丹江口库区及上游水土保持工程可行性研究报告1

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1、have just finished cutting three cart-loads of golden brownmacaroni stalks. The whole village has been working day and night gathering and threshing this years crop before the September rains. On the right, you can see Mrs Brabante herself. She has been helping her husband for thirty years now. Mrs

2、Brabante is talking to the manager of the local factory where the crop is processed. This last scene shows you what will happen at the end of the harvest : the famous Calabrian macaroni-eating competition ! Signor Fratelli, the present champion, has won it every year since 1961. And that ends our sp

3、ecial bulletin for today, Thursday, April 1st. We are now returning you to the studio.Lesson77 A successful operation 一例成功的手术The mummy of an Egyptian woman who died in 800 B.C. has just had an operation. The mummy is that of Shepenmut who was once a singer in the Temple of Thebes. As there were stra

4、nge marks on the X-ray plates taken of the mummy, doctors have been trying to find out whether the woman died of a rare disease. The only way to do this was to operate. The operation, which lasted for over four hours, proved to be very difficult because of the hard resin which covered the skin. The

5、doctors removed a section of the mummy and sent it to a laboratory. They also found something which the X-ray of the god Duamutef. This god which has the head of a cow was normally placedinside a mummy. The doctors have not yet decided how the woman died. They feared that the mummy would fall to pie

6、ces when they cut it open, but fortunately this has not happened. The mummy successfully survived the operation. Lesson78 The last one? 最后一枝吗？After reading an article entitled Cigarette Smoking and Your Health I lit a cigarette to calm my nerves. I smoked with concentration and pleasure as I was sur

7、e that this would be my last cigarette. For a whole week I did not smoke at all and during this time, my wife suffered terribly. I had all the usual symptoms of someone giving up smoking: a bad temper and an enormous appetite. My friends kept on offering me cigarettes and cigars. They made no effort

8、 to hide their amusement whenever I produced a packet of sweets from my pocket. After seven days of this I went to a party. Everybody around me was smoking and I felt extremely uncomfortable. When my old friend Brian urged me to accept a cigarette, it was more than I could bear. I took one guiltily,

9、 lit it and smoked with satisfaction. My wife was delighted that things had returned to normal once more. Anyway, as Brian pointed out, it is the easiest thing in the world to give up smoking. He himself has done it lots of times! Lesson79 By air 乘飞机I used to travel by air a great deal when I was a

10、boy. My parents, used to live in South America and I used to fly there from Europe in the holidays. An airhostess would take charge of me and I never had an unpleasant experience. I am used to travelling by air and only on one occasion have I ever felt frightened. After taking off, we were flying lo

11、w over the city and slowly gaining height, when the plane suddenly turned round and flew back to the airport. While we were waiting to land, an air-hostess told us to keep calm and to get off the plane quietly as soon as it had touched down. Everybody on board was worried and we were curious to find

12、 out what had happened. Later we learnt that there was a very important person on board. The police had been told that a bomb had been planted on the plane. After we had landed, the plane was searched thoroughly. Fortunately, nothing was found and five hours later we were able to take off again.Less

13、on80 The Crystal Palace 水晶宫Perhaps the most extraordinary building of the nineteenth century was the Crystal Palace, which was built in Hyde Park for the Great Exhibition of 1851. The Crystal Palace was different from all other buildings in the world, for it was made of iron and glass. It was one of

14、 the biggest buildings of all time and a lot of people from many countries came to see it. A great many goods were sent to the exhibition from various parts of the world. There was also a great deal of machinery on display. The most wonderful piece of machinery on show was Nasmyths steam hammer. Tho

15、ugh in those days, travelling was not as easy as it is today, steam boats carried thousands of visitors across the Channel from Europe. On arriving in England, they were taken to the Crystal Palace by train. There were six million visitors in all, and the profits from the exhibition were used to bui

16、ld museums and colleges. Later, the Crystal Palace was moved to South London. It remained one of the most famous buildings in the world until it was burnt down in 1936.Lesson81 Escape 脱逃When he had killed the guard, the prisoner of war quickly dragged him into the bushes. Working rapidly in the dark

17、ness, he soon changed into the dead mans clothes. Now, dressed in a blue uniform and with a rifle over his shoulder, the prisoner marched boldly up and down in front of the camp. He could hear shouting in the camp itself. Lights were blazing and men were running here and there: they had just discove

18、red that a prisoner had escaped. At that moment, a large black car with four officers inside it, stopped at the camp gates. The officers got out and the prisoner stood to attention and saluted as they passed. When they had gone, the driver of the car came towards him. The man obviously wanted to tal

19、k. He was rather elderly with grey hair and clear blue eyes. The prisoner felt sorry for him, but there was nothing else he could do. As the man came near, the prisoner knocked him to the ground with a sharp blow. Then, jumping into the car, he drove off as quickly as he could. Lesson82 Monster or f

20、ish? 是妖还是鱼？Fishermen and sailors sometimes claim to have seen monsters in the sea. Though people have often laughed at stories told by seamen, it is now known that many of these monsters which have at times been sighted are simply strange fish. Occasionally, unusual creatures are washed to the shore

21、, but they are rarely caught out at sea. Some time ago, however, a peculiar fish was caught near Madagascar. A small fishing-boat was carried miles out to sea by the powerful fish as it pulled on the line. Realizing that this was no ordinary fish, the fisherman made every effort not to damage it in

22、any way. When it was eventually brought to shore, it was found to be over thirteen feet long. It had a head like a horse, big blue eyes, shining silver skin, and a bright red tail, The fish, which has since been sent to a museum where it is being examined by a scientist, is called an oarfish. Such c

23、reatures have rarely been seen alive by man as they live at a depth of six hundred feet.Lesson83 After the elections 大选之后The former Prime Minister, Mr Wentworth Lane, was defeated in the recent elections. He is now retiring from political life and has gone abroad. My friend, Crawley, has always been

24、 a fanatical opponent of Mr Lanes Radical Progressive Party. After the elections, Crawley went to the former Prime Ministers house. When he asked if Mr Lane lived there, the policeman on duty told him that since his defeat, the ex-Prime Minister had gone abroad. On the following day, Crawley went to

25、 the house again. The same policeman was just walking slowly past the entrance, when Crawley asked the same question. Though a little suspicious this time, the policeman gave him the same answer. The day after, Crawley went to the house once more and asked exactly the same question. This time, the p

26、oliceman lost his temper. I told you yesterday and the day before yesterday, he shouted, Mr Lane was defeated in the elections. He has retired from political life and gone to live abroad ! I know, answered Crawley, but I love to hear you say it ! Lesson84 On strike 罢工Busmen have decided to go on str

27、ike next week. The strike is due to begin on Tuesday. No one knows how long it will last. The busmen have stated that the strike will continue until general agreement is reached about pay and working conditions. Most people believe that the strike will last for at least a week. Many owners of privat

28、e cars are going to offer free rides to people on their way to work. This will relieve pressure on the trains to some extent. Meanwhile, a number of university students have volunteered to drive buses while the strike lasts. All the young men are expert drivers, but before they drive any of the buse

29、s, they will have to pass a special test. The students are going to take the test in two days time. Even so, people are going to find it difficult to get to work. But so far, the public has expressed its gratitude to the students in letters to the Press. Only one or two people have objected that the

30、 students will drive too fast!Lesson85 Never too old to learn 活到老学到老I have just received a letter from my old school informing me that my former head- master, Mr Regmald Page, will be retiring next week. Pupils of the school, old and new, will be sending him a present to mark the occasion. All those

31、 who have contributed towards the gift will sign their names in a large album which will be sent to the headmasters home. We shall all remember Mr Page for his patience and understanding and for the kindly encouragement he gave us when we went so unwillingly to school. A great many former pupils wil

32、l be attending a farewell dinner in his honour next Thursday. It is a curious coincidence that the day before his retirement, Mr Page will have been teaching for a total of forty years. After he has retired, he will devote himself to gardening. For him, this will be an entirely new hobby. But this d

33、oes not matter, for, as he has often remarked, one is never too old to learn. Lesson86 Out of control 失控As the man tried to swing the speed-boat round, the steering-wheel came away in his hands. He waved desperately to his companion, who had been water-skiing for the last fifteen minutes. Both men h

34、ad hardly had time to realize what was happening when they were thrown violent1y into the sea. The speed-boat had struck a buoy, but it continued to move very quickly across the water. Both men had just begun to swim towards the shore. when they noticed with dismay that the speed-boat was moving in

35、a circle. It now came straight towards them at tremendous speed. In less than a minute, it roared past them only a few feet away. After it had passed, they swam on as quickly as they could because they knew that the boat would soon return. They had just had enough time to swim out of danger when the

36、 boat again completed a circle. On this occasion, however, it had slowed down considerably. The petrol had nearly all been used up. Before long, the noise dropped completely and the boat began to drift gently across the water.Lesson87 A perfect alibi 极好的不在犯罪现场的证据At the time the murder was committed,

37、 I was travelling on the 8.0 oclock train to London, said the man.Do you always catch such an early train ? asked the inspector.Of course I do, answered the man. I must be at work at 10.0 oclock. My employer will confirm that I was there on time. Would a later train get you to work on time ? asked t

38、he inspector. I suppose it would, but I never catch a later train.At what time did you arrive at the station ?At ten to eight. I bought a paper and waited for the train.And you didnt notice anything unusual ? Of course not.I suggest, said the inspector, that you are not telling the truth. I suggest

39、that you did not catch the 8.0 oclock train, but that you caught the 8.25 which would still get you to work on time. You see, on the morning of the murder, the 8.0 oclock train did not run at all. It broke down at Ferngreen station and was taken off the line.Lesson88 Trapped in a mine 困在矿井里Six men h

40、ave been trapped in a mine for seventeen hours. If they are not brought to the surface soon they may lose their lives. However, rescue operations are proving difficult. If explosives are used, vibrations will cause the roof of the mine to collapse. Rescue workers are therefore drilling a hole on the

41、 north side of the mine. They intend to bring the men up in a special capsule. If there had not been a hard layer of rock beneath the soil, they would have completed the job in a few hours. As it is, they have been drilling for sixteen hours and they still have a long way to go. Meanwhile, a microph

42、one, which was lowered into the mine two hours ago, has enabled the men to keep in touch with the closest relatives. Though they are running out of food and drink, the men are cheerful and confident that they will get out soon. They have been told that rescue operations are progressing smoothly. If

43、they knew how difficult it was to drill through the hard rock, they would lose heart. Lesson89 A slip of the tongue 口误People will do anything to see a free show-even if it is a bad one. When the news got round that a variety show would be presented at our local cinema by the P. and U. Bird Seed Comp

44、any, we all rushed to see it. We had to queue for hours to get in and there must have been several hundred people present just be- fore the show began. Unfortunately, the show was one of the dullest we have ever seen. Those who failed to get in need not have felt disappointed as many of the artistes

45、 who should have appeared did not丹江口库区及上游水土保持工程项目区可行性研究报告综合说明-县位于-省东南部的秦巴山区，-市境内，总土地面积1347平方公里，水土流失面积641.1平方公里，属中度流失区。是国务院批准丹江口库区及上游水污染治理和水土保持规划（以下简称规划）的重点治理县。根据规划要求，我们组织专业技术人员对全县水土流失情况进行了全面普查，按照实现保护水质、防止污染、减少水土流失和改善当地生态环境及当地农民收入的目标，选取了-项目区作为优先开展水土保持重点防治地区。-县-项目区位于平梁镇、城关镇境内，东经10833121084312，北纬324712

46、325424，土地面积167.97km2，属汉江水系一级支流，人口6.39万人，劳力3.85万人。水土流失面积95.11km2，占总土地面积的43.07。区内有沐浴河、仙鸡河，立元河，黑沟、雷峪沟、卞家沟六条小流域，年平均侵蚀模数2618t/km2a。该项目区由于地处秦巴土石山区腹地，一是地薄坡陡，森林覆盖率仅为27.9，水土流失严重。特别是每年汛期洪水携带大量泥沙和坡面物质进入汉江，给丹江口水库水源保护构成了潜在威胁。二是该项目区地处汉江一级支流，人口居住相对集中，人类生产生活量大，活动频繁，对水源水质及周边环境污染量增大，如不重点保护和防治，将直接影响进入丹江口水库水质。三是由于该项工程是

47、党的一项德政工程，对在该地区实施水土保持重点防治工程建设，不但可以有效地控制水土流失、保护和有效利用土地资源，改善生态环境，促进当地群众脱贫致富，而且能够保护丹江口库区水源的水质安全，满足南水北调中线调水的需求。同时工程的实施对加快区域经济的发展，保持地区政治经济和社会稳定，对全面建设小康社会、促进新农村建设步伐，确保南水北调中线工程充分发挥社会经济效益意义重大。为此，项目区各级领导高度重视，群众对改善生态环境和治理水土流失愿望迫切，同时，项目区交通便利、劳力充足，具备开展项目建设的必要条件项目的可行性研究报告编制工作于2007年3月初正式开展，以县水保站为主要技术力量，抽调相关乡镇水利站技术

48、人员配合，水利、农业、林业相关部门积极协助，并开展了细致翔实的项目区普查和典型小流域调查工作。为防止产生新的水土流失，我们确定了预防为主、保护优先；水质、水量并重，点源、面源同控；统筹协调，突出重点；立足近期，着眼长远；政府引导，社会参入五条规划原则。项目区的建设以小流域为单元，以保护和合理开发利用水土资源为基础，充分发挥生态自我修复能力，按照项目区生态用地和生产用地的需要，优化设计配置各项水土保持治理措施，形成综合科学的防治体系，以有效防治水土流失，改善生态环境，保证库区上游水质优良，向北京输送一江清水为目的。项目建设的主要目标任务：1、到治理期末，人均基本农田达到0.8亩以上，人均粮食产量

49、达400公斤以上，人均纯收入增加15以上。2、项目区治理水土流失程度达90以上，土壤侵蚀量减少60以上，水土流失得到有效遏制。3、植被覆盖率达60。4、项目区生态良好，经济发展，社会进步。按照上述目标，确定治理措施、建设规模，治理水土流失面积9511hm2，综合治理3766hm2，其中坡改梯57hm2，新建水窖36口，沟渠12km，沉沙池31口，田间生产道路8km，新修河堤0.8km，整治河堤0.4km，新建堰塘4座，整治堰塘12座，营造水保林767hm2，经济林885hm2，种草57hm2，等高植物篱16km，生态修复5745hm2，建沼气池45口，省柴灶300口。项目总投资2611.97万

50、元，其中国家投资1511.12万元，地方三年配套1100.85万元，该项目实施后可治理水土流失面积95.11km2，经过治理后，治理程度达100，效益计算期取20年，效益费用比为1.48，经济净现值1271.31万元，投资回收期8.8年，经过经济敏感行性分析项目依然可行。保水效益达199.34万方，保土效益达35.24万吨，植被覆盖率达76.4。项目区经过治理后，农业用地与生态用地比例由原来12.10调整到12.79。水土流失得到有效控制，水质达到丹江口水库水质要求，促进了人与自然与社会协调发展，加快社会主义新农村建设步伐，增加农民收入，提高人居环境质量。综上所述，该项目建设意义重大，迫在眉睫

51、，且经济合理，技术可行。1项目区概况1.1自然条件1.1.1地质、地貌项目区内主要以新生界第四系红色矿岩为主，少量分布着古生界片岩、板岩、千枚岩等浅变质岩，地貌内型属秦巴中低山区，海拔在5001000米，地貌以中山和低峪地交错分布，土壤结构疏松，透水性较好，抗冲性弱，暴雨和水流冲击，极易形成面蚀和沟蚀，发生泥石流。南坡较缓，结构紧密，抗冲性强，但一遇连阴雨，易造成滑塌和重力侵蚀。总土地面积22078hm2，其中35面积3144hm2，占14.2。坡地组成见表111表111项目区地面坡度组成表土地 总面积 (hm2)坡 度 组 成551515252535面积 (hm2)占比例 (%)面积 (hm

52、2)占比例 (%)面积 (hm2)占比例 (%)面积 (hm2)占比例 (%)面积 (hm2)占比例 (%)22078369816.7341115.5595827.0586726.6314414.21.1.2土壤、植被主要土壤类型有黄棕壤、黄褐土、水稻土、砂壤土，月河以南主要以红砂岩、堆积物演化而成的黄泥土和水稻土为主，月河以北主要是黄棕壤土，水稻土分布在月河两岸河谷阶地，面积较小，项目区植被覆盖度为43.8，乔木林有柏、松、杨、水杉等，灌木树种有胡枝子等，植被连通性差，条块分割，相对较大面积的主要分布在海拔700米以上。土壤理化性状水稻土平均土层厚度60cm，土壤容重1.10 t/m3，土壤

53、养分含量为：有机质占0.34，全氮占0.04，速效氮为33.17ppm，全磷为0.16，速效磷4.9ppm。PH值为7.5；黄棕壤平均土层厚度40cm，土壤容重为1.15 t/m3，其中各种土壤养分含量为：有机质占0.51，全氮占0.05，速效氮为25.35ppm，全磷为0.04，速效磷6.37ppm， PH值为5.6；土壤理化性见表112。表112项目区土壤理化性状表土壤类型平均土层厚度(cm)土壤容量(t/m3)土 壤 养 分 含 量PH值有机质()全氮()速效氮(ppm)全钾()速效钾(ppm)全磷()速效磷(ppm)水稻土601.100.340.0433.17000.164.907.5

54、黄棕壤401.150.510.0525.35000.046.375.61.1.3气象、水文项目区属北亚热带大陆性季风湿润气候区，光能资源处于全国低值地区，气候温和，无严寒酷暑，降水丰沛，但分布不均，干旱和雨涝时有发生，太阳总辐射量历年平均为108.05千卡/cm2，平均日照时数1769.1小时，日照百分率40，各月分布不均，8月最多，2月最少。多年平均气温15.2，年平均最高气温26.7，年平均最低气温3.0，极端最高气温40.1，极端最低气温10.1。平均无霜期258天。项目区降水具有强烈的季节性特征，最大降雨量1192.7mm，最小降雨量为624.7mm。多年平均年降水量880.3mm，年

55、降水量主要集中在7、8、9月，降雨量434mm，占年平均降雨量49.3。10年一遇6小时最大降雨量81.60mm，24小时最大降雨量101.49mm，20年一遇6小时降雨量84.66mm，24小时最大降雨量144.3mm，多年平均径流深370mm。项目区气象特征见表1-1-3。表113项目区气象特征表观测站名气温（）年均降雨量（mm）79月降雨量(mm)暴雨天数10()无霜期(d)年均日照时数（h）太阳总辐射量千卡/cm2年最高年最低多年平均最大量年份最小量年份多年平均县气象站40.1-10.115.21192.72005624.71962880.3434145540.92581769.110

56、8.051.2社会经济状况1.2.1行政区划项目区位于-县城关镇、平梁镇辖区范围内，涉及35个行政村，总人口6.39万人，其中农业人口6.29万人，人口密度285人/km2，农业劳动力3.85万人。1.2.2土地利用现状区内土地总面积22078hm2，其中耕地面积6414hm2，占总土地面积29.1，经果林面积504hm2，占总面积2.3，林地9159hm2，占总面积的41.5，荒山荒坡面积5225hm2，占23.6，其它用地776 hm2，占3.5。35耕地面积78hm2，占耕地比例的1.2。土地利用中存在的主要问题：一是土地利用的程度不高，荒山荒坡面积较大，占土地总面积的23.6；二是林地

57、中，森林面积少，疏幼林面积大，约占林地面积的32.7；三是坡耕地比重大，占耕地总面积的45.2，经济林和园地仅占土地总面积2.70，为粮食型土地利用结构。详见表1-2-2。表122项目区耕地坡度组成表土地总面积 (hm2)耕地耕 地 坡 度 组 成面积 (hm2)占土地面积(%)55151525253535面积 (hm2)占比例 (%)面积 (hm2)占比例 (%)面积 (hm2)占比例 (%)面积 (hm2)占比例 (%)面积 (hm2)占比例 (%)22078641429.1351254.888013.71641.0025.63034.778.001.21.2.3经济情况区内资源贫乏，主要

58、以发展农业为主，根据2006年统计，农业总产值16264万元，其中农业产值5310万元，主要农作物有水稻、玉米、红苕等，占总产值的32.6。林业产值208万元，占总产值的1.3。牧业产值2337万元，占总产值的14.4，渔业产值316万元,其它产值8093万元。农业人均纯收入1350元。2006年统计，项目区有粮食作物面积3905.26hm2，总产量14.53T，经济作物3617.74hm2，产量9667T，果木林168hm2，产量1137T，经济林336hm2，产量404.44T，区内农户养猪15306头，羊938头，渔业养殖水域面积21.6hm2，产量685T。区内主要是以户养为主，有少量

59、牛、羊牲畜野外放养。工业发展滞后，区内只有5个砖瓦厂，副业主要以家庭为单位的作坊式粮食加工厂，大部分家庭的主要收入来源于外出务工人员。项目区农业生产现状见表123。表123项目区农业生产现状表项目区粮食作物经济作物果木林经济林牧业渔业总面积 总产量 总面积 总产量 面积年产量面积年产量大牲畜猪羊其他养殖水面 面积产量 (hm2)（t）(hm2)（t）(hm2)（t）(hm2)（t） (头) (头) (头)(hm2)（t）-项目区3905.2614.5331617.74404.44168.001137336.001372240915306938764221.00685备注区内农业总产值总量小，结

60、构不合理，农业以粮食种植为主，高产值、高附加值的经济作物比例过低，整体农业产出效益差。根据项目区的自然特点及所处的地理位置，农业在稳产条件下，应向农业多种经营方向发展，林业比例偏低，也应大力发展。牧业结构不合理，副业仍有潜力可挖。 1.2.4农村基础设施情况项目区内交通便利，316国道横贯东西，区内通村道路27条，共59km。但田间生产道路无统一规划，给生产采收带来不便。基础水利设施数量虽多，年久失修、老化，渠道91km，大多是没有衬砌过的土渠，防渗能力差，且水毁严重，没有充分发挥效益。区内共有堰塘147口，大部分已因淤积或严重渗漏废弃使用，不能正常发挥效益。人饮站16座，年供水量17.52m

61、3，有3个村饮用县城网管供水，还有部分农户采用打机井、建水窖解决生活用水，目前仍有1.56万人、9873头牲畜饮水困难。通讯设施方面目前项目区内各村均已开通了程控电话，农村供电主要用于照明和农副产品加工。项目区水资源利用现状见表123。表124项目区水资源利用现状表水源情况输水管（渠）抽水站需要解决灌溉条件需解决生活用水水库塘堰水井蓄水池（窖）数量(座)年供水量(万m3)数量(座)年供水量(万m3)数量(眼)年供水量(万m3)数量(口)年供水量(万m3)长度(km)年供水量(万m3)装机容量(KW)年供水量(万m3)水田 （hm2）果园 （hm2）梯坪地（hm2）人口（人）牲畜 （头）1849

62、6.6414733.06501.242781.39129.8280.5470.67.25611.0043.0055391562298731.2.5土地使用政策项目区内土地使用形式单一，除学校、镇、村住地及公路干线属国有土地，其余属于集体土地，林地已划分各户管理，转包、租赁、股份合作等开发形式很少，“四荒”拍卖几年前由林业部门负责开展过，但效果不佳。2水土流失及防治状况2.1水土流失2.1.1水土流失现状项目区有水土流失面积95.11km2，占总面积的43.07，其中轻度流失面积16.26km2，占流失面积的17.1；中度流失46.33km2，占流失面积的48.7；强度流失面积21.29km2，占流失面积的22.4，极强度流失9.01km2，占流失面积的9.5