanings that may be very useful in the development of language learning 2.1.Fomulate Autonomous Learning PlanA learning plan, instead of a teacher, serve as

35、a tool and guidance for students to conduct autonomous learning .So the teachers will have more free time and energy to help students more individually and more closely .Through their efforts of developing and students explorative ability and tempering their willpower and learning, teachers concern

36、for students is understood and students self-confidence at the same time is established and learning potential is evoked.A learning plan is full of creativity and utility because it is composed from the students standpoint by taken their needs into consideration and the knowledge is organized with d

37、ifferent questions according to the different learning level of students .Any teacher can present their organization of knowledge in their own way according to their own experience of learning and teaching .Learning plans will ,in this way ,consists of increasingly rich contents and will be more coh

38、erent with students learning patterns and psychological features The merits of learning plan are: Firstly, it changes the construction of learning and teaching. Students learn autonomously under this kind of model of teaching. First, the active atmosphere in the classroom proves the high rate of the

39、 students high involvement or engagement .Second, it gets every student involve in the process of teaching and learning ,without neglecting everyone .Third ,students learn in various ways ,including solo work ,pair work ,group work and whole class activity ,which is coherent with the characteristics

40、 of the students and meets the needs of their psychological development .Secondly, it ensures students enough time and space for learning. Teachers teaching and students learning cooperative activities respectively take one third of each class time. Besides, every student is motivated to get involve

41、d in learning activities through observing, thinking, and speaking. Thirdly it increases the effectiveness of learning and teaching by stimulating students motivation. Owing to those changes concerned above, students can gain more knowledge in class because their attitude changes from being taught t

42、o learn to learning to learn . In another word, they have stronger motivation and stronger motivation and stronger sense of achievement .Furthermore, their individual differences are satisfied with the flexible design learning plans in terms of difficulty, style, and interest as well. Lastly it ligh

43、tens both the burdens of teachers and students to some extend. A learning plan is the embodiment of textbook, the teaching method, and various kinds of kinds learning material .On one hand, it provides with resources of both information and exercises so that they can practice while leaning. On the o

44、ther hand, learning plans save much time for teachers to improve students ability of learner autonomy. In short, over a long period of practicing and exploring the teaching model guided by learning plans, the students learner autonomy will be greatly improved. 2.2 Fall into a self-study habitEnglish

45、 is a communicative language. The key to it is that you can understand and then bold to speak. To claim autonomous learning is not mean to the “Flock -type” learning without purpose. Compared with the traditional teaching methods, the autonomous learning demands more from teachers. They should posse

46、ss more excellent teaching art .They should guide students reasonably, inspire them timely, stimulate their thoughts. Thus helping students attain true gains and improve their abilities indeed, so that make sure the students fall into a good habit to learn gradually. The purpose of teaching is help

47、them to acquire “how to learn” by themselves. English teacher in imparting knowledge while, rev. Think guide suspect, guides the student to promote students mastery of positive thinking and analysis problem, problem-solving scientific method, eventually so that the students can learn to play indepen

48、dently the main role of students in teaching English teacher in imparting knowledge while, rev. Think guide suspect, guides the student to promote students mastery of positive thinking and analysis problem, problem-solving scientific method, eventually so that the students can learn to play independ

49、ently the main role of students in teaching. Remember methods of the knowledge than specific mastered more important, but also method in the master must realize subjective practice. Classroom teaching in English teachers should try to organize the teaching, the compact arrangement dialogue performan

50、ce, group discussion, appropriate reading recites, impel students go to, to independent, said, to read a long time, he formed the listening, speaking, reading of good habit. Spare English error correction this, English essays, strengthen the cultivation of reading habits is very important also. Such

51、 as form the good habit of reading, should first guides the student to intensive reading textbooks, the text, to students some directly from the original can find answers or the topic, judgment of the original text needs and then presents the topic of analysis, simple judgment. And finally gives the

52、 main deep reasoning should find idea or according to whether the original correctly judge expression test. This cascade type training for reading habits. Intensive reading is necessary, reading is indispensable. I often guide students in extracurricular reading words rate less than 3% of the articl

53、es, reading in ways that encourage students is good at using the dictionary, timely help solve reading the new words problem, insist for a long time to students with dictionary has formed the habit of industrious. Also according to the context students in a particular word in the sentence speculated

54、 that the habit of meaning, students have the equally important to read the good habit of handling words, extracurricular reading difficulty is reduced, reading ability will rapidly increased. 2.3 Learn to use learning tools and set goalsAutonomous learners should be ready to use learning tools in o

55、rder to facilitate their learning activities, such as English dictionary, tape recorder, walkman, etc and can use them skillfully .With the help of a learning tool, the learning efficiency has been greatly improved. In order to facilitate students, the school should do a lot of work, especially for

56、students to prepare rich learning resources, such as texts and video learning materials, online teaching information, etc. Foreign teachers give students better study supportive service, according to various curriculum , writing the new words table, phrase watch, the text annotation with students me

57、et upcoming materials, hope broad students actively use. Autonomous learning in essence, is self-learned learning. It is a process that an individual takes the initiate to alter, regulate and dominate their learning activities. If students want be autonomous learners, they must have reference book t

58、o guide their behaviors. It is unlikely for them to regulate their behaviors unless they are able to compare their current conditions with anticipations. Goal functions as reference point in learning process, and learners adjust their learning strategies under the guidance of fixed learning goal .Th

59、erefore, goal is viewed as the kernel component part of autonomous learning. 2.4 Motivation and Attitudes to Study Corder said, “Given a motivation, anyone can learn language.” The phrase brings out the importance of motivation, and the way it can overcome unfavorable circumstances in other aspects

60、of language learning. Other researchers also view motivation as a key factor in foreign language learning. Motivation may be defined as a state of cognitive and emotional arousal which leads to a conscious decision to act, and which gives a rise to a sustained intellectual and physical effort in ord

61、er to attain previously set goals.Learning is an active process that needs to be and motivated and guided toward desirable ends. To some degree, learning is selfinitiated, but it must be aided by motives so that the learner will persist in the learning activity. A definite motive is valuable in lear

62、ning process as motives make for readiness.Students will be positively motivated to learn when he desires strongly intrinsically and extrinsically meets their psychological needs for learning the language. So motivation is very heart of autonomous learning process. In the process of learning a forei

63、gn language, various factors may be involved to enhance the learners motivation for attaining his instrument goals .All the factors involved integrative motives, instrumental motives, external influences and incentives are the most active and most positive.Cognitive psychologist came to draw a disti

64、nction between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Very simply, when the only reason to performing as act is to gain something outside the activity itself, such as passing an exam, or obtaining financial rewards. The motivation is said to be extrinsic. When the experience of performing the activity

65、is to performing the activity lies in within the activity itself, then the motivation is said to be intrinsic.In reality, of course, this distinction is not watertight. And many of actions probably promoted by a mixture of both intrinsic and extrinsic reasons. It can be said that the rate of learning depends upon the strengths of the motive. A strong inner urge will mean stronger efforts. Adequate motivation not only sets in motion the activity which results in learning, but also sustains and directs it .It is concerned with the aroused of the interest in learnin