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1、专业好文档 A Life with Birds For nearly 17 years David Cope has worked as one of the Tower of Londons yeoman warders(伦敦塔看守), _ better（更） known to tourists as beefeaters. David, 64, lives in a three-bedroomed flat right at the top（顶部） of the Byward Tower, one of the gatehouses. From（从） our bedroom we have

2、 a marvelous(a.奇妙的，不可思议的) view of Tower Bridge and the Thames, says David. The Tower of London is famous for（以.而著名） its ravens(n.乌鸦，黑色的鸟), the large black birds which have lived there for over three centuries. David was immediately fascinated(着迷，吸引) by the birds and when he was _ offered(提供)_ the po

3、st of Raven Master eight years ago he had no _ hesitation（犹豫）_ in accepting it. The birds have now become my life and Im always _ aware（意识到） of the fact that I am _ maintaining （保持）_ a tradition. The legend(传奇，传说) says that if the ravens leave the Tower, England will fall to enemies, and its my job

4、to _ make（确保） sure this doesnt happen! David devotes（献身于） about four hours a day to the care of the ravens. He has grown to love them and the _ fact（事实） that he lives right next to them is ideal. I can keep（关注） a close eye on them all the time, and not just when Im working. At first（起初）, Davids wife

5、 Mo was not _keen（对.感兴趣） on the idea of life in the Tower, but she too will be sad to leave when he retires next year. When we look out of our windows, we see history all（所有） around us, and we are taking it in and storing it up for our future memories. A Lucky Break Actor Antonio Banderas is used to

6、 breaking bones, and it always seems to happen when hes doing(做) sport. In the film Play It to the Bone he plays（扮演一个） the part of a middleweight(n.中量级拳击手) boxer alongside Woody Harrelson. During（过程中） the making of the film Harrelson kept（连续） complaining that the fight scenes（场面） werent very convinc

7、ing(a.有说服力的，令人信服的), so one day he suggested that he and Banderas should have a fight for real. The Spanish actor wasnt keen（对热衷） on the idea at first, but he was eventually（最终） persuaded by his co-star to put on his gloves and climb into the boxing ring(拳赛场地). However, when he realized how seriously

8、(认真地) his opponent（对手） was taking it all, he began to regret his decision to fight. And then in the third round, Harrelson hit Banderas so（太以至于.） hard in the face that he actually broke his nose. His wife, actress Melanie Griffith, was furious(a.暴怒的，强烈的) that he had been playing silly macho(a.雄壮的，男子

9、气概的) games. She was right, confesses(v.承认，坦白) Banderas, and I was a fool to take（冒险） a risk like that in the middle of a movie.He was reminded（提醒） of the time he broke his leg during a football match in his native Malaga. He had always dreamed（梦想） of becoming a soccer star, of performing in front of

10、 a big crowd, but doctors told him his playing days were probably over. Thats when I decided to take up（开始） acting; I saw it as another（另外） way of performing, and achieving recognition. What happened to me on that football pitch（场） was, you might say, my first lucky break. A Success StoryAt 19, Ben

11、Way is already a millionaire, and one of a growing number of teenagers who have made(制造) their fortune(财富) through the Internet. What(这) makes Bens story all the more remarkable(a.卓越的，值得注意的) is that he is dyslexic(a.诵读困难的n.诵读困难者), and was told(告知) by teachers at his junior school that he would never

12、 be able to read or write properly(正确地) . I wanted to prove them wrong(错了) , says Ben, creator and director of Waysearch, a net search engine which can be used to find goods in online shopping malls.When he was eight, his local authorities(n.权威，权力，当权) provided(提供) him with a PC to help with school w

13、ork. Although he was unable(不能) to read the manuals, he had a natural ability with the computer, and encouraged(鼓励) by his father, he soon began charging(收费) people $l0 an hour for his knowledge and skills. At the age of 15 he set(创建) up his own computer consultancy(n.咨询公司，顾问工作), Quad Computer, whic

14、h he ran from his bedroom, and two years later he left school to devote(精力) all his time to business.By this time the company had grown and I needed to take on a couple(一些) of employees to help me, says Ben. That enabled me to start doing(做) business with bigger companies.” It was his ability to con

15、sistently(始终如一的) overcome(克服) difficult challenges that led him to win the Young Entrepreneur(n.企业家，主办者) of the Year award in the same year that he formed Waysearch, and he has recently signed a deal worth(价值) $25 million with a private investment(n.投资，投入) company, which will finance(为供给资金) his sear

16、ch engine.A Powerful InfluenceThere can be no doubt at all(根本) that the Internet has made a huge difference to our lives. Parents are worried that children spend too much time playing on the Internet, hardly ever（几乎不） doing anything else in their spare time. Naturally, parents are curious（对好奇） to fi

17、nd out why the Internet is so attractive, and they want to know if it can be harmful（伤害） to their children. Should parents worry if their children are spending that much time staring at （盯着看成） their computers?Obviously, if children are bent over their computers for hours, absorbed（沉迷） in some game,

18、instead of doing their homework, then something is wrong. Parents and children could decide how much use the child should make（利用） of the Internet, and the child should give his or her word（诺言） that it wont interfere(妨碍) with homework. If the child is not holding（坚持） to this arrangement(安排), the par

19、ent can take more drastic(严厉的，极端的) steps（采取措施） dealing with a childs use of the Internet is not much different from negotiating（协商）_ any other sort of bargain about(就(某物)讨价还价) behaviour. Any parent who is seriously（严重） alarmed about a childs behaviour should make an appointment(约定) to discuss（讨论） th

20、e matter with a teacher. Spending time in front of the screen does not necessarily（必定） affect a childs performance at school. Even if a child is absolutely（完全地） crazy about using the Internet，he or she is probably just going（度过） through a phase(阶段，时期), and in a few months there will be something els

21、e to worry about!Family HistoryIn an age when technology is developing faster than ever before, many people are being attracted（吸引） to the idea of looking back into the past. One way they can do this is by investigating(调查，研究) their own family history. They can try to find（找出） out more about where t

22、heir families came from and what they did, This is now a fast-growing hobby, especially in countries with a fairly（相当） short history, like Australia and the United States. It is one（一方面） thing to spend some time going（探究） through a book on family history and to take the decision（决心） to investigate y

23、our own familys past. It is quite（的确） another to carry out(完成) the research work successfully. It is easy to set about(开始做(某事) it in a disorganized(扰乱,瓦解) way and cause（引起） yourself many problems which could have been avoided（避免） with a little forward planning.If your own family stories tell you tha

24、t you are connected（有关系） with a famous character, whether hero or criminal(罪犯), do not let this idea take over(接管) your research. Just treat（当作） it as an interesting possibility(可能的事). A simple system for（用 collecting and storing your information will be adequate(充足的，适当的) to start with; a more compl

25、ex(错综复杂的) one may only get in your way（道路）. The most important thing, though, is to get（被） started. Who knows what you might（可能） find ? Helen and MartinWith a thoughtful sigh(长叹一声), Helen turned away from the window and walked back to her favourite armchair(扶手椅). Would（将要） her brother never arrive?

26、For a brief moment, she wondered if she really cared that much.Over the years Helen had given up (放弃)_ waiting for Martin to take an interest in her. Her feelings for him had gradually weakened(变淡)_ until now, as she sat waiting for him, she experienced no more than a sisters. curiosity(好奇心) to see

27、what had become(发生事) of her brother.Almost without warning(预兆) , Martin had lost his job with a busy publishing company after spending the last eight years in New York as a key figure in the US office. Somehow the two of them hadnt bothered(烦扰) to keep in touch and, left alone, Helen had slowly foun

28、d her confidence(对有信心) in her own judgment growing. Ignoring(不顾) the wishes of her parents, she had left university halfway through(过程中) her course and now, to the astonishment(惊讶;令人惊讶的事物) of the whole family, she was gaining(获得) a fast-growing reputation(名声，名誉;声望) in the pages of respected art maga

29、zines and was actually earning enough to live on(靠) from her paintings.Of course, she took(对) no pleasure in Martins sudden misfortune(不幸;灾祸，灾难), but she couldnt help(忍不住) looking forward to her brothers arrival with quiet(暗暗地) satisfaction(满意，满足) at what she had achieved.Global Warming Few people n

30、ow question the reality of global warming and its effects on the worlds climate(n.气候，风气). Many scientists put（把归咎于） the blame for recent natural disasters on the increase in（在） the worlds temperatures and are convinced that, more than ever(任何时候) before, the Earth is at risk(危险) from the forces(暴力) o

31、f the wind, rain and sun. According(据说) to them, global warming is making extreme(极端的) weather events, such(例如) as hurricanes(n. 飓风，暴风) and droughts(n.干旱，早灾), even more severe(严重) and causing sea levels all around the world to rise(上升) . Environmental groups are putting pressure(压力) on governments t

32、o take action to reduce the amount(数量) of carbon dioxide(n.二氧化碳) which is given off(排放) by factories and power plants, thus attacking(攻击) the problem at its source. They are in favour(赞成) of more money being spent on research into solar(a.太阳的n.太阳能), wind and wave energy devices, which could then rep

33、lace existing power stations(装置) .Some scientists, however(然而) believe that even if we stopped releasing carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere(n.大气) tomorrow, we would have to wait several(几) hundred years to notice the results. Global warming, it seems, is here to stay(停留).Look on The

34、Bright Side Do you ever wish you were more optimistic(adj.乐观的，乐观主义的), someone who always expected（期望） to be successful? Having someone around who always fears（恐惧） the worst isnt really a lot of fun（乐趣）. We all know someone who sees a single cloud on a sunny day and says, It looks like（像） rain. But i

35、f you catch yourself thinking such things,its important to do something about（对此） it(代前面整句话，指这个状况、情况、事实).You can change your view of life, according（根据） to psychologists(心理学家). It only takes a little effort, and youll find life more rewarding(adj.有益的，值得的，有报酬的) as a result（结果）. Optimism，they say，is p

36、artly about self-respect and confidence but its also a more positive way of looking at life and all it has to offer（提供）. Optimists are more likely（很有可能） to start new projects and are generally more prepared to take risks. Upbringing(教养，养育，抚育) is obviously(adv.明显地，显然地) very important in forming your

37、attitude（态度） to the world. Some people are brought up to depend（依赖于） too much on others and grow up(成长) forever blaming(v.责备，归咎于) other people when anything goes（发生） wrong. Most optimists,on the _other（另一方面） hand, have been brought up not to regard（把.看作） failure as the end of the worldthey just get

38、on（继续） with their lives. School LunchResearch has shown that over half the children in Britain who take their own lunches to school do not eat properly（正常地） in the middle of the day. In Britain schools have to provide（提供） meals at lunchtime. Children can choose（选择） to bring their own food or have lu

39、nch at the school canteen(食堂小卖部)One shocking finding（发现） of this research is that school meals are much healthier than lunches prepared by parents. There are strict standards（标准） for the preparation of school meals, which have to include one portion（比例） of fruit and one of vegetables, as well as mea

40、t, a dairy(乳制品的) item and starchy(食物)含有大量淀粉的) food like bread or pasta(意大利面食). Lunchboxes examined（检查） by researchers contained sweet drinks, crisps(炸马铃薯片) and chocolate bars. Children consume（摄取） twice as much sugar(糖) as they should at lunchtime.The research will provide a better understanding （解释

41、） of why the percentage of overweight students in Britain has increased（增长） in the last decade. Unfortunately, the government cannot criticise（批评） parents, but it can remind them of the nutritional（营养的） value of milk, fruit and vegetables. Small changes in their childrens diet can affect（影响） their f

42、uture health. Children can easily develop bad eating habits（习惯） at this age, and parents are the only ones who can prevent（阻止） it.Traffic in Our CitiesThe volume of traffic in many cities in the world today continues to expand. This causes many problems, including serious air pollution, lengthy(a.漫长

43、的，冗长的) delays, and the greater risk of（.的风险） accidents. Clearly, something must be done, but it is often difficult to persuade(说服) people to change their habits and leave their cars at home.One possible approach(方法) is to make it more expensive for people to use their cars by increasing(增加) charges

44、for parking and bringing(收益) in tougher(严格的, 强硬的) fines for(因而罚(款) anyone who breaks(打破) the law. In addition, drivers could be required to pay for using particular routes at different times of the day. This system, known(为所熟知) as road pricing, is already being introduced in a number(一些) of cities,

45、using a special electronic card fixed(固定在.上) to the windscreen(n.汽车挡风玻璃) of the car. Another way of dealing(处理) with the problem is to provide cheap parking on the outskirts(效区) of the city, and strictly control the number of vehicles allowed into the centre. Drivers and their passengers then use a

46、special bus service for the final(最后的) stage of their journey.Of course, the most important thing(.的事) is to provide good public transport. However, to get people to give up(放弃) the comfort of their cars, public transport must be felt to be reliable(a.可靠的，可信赖的), convenient(方便的) and comfortable, with

47、 fares(票价) kept(保持) at an acceptable level.Teaching and learningMany teachers believe that the responsibilities(职责) for learning lie with(是的责任) the student. If a long reading assignment(n.任务，作业) is given, instructors expect students to be familiar with the information（信息）_in the reading even if they

48、 do not discuss it in class or take an examination. The idea （理想）_ student is considered to be one who is motivated(v.刺激，激发的积极性) to learn for the sake of(为了) learning（学习）_, not the one interested only in getting high grades. Sometimes homework is returned with（带回来） brief written comments but without

49、 a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the student is responsible（对负责） for learning the material assigned. When research is assigned （选定）_ , the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with minimum(最少的) guidance. It is the students responsibility to find books, magazine

50、s, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain how(如何) a university library works; they expect students particularly (尤其) graduate students to exhaust(v.耗尽，使筋疲力尽;彻底讨论) the reference _ sources(资源) _ in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but prefer(更喜欢)

51、 that their students should not be too(太) dependent on them. In the United Stats professors have many other duties besides(除之外) teaching, such as administrative(adj.管理的,行政的) or research work. Therefore, the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is limited(有限的) . If a studen

52、t has problems with classroom work , the student should either _ approach(接近)_ a professor during office hours or make an appointment(n.约定，约会).TheDiffeencebetweenManandComputer What makes people different from computer programs? What is the missing element(n.元素，成分，要素) that our theories dont yet acco

53、unt(解释)_ for? The answer is simple: People read newspaper stories for a reason: to learn more about _ what(那些) _ they are interested in. Computers, on the other hand, dont. In fact, computers dont even (甚至) have interests;there is nothing in particular(尤其, 特别) that they are trying to find out when t

54、hey read. If a computer program（程序）_ is to be a model of story understanding, it should also read for a purpose.Of course, people have several goals that do not make sense（合理） to attribute to computers. One might read a restaurant guide in （为了） order to satisfy hunger or entertainment(n.娱乐，消遣) goals

55、, or to find （寻找） a good place to go for a business lunch. Computers do not get hungry, and computers do not have business lunches.However, these physiological(adj.生理学的,生理的) and social goals give rise （导致） to several intellectual(adj.智力的，聪明的) or cognitive(adj.认知的，认识上的) goals. A goal to satisfy hunge

56、r gives rise to(引起, 导致) goals to find information（信息） about the name of a restaurant which serves（供应） the desired type of food, how expensive the restaurant is,the location of the restaurant, etc. These are goals to _ acquire（获取） information or knowledge, what we are calling learning（学习）_ goals. The

57、se goals can be held by computers too; a computer might（可能）_ want to find out the location of a restaurant, and read a guide in order to do so in（以方式） the same way as a person might. While such a goal would not arise（起于） out of hunger in the case of the computer, it might well(很可能) arise out of the

58、goal to learn more about restaurants.The First Bicycle The history of the bicycle goes back more than 200 years. In 1791, Count(伯爵) de Sivrac delighted（使.喜悦） onlookers(观众) in a park in Paris as he showed off(炫耀) his two-wheeled invention, a machine called the celerifer. It was basically an enlarged（

59、扩大） version of a childrens toy which had been in use（在使用中） for many years. Sivracs celerifer had a wooden frame, made in the shape（形状） of a horse,which was mounted on a wheel at either endTo ride it, you sat on a small seat, just like a modem bicycle,and pushed hard（努力） against the ground（地面） with y

60、our legsthere were no pedals(踏板，脚蹬子). It was impossible to steer(驾驶，操纵，控制) a celerifer and it had no brakes(闸，刹车),but despite these problems the invention very much appealed（吸引） to the fashionable young men of Paris. Soon they were holding（举行） races up and down the streets. Minor injuries（受伤） were c

61、ommon as riders attempted a final burst(爆发，突发，爆炸) of speed（速度） . Controlling the machine was difficult, as the only way to change direction（方向） was to pull up the front of the celerifer and turn（掉转） it round while the front wheel was spinning（自旋） in the air. Celerifers were not popular for long,howe

62、ver,as the combination（组合） of no springs(弹簧), no steering and rough roads(起伏路) made riding them very uncomfortable. Even so,the wooden celerifer was the origin（始祖） of the modem bicycle.The Old GateIn the Middle Ages the vast majority of European cities had walls around them. This was partly for defe

63、nsive reasons(原因) but another factor was the need to keep out anyone regarded as undesirable, like people with contagious(传染性的，会蔓延的) diseases(疾病). The Old City of London gates were all demolished(拆毁) by the end of the 18th century. The last of Londons gates was removed a century ago, but by a stroke

64、(打击) of luck, it was never destroyed. This gate is, in actual(实际的) fact, not called a gate at all; its name is Temple Bar, and it marked the boundary（分界线） between the Old City of London and Westminster. In 1878 the Council of London took the Bar down, numbered the stones and put the gate in storage(

65、存储)because its design was unfashionable(老套) it was expensive to maintain(维修) and it was blocking the traffic.The Temple Bar Trust was set out(建立) in the 1970s with the intention of returning the gate home. The aim of the Trust is the preservation(保存) of the nations architectural heritage.Transporting the gate will mean physically pulling it down(推倒) , stone by stone, removing and rebuilding it near St Pauls Cathedral(