西方经济学本科电大形成性考核业业1小抄参考

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1、专业好文档完全竞争和完全垄断条件下厂商均衡的比较答：（1）含义和形成条件完全竞争是指竞争不受任何阻碍和干扰的市场结构。完全竞争的形成条件市场上有无数的购买者和和生产者。市场上的产品是无差异的。厂商和生产要素可以自由进退和自由流动。购买者和生产者对市场信息完全了解。完全垄断是指整个行业中只有一个厂商的市场结构。完全垄断形成条件：厂商即行业，即整个行业中只有一个厂商，它提供了整个行业所需要的全部产量；厂商所生产的产品有极大的特殊性，且没有任何替代品，即产品的需求交叉弹性为零，这样，厂商就不受任何竞争者的威胁；其他厂商几乎不可能进入该行业。在这些条件下，一个完全垄断者就没有了竞争对手，市场中完全没有

2、竞争的因素存在，厂商可以控制和操纵市场价格。（2）需求曲线和收益曲线完全竞争条件下的需求曲线和收益曲线： 在完全竞争的市场中，厂商是市场价格的接受者，每个厂商都可以按既定的价格售出其愿意提供的商品数量，因此，单个厂商在市场中面对的是一条具有完全弹性、水平的曲线。而就整个行业来说，消费者对整个行业所生产的产品的需求构成了整个行业的需求曲线，也就是市场的需求曲线，仍旧有市场需求的变化的一般规律，即行业的曲线是向右下方倾斜的具有负斜率的需求曲线。 在完全竞争市场上，厂商总是按既定的价格出售产品，厂商平均每售出一个单位产品所得到的收益即平均收益和增加一个单位产品销售所增加的总收益即边际收益与价格相等，

3、即平均收益=边际收益=价格（AR=MR=P）。可见厂商的平均收益、边际收益和价格的需求曲线是重叠的。完全垄断条件下的需求曲线和收益曲线：在完全垄断市场上，由于市场中只有一家厂商，对垄断者产品的需求，就是对整个市场产品的需求，所以，垄断者所面临的需求曲线就是整个市场的需求曲线。完全垄断的厂商是市场价格的决定者，它可以通过改变销量来决定价格，因此，完全垄断厂商面临的需求曲线是一条向右下方倾斜的需求曲线。它表明完全垄断厂商要想增加销量，就必须降低售价，厂商只能在高价少销或低价多销间进行选择。完全垄断厂商确定了产品价格后，买者所支付的价格，也就是厂商出售单位产品所得到的平均收益，因此，厂商的平均收益也

4、是随产品销量的增加而不断减少的，平均收益曲线与厂商面临的需求曲线重叠。与此同时，厂商从每增加一个单位产品销售中所得到的边际收益也是递减的，且在每一个销量下，都小于平均收益，所以边际收益曲线在平均收益曲线的左下方。（3）厂商短期均衡和长期均衡完全竞争条件下的厂商短期均衡：在短期，完全竞争市场上产品价格和生产规模都是确定的，厂商只能在既定的生产规模下通过调整产量来实现利润最大化并且各厂商短期内生产技术相对稳定，成本结构不易变化，按边际收益等于边际成本的原则确定产量，各厂商可能盈利也可能亏损。d :需求曲线 SAC :短期平均成本曲线 SMC : 短期边际成本曲线 SAVC :短期平均可变成本曲线由

5、于SMC与SAC的位置不同可分五种情况：SAC在d之下，厂商有超额利润；SAC与d相切于最低点E，并且也是SMC与MR的交点，此时厂商利润为0；SAC在d之上，厂商亏损，但能收回全部可变成本，和部分不变成本；SAVC与d相切与最低点，并且也是SMC与MR的交点，厂商亏损，只能收回全部可变成本，此点是停止营业点与关闭点；SAVC在d之上，短期可变成本高于价格，厂商亏损，必须停止生产。综上所述，完全竞争市场上，厂商短期均衡的条件是：MR=MC厂商达到短期均衡的状况取决于均衡是的价格P与短期平均成本曲线SAC的关系，若PSAC厂商获得超额利润， PSAC厂商就有亏损， PSAC 厂商无超额利润，但有

6、正常利润。亏损状态下，厂商继续生产的条件是价格大于或等于短期平均成本，即PSAC厂商能收回全部可变成本。完全竞争条件下厂商长期均衡：在短期内，完全竞争厂商虽然可以实现均衡，但由于不能调整生产规模，厂商在短期均衡时可能会有亏损，如上所分析的那样。但在长期中，所有的生产要素的数量都是可变的，厂商就可以通过调整自身的规模或改变行业中厂商的数量来消除亏损，或瓜分超额利润，最终使超额利润为零，实现新的均衡，即长期均衡。如果厂商存在超额利润时，各厂商会扩大生产规模或行业中有新厂商加入，从而使整个行业供给增加，市场价格下降，单个厂商的需求曲线下移，使超额利润减少，直到超额利润消失为止。如果厂商存在亏损时，则

7、厂商可能减少生产规模或行业中有一些厂商退出，从而使整个行业供给减少，市场价格下升，单个厂商的需求曲线上移，直至亏损消失为止。在长期内完全竞争厂商可以自由进入或退出某一行业，可以调整自己的生产规模，知道超额利润为零，行业内的各个厂商实现了长期均衡长期均衡的条件：MR= LMC=LAC=SMC=SAC完全垄断市场的短期均衡与长期均衡：完全垄断厂商短期均衡的条件为边际收益等于短期边际成本。MR=SMC这与完全竞争短期均衡条件相同。 在实现均衡时，厂商大多数情况下能获得超额利润，但也可能遭受亏损。或者是不赢不亏。这要根据达到均衡时平均收益曲线AR与平均变动成本曲线SVAC的关系来确定，如果AR大于或等

8、于SVAC，厂商可以继续生产，如果ARSVAC,厂商应该停产。着与完全竞争厂商实现均衡后的状况是不一样的。 完全垄断行业的长期均衡是以拥有超额利润为特征的。完全垄断厂商的长期均衡条件是边际收益等于长期边际成本和短期边际成本。可表示为MR=LMC=SMC（4）供给曲线厂商短期供给曲线厂商短期供给曲线厂商短期供给曲线厂商短期供给曲线就是其边际成本曲线。其理由如下，厂商的供给曲线是用来表示在每一个价格水平上，厂商愿意而且能够提供产品的数量。所以，完全竞争厂商的短期供给曲线是短期边际成本曲线SMC上大于或等于平均可变成本曲线SAVC最低点以上的部分，即短期边际成本曲线SMC上大于或等于停止营业点以上的

9、部分。 行业的短期供给曲线就是该行业中所有厂商短期供给曲线之和，既由厂商的短期供给曲线水平相加得到，它是一条向右上方倾斜的曲线。 在完全竞争条件下厂商的长期供给曲线是在完全竞争条件下厂商的长期供给曲线是在完全竞争条件下厂商的长期供给曲线是在完全竞争条件下厂商的长期供给曲线是大于长期平均成本曲线LAC最低点的那一段长期边际成本曲线LMC。在完全垄断条件下，由于价格是不固定的，而要通过产量和价格调整来实现MR=SMC的原则，并且PMR，所以，随着向右下方倾斜的需求曲线位移，价格和产量之间不存在那种一一对应关系。因此不存在有规律性的供给曲线。Winger Tuivasa-Sheck, who sco

10、red two tries in the Kiwis' 20-18 semi-final win over England, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while Slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against USA.Both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but Australia have not

11、conceded a try since Josh Charnley's effort in their first pool match against England on the opening day.Aussie winger Jarryd Hayne is the competition's top try scorer with nine, closely followed by Tuivasa-Sheck with eight.But it is recently named Rugby League International Federation playe

12、r of the year Sonny Bill Williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.The Kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the World Cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the All Blacks in 2011."I

13、9;d give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend," said Williams.The (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifa's anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Association's 150th anniversary celebrations and will at

14、tend City's Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday."I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure," he told BBC Sport."For me it's about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was."Uefa has o

15、pened disciplinary proceedings against CSKA for the "racist behaviour of their fans" during City's 2-1 win.Michel Platini, president of European football's governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referee's actions.CSKA said they were "

16、;surprised and disappointed" by Toure's complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: "We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA." Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda.The weather plays an important role i

17、n this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It

18、 will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.The b

19、alloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.They blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the Kiwis in Manchester.Five

20、years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by England's Josh Charnley in the opening game of the tournament.That could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but I have been impressed by the Kangaroos&#

21、39; focus in their games since then.They have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-chase. They've been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes unnoticed in the st

22、ands but not by your team-mates.It is as though their entire tournament has been preparation for the final.In Johnathan Thurston, Cooper Cronk, Cameron Smith and either Billy Slater or Greg Inglis at full-back they have a spine that is unmatched in rugby league. They have played in so many high-pres

23、sure games - a priceless asset going into Saturday.The Kiwis are a lot less experienced but winning a dramatic match like their semi-final against England will do wonders for their confidence.They defeated Australia in the Four Nations final in 2010 and the last World Cup, and know they can rise to the big occasion.