Standing Together Against Poverty

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1、Public Administration ReviewVolume 73, Issue 1, January/February 20131. Title: Standing Together Against Poverty. Authors: Smiley, Tavis. Abstract: An excerpt from the book Americas Poor and the Great Recession, by Kristin Seefeldt and John D. Graham, is presented. 2. Title: Rethinking the Role of t

2、he Profession on Public Sector Compensation. Authors: Reilly, Thom. Abstract: The author discusses compensation for public employees, arguing that economic conditions in the U.S. as of 2013 provide an opportunity for public administration professionals to advocate policy reforms, particularly regard

3、ing pensions. Topics include wage comparisons between public and private sectors, transparency in public pay and benefits, and cash-balance pension plans that function as a hybrid of 401(K) and defined benefit plans.3. Title: Public Administration as Its Own Steward in Times of Partisan Deadlock and

4、 Fiscal Stress. Authors: Goodsell, Charles T. Abstract: The author discusses possible federal budget cuts and the U.S. public debt as of January 2013, arguing that U.S. public administration officials should act as stewards of U.S. assets to address economic and public debt concerns. Topics include

5、self-stewardship, competition between political parties for resources, the targeted implementation of budget cuts, and communication between public officials. 4. Title: Evolutionary Psychology: A Fresh Perspective for Understanding and Changing Problematic Behavior. Authors: Tybur, Joshua M.; Griske

6、vicius, Vladas.Abstract: From rising obesity and soaring health care costs to escalating violence and environmental degradation, contemporary society faces many challenges. Are there policies that are naturally effective in changing the behaviors that produce these problems? In this article, the aut

7、hors examine some of the roots of socially problematic behavior by taking an evolutionary perspective that considers human nature. They review four insights that an evolutionary approach provides into human behavior. Then they discuss how a deeper understanding of the ancestral roots of modern behav

8、ior can provide a fresh perspective for policy makers and public administrators while also providing fertile ground for novel research and applications for altering behavior. The central takeaway is that optimal strategies for changing problematic behaviors require harnessing our deep-seated ancestr

9、al nature rather than ignoring it or working against it. 5. Title: Designing Public Participation Processes. Authors: Bryson, John M.; Quick, Kathryn S.; Slotterback, Carissa Schively; Crosby, Barbara C. Abstract: The purpose of this Theory to Practice article is to present a systematic, cross-disci

10、plinary, and accessible synthesis of relevant research and to offer explicit evidence-based design guidelines to help practitioners design better participation processes. From the research literature, the authors glean suggestions for iteratively creating, managing, and evaluating public participati

11、on activities. The article takes an evidence-based and design science approach, suggesting that effective public participation processes are grounded in analyzing the context closely, identifying the purposes of the participation effort, and iteratively designing and redesigning the process accordin

12、gly. 6. Title: Commentary: In Search of the Secret Public Participation Recipe. Authors: Schulz, Suzanne M. Abstract: The author refers to the article Designing Public Participation Processes by John M. Bryson, Kathryn S. Quick, Carissa Schively Slotterback, and Barbara C. Crosby while arguing that

13、citizen participation in public administration can only be accomplished through the building of relationships and trust. Topics include empowerment, public perceptions, and expectation management. 7. Title: Commentary: Public Engagers and the Political Craft of Participatory Policy Making. Authors:

14、Escobar, Oliver. Abstract: The author looks at systems and methods for introducing public participation into government policy making, or participatory policy making. He discusses the strengths and limitations of guidelines for public officials working on public participation programs, such as those

15、 offered by John M. Bryson, Kathryn S. Quick, Carissa Schively Slotterback, and Barbara C. Crosby in their article Designing Public Participation Processes, which appeared in the November 2012 issue of the publication. 8. Title: Beating the Clock: Strategic Management under the Threat of Direct Demo

16、cracy. Authors: Ely, Todd L.; Jacob, Benoy. Abstract: This article explores public sector responsiveness to voter-led initiatives, specifically, the degree to which public managers attempt to lock in resources before they are constrained by a particular initiative. The authors posit that such behavi

17、or, which they term beating the clock, is a function of the potential impact of the proposed initiative, the degree to which managers can react to the initiatives central issues, and the perceived likelihood of passage. Although scholars have explored different responses to voter-led initiatives, th

18、is particular form of strategic behavior has yet to be studied. Using longitudinal data on public debt issuance, hypotheses are tested in the context of a reform proposed through the initiative process in Colorado in 2010. Results show that the number of debt issues increased by roughly 150 percent

19、in advance of a potentially binding election, indicating the ability to preempt formal initiative efforts in certain policy areas. 9. Title: Should Democracy Be Direct? Authors: Stripling, Bob. Abstract: The author compares direct and representative democratic methods for governing communities and a

20、pproving legislation, arguing that both methods are useful tools for decision making in different circumstances and contexts. Topics include the authors experiences witnessing capital project financing decisions, the participation of citizens in governments, and the motivations of elected officials.

21、 10. Title: Faster? Cheaper? Better? Using ADR to Resolve Federal Sector EEO Complaints. Authors: Nabatchi, Tina; Stanger, Anya.Abstract: This article examines the Equal Employment Opportunity Commissions Management Directive 110, which requires all federal agencies to offer alternative dispute reso

22、lution (ADR) to employees with equal employment opportunity (EEO) complaints. Specifically, the article examines federal sector EEO complaint processing before and after the passage of Management Directive 110 and compares the traditional EEO procedure with the use of ADR on several indicators of ca

23、se processing and case outcomes. Findings are reported in three sections: an overall analysis, an analysis of the informal stage of the process, and an analysis of the formal stage of the process. The article concludes with a discussion and directions for future research. 11. Title: ADR: Faster, Che

24、aper, Better - and Not Just for EEO Complaints. Authors: Mazur, Cindy. Abstract: The article looks at the use of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) in public administration contexts in the U.S., as of 2013. The author, head of ADR at the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), says that t

25、here is a strong case for expanding the use of ADR in public administration. She cites work by Tina Nabatchi and Anya Stanger on the use of ADR in equal employment opportunity (EEO) cases. 12. Title: Making Connections: Performance Regimes and Extreme Events. Authors: Bowman, Ann OM.; Parsons, Bryan

26、 M. Abstract: Local officials in the emergency management field have reached out and increased their connections with other agencies and organizations during the past several years. Collaborative networks have been created in an effort to address the complexities and uncertainties surrounding extrem

27、e events. But has this collaboration really taken root? In this article, the authors find that although a collaborative ethos has penetrated local emergency management, it is neither deep nor uniform. Data from a survey of emergency managers in North Carolina counties show that maintaining a functio

28、nal network-a performance regime in which participants develop consistent management practices and rely on each other for the generation of new ideas-is a difficult task. The explanation for the variation found across the counties largely involves capacity and vulnerability. 13. Title: Unionization

29、and Work Attitudes: How Union Commitment Influences Public Sector Job Satisfaction. Authors: Davis, Randall S. Abstract: This article explores whether union commitment dampens public sector job satisfaction. By examining the connection between union commitment and two workplace attributes that are p

30、resumed to be more prevalent in public sector workplaces-perceptions of higher red tape and greater public service motivation-this article develops three hypotheses exploring the direct and indirect relationships between union commitment and public sector job satisfaction. The findings from a series

31、 of structural equation models indicate that union commitment directly increases members job satisfaction, but it more prominently increases members job satisfaction indirectly by reducing perceived red tape and enhancing public service motivation. 14. Title: Social and Political Consequences of Adm

32、inistrative Corruption: A Study of Public Perceptions in Spain. Authors: Villoria, Manuel; Van Ryzin, Gregg G.; Lavena, Cecilia F. Abstract: Spain experienced an outbreak of public sector corruption-much of it related to the involvement of regional and local administrators and politicians in the cou

33、ntrys urban development boom-that angered the public and sparked calls for government reform. Using data from a 2009 survey that followed these events, the authors examine the association between perceived corruption and the attitudes and behaviors of citizens, including satisfaction with government

34、 and democracy, social and institutional trust, and rule-breaking behaviors. The findings suggest that perceptions of administrative as well as political corruption are associated with less satisfaction, lower levels of social and institutional trust, and a greater willingness to break rules. Althou

35、gh these survey results cannot prove causation, they are consistent with the notion that administrative and political corruption damages the legitimacy of government in the eyes of citizens and weakens the social fabric of democratic society. 15. Title: Spain: Corruption, Weak Institutionalization,

36、Unfinished Democratization. Authors: Cardona, Francisco. Abstract: The author argues that citizen confidence in government is adversely impacted by perceptions of political corruption and that policies prohibiting corruption should be implemented in Spain, mentioning the article Social and Political

37、 Consequences of Administrative Corruption: A Study of Public Perceptions in Spain, by Manuel Villoria, Gregg G. Van Ryzin, and Celia F. Lavena. Topics include preventative legislation, checks and balances in democracies, and the Popular Party political group. 16. Title: Place, Time, and Philanthrop

38、y: Exploring Geographic Mobility and Philanthropic Engagement. Authors: Clerkin, Richard M.; Paarlberg, Laurie E.; Christensen, Robert K.; Nesbit, Rebecca A.; Tschirhart, Mary. Abstract: America is a nation of movers, and this has implications for public and nonprofit managers who rely on donations

39、and volunteers to increase the capacity of nonprofits and to strengthen local communities. This article explores the impact of time and place on philanthropic engagement, focusing on how three aspects of community-sense of belonging, social connections, and regional culture-are related to volunteeri

40、ng and giving to local organizations. The authors find that geographic mobility affects philanthropic engagement. Drawing on a survey of active older Americans, the authors find that three community factors -sense of community, social networks, and regional cultures- are related to one or both types

41、 of philanthropic behavior. The authors conclude by offering thoughts for future research and practice. 17. Title: Enriching Avenues of Philanthropic Engagement for All. Authors: Jenkins, Jo Ann. Abstract: The author discusses initiatives to encourage philanthropic activity among retired persons by

42、the nonprofit American Association of Retired Persons Foundation. Topics include the Tax-Aide volunteer tax assistance initiative, the Drive to End Hunger initiative, and marketing. The article Place, Time and Philanthropy: Exploring Geographic Mobility and Philanthropic Engagement, by Richard M. Cl

43、erkin, Laurie E. Paarlberg, Robert K. Christensen, Rebecca A. Nesbit, and Mary Tschirhart is mentioned.18. Title: Race, Gender, and Government Contracting: Different Explanations or New Prospects for Theory? Authors: Fernandez, Sergio; Malatesta, Deanna; Smith, Craig R. Abstract: The U.S. Congress c

44、reated the Small Disadvantaged Business (SDB) and Women-Owned Small Business (WOSB) programs to promote fairness in government contracting. In this article, the authors examine whether increases in racial and gender representation in federal agencies correlate with the proportion of contract dollars

45、 awarded to women- and minority-owned firms. Using the theory of representative bureaucracy as a starting point, they find evidence that increases in passive minority representation result in a larger proportion of contract dollars awarded to minority-owned firms, which comports with previous empiri

46、cal research. There is no evidence, however, that female representation leads directly or indirectly to substantive benefits for women-owned small businesses. Given that the findings for women do not support representative bureaucracy, the authors provide potential alternative explanations. Specific

47、ally, they consider gender bias, social identity, and the queen bee phenomenon as possible explanations for why women are less inclined to advocate for other women. 19. Title: Personnel Constraints in Public Organizations: The Impact of Reward and Punishment on Organizational Performance. Authors: B

48、rewer, Gene A.; Walker, Richard M. Abstract: In recent years, many public sector reforms have attempted to loosen personnel constraints on the assumption that more managerial flexibility will increase organizational performance. The authors mount an empirical study to test this assumption using data

49、 taken from English local government authorities. Personnel constraints are operationalized using Raineys long-standing measures of the concept. Statistical results from multiple regression analyses indicate that difficulty in removing poor managers is harmful to organizational performance, but diff

50、iculty in rewarding good managers has no effect. The authors delve inside the organizational hierarchy and find that attitudes toward personnel constraints vary by organizational level and managerial rank: for example, frontline managers feel more constrained overall, while senior managers perceptio

51、ns of constraints are more closely linked to organizational performance but in some unexpected ways. The implications of these findings, including the fact that personnel constraints have varying impacts on organizational performance, are considered. 20. Title: No Solutions, Only Trade-Offs? Evidenc

52、e about Goal Conflict in Street-Level Bureaucracies. Authors: Resh, William G.; Pitts, David W. Abstract: Theories of goal conflict suggest that public organizations confront two possibilities when they face multiple policy goals: (1) organizations attain synergy among lower-order, instrumental goal

53、s in order to achieve higher-order objectives, or (2) organizations face a zero-sum trade-off among goals. Implicit in this debate is the proposition that trade-off is more likely when performance toward the attainment of multiple goals is measured with substantively exclusive metrics and under vary

54、ing environments of task difficulty. This research examines which of these theories appears to explain the implementation and interaction of multiple policy goals in the context of Georgia public high schools. The findings demonstrate the highly contingent nature of goal synergy and trade-off. While

55、 goal synergy is possible in the interaction of multiple lower-order goal attainment, more robust gains can be made toward a higher-order objective by focusing on one particular lower-order goal rather than an all-inclusive approach to goal attainment. 21. Title: Experimental Evidence on the Relatio

56、nship between Public Service Motivation and Job Performance. Authors: Bell, Nicola. Abstract: This article responds to recent calls for experimental research into the relationship between public service motivation (PSM) and job performance. The author conducted a field experiment with a sample of nu

57、rses at a public hospital in Italy to investigate the interplay between job performance, PSM, and two conditions: exposure to contact with beneficiaries and self-persuasion interventions. Both treatments had positive effects on participants persistence, output, productivity, and vigilance. Baseline

58、PSM strengthened these positive effects. Moreover, both conditions caused an increase in PSM that partially mediated the positive effects of beneficiary contact and self-persuasion on job performance. The implications of the experimental findings for theory and practice are discussed. 22. Title: Com

59、municating and Modeling Public Service to Direct Employee Behavior. Authors: Figuerola, Miguel I. Abstract: The article looks at research on the job performance of public-sector employees. The author discusses the role of intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation in the performance of employees of inter

60、governmental organizations (IGOs), citing an organizations prosocial mission as a key intrinsic factor in motivating its employees. He discusses the article Experimental Evidence on the Relationship between Public Service Motivation and Job Performance by Nicola Bell, which appears in this issue. 23

61、. Title: Internal versus External Social Capital and the Success of Community Initiatives: A Case of Self-Organizing Collaborative Governance in Nepal. Authors: Shrestha, Manoj K. Abstract: Most research examining the relationship between social capital and outcomes focuses on either internal social

62、 capital or external social capital. This article examines the impact of both internal and external social capital on the success of self-organizing community initiatives. A study of community water projects in a developing country, Nepal, shows that communities that enjoy less internal conflict and

63、 more external partnerships are more likely to be successful in securing agency funds for their projects. Also, communities face trade-offs between internal and external social capital. These dimensions of social capital are not perfect substitutes, and communities that maintain a strategic balance

64、between the two maximize gains from a trade-off. Moreover, such an optimal choice is dependent on the level of internal and external social capital that these communities hold.24. Title: Local E-Government in the United States: Transformation or Incremental Change? Authors: Norris, Donald F.; Reddic

65、k, Christopher G. Abstract: In this article, the authors address the recent trajectory of local e-government in the United States and compare it with the predictions of early e-government writings, using empirical data from two nationwide surveys of e-government among American local governments. The authors find that local e-government has not produced the results that those writings predicted. Instead, its development has largely been incremental, and local e-government is mainly about delivering information and services online, followed b