The development of an internet forum for longterm participatory group learning about problems and solutions to sustainable urban water supply management

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1、8The development of an internet forum for long-term participatory group learning about problems and solutions to sustainable urban water supply management.M. HareSwiss Federal Institute For Environmental Science and Technology (EAWAG), Ueberlandstr. 133, Dbendorf, CH. email: matt.hare pahlmedugndaea

2、wag.ch, N. Gilbert2, D. Medugno1, T. Asakawa School of Human Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK. email: n.gilbert t.asakawasoc.surrey.ac.uk, J. Heeb Seecon International gmbh, Bruchstr. 69, Luzern, CH , C. Pahl-Wostl1AbstractThis paper reports on the planned use of the internet in

3、 an ongoing participatory process targeted at developing solutions for the sustainable management of an urban water supply system. The foundation of our participatory methodology is face-to-face group communication within regular meetings of the principal stakeholders. During such meetings we are de

4、veloping multi-media (paper-, boardgame- and computer-based) multi-agent models of the water management system in order to allow the stakeholders to explore possible management scenarios and to learn about other stakeholders often conflicting perspectives and goals. However, another forum is require

5、d for stakeholder interaction, model testing and the exchange of views, outside of the necessarily rare platform meetings. A facilitated internet forum is therefore under development. Since the stakeholder group contains a heterogeneous mix of people ranging from those experienced in using computers

6、 to those who are computer-nave and resistant to them, care must be taken when introducing a computer into the hitherto computer-free sessions. A multi-stage approach to introducing the internet-based model into our participatory process through game playing and other acclimatization methods is bein

7、g developed. This paper describes this approach and provides a planned architecture for the internet forum.1. Background to problemIn a major European city, the existing supply-oriented water management policy is increasingly perceived as unsustainable. The dominant policy over the 20th century has

8、been characterized as risk-averse worst-case planning (Tillman, 2001) in which past, increasing,past increasing demand patterns have been expected to continue and supply capacity has been built to meet a level of demand based on the upper side of possibility. This policy worked well until the 1970s

9、in that it met the legal requirement for water supply security and, while demand increased as expected, it also met the city norm for high water quality. However, problems began when there were two contradictory responses to a particularly dry summer in 1976 in which demand peaked to near supply-cap

10、acity levels. One the one hand, this crisis resulted in demand falling in an unprecedented fashion due to increased water saving as well as a general decline in water-using industries. On the other hand, it led to the water utility increasing supply capacity to avoid future problems. The result was

11、that whilst demand fell, supply capacity increased to the point that capacity is now approximately 2.5 times daily demand. Such over-capacity increases the standing time of the water in the supply network and therefore puts at risk the sustainability of the hitherto high standards in water quality t

12、hat the city enjoyshas enjoyed. Additionally, the city politicians,politicians who are faced with a large city budget deficit have begun to reduce the credit available to the water utility for infrastructure. The water utility and the city as a whole are therefore in the position of having to invest

13、igate new ways of managing the system that can resolve the stakeholders conflicting goals of maintaining water security and quality, saving money and saving water. 2. Multi-staged, multi-media modelling within a participatory processA participatory discussion platform has been established which inco

14、rporates the principal stakeholders involved in the citys water management system (water utility; politicians; consumers; and manufacturers). The goals of this participatory process include the exploration of more efficient management strategies in response to possible demand scenarios and to increa

15、se communication and the sharing of perspectives among the various stakeholders.stakeholders. A multi-staged, multi-media model-building-as-learning (Lane, 1992) approach has been adopted that is tailored for long termlong-term stakeholder participation and for the introduction of computational and

16、internet-based models into computer-nave groups. In Stage 1, the stakeholders own mental models (Doyle/Ford, 1998) of the system, its perceived problems, their goals and possible scenarios are elicited and the stakeholders then discuss paper versions of these models as a group. In Stage 2, these men

17、tal models are converted into a single multi-agent model see (Gilbert/Troitzsch. 2000). for definition. in the form of a board game with which the stakeholders, as players taking on the roles of other stakeholders, can explore possible scenario outcomes from the others perspectives. As in (Barreteau

18、/Bousquet/Attonaty, 2001), the game is used at this stage for model validation and stakeholder acclimatization purposes, i.e. to enhance future comfort with, ownership and legitimacy of the models. In stage 3, the findings and adaptations made to the game are then used to implement a computer simula

19、tion model of the system in which the users can either opt to view alternative scenarios passively or to take on roles and interact with the simulation. Use of the computer model in the discussion platform allows the stakeholders to become comfortablewith interacting with the computer in a social at

20、mosphere in which they can readily get support. In stage 4, stakeholders are encouraged to use the simulation model within an internet forum. The proposed internet forum is, in essence, an interactive, multi-player computer game, as defined by Bartle (1990), with facilitated discussion support. Disc

21、ussion between stakeholders can occur both through their role playing activities and outside those roles. Player roles are heterogeneous and all unassigned roles are simulated. The role of the human facilitator is to help with game playing problems; to join in discussions arising amongst players; to

22、 adjudicate on issues that arise and to monitor stakeholder behaviour for later protocol analysis and knowledge elicitation. Maintenance of turn-taking schedules and rule observancy is carried out automatically by a game-master software component. Findings from the internet interactions are then sum

23、marisedsummarized by the facilitators and presented back to the stakeholders in a group session. 3. Internet forum requirementsThe requirements for the internet forum were derived from the two groups of potential users: stakeholders who will play the game and the facilitator (members of the project

24、team) who will monitor the game and discussions, and provide online help where necessary. 3.1 Stakeholder RequirementsInitial stakeholder requirements have been gathered from an analysis of a video protocol of their behaviour whilst playing the board game version of the model, as well as from questi

25、on-answer sessions. More requirement sessions are planned. The first requirement is that the game be interactive and multi-player, thus continuing the group communication and learning process. Due to the limitations of stakeholders availability to play the game, the forum will be designed to be used

26、 in short, multiple sessions over many days rather than one session. Additionally, simulated players will be required in the event that time constraints forbid a stakeholder from taking up a role. The need for a facility for negotiating both privately and publicly with each other was readily apparen

27、t from the activities of the stakeholders playing the board game. The complexity of information needed to be reviewed and monitored during the game means that an information browser is also required for game rules, possible actions, resources etc. 3.2 Facilitator requirementsThe facilitator also had

28、 a number of requirements for the internet forum. A logging facility is needed to track the activities of the players and to facilitate protocol taking. Additionally, a facility is required to allow players to write down developing ideas or plans. During the board game playing, the players had been

29、asked to make notes during the game in order to help the facilitator understand their changing planning strategies. Such a facility in the internet forum would provide a permanent record of idea development as the game progresses, thus helping to provide a qualitative description of the degree of le

30、arning that is occurring. 4. Proposed architecture of internet forumThe forum is maintained on a server that is accessible through an ordinary web browser from any location with an internet connection. The game software lies on an Apache web server which carries out all game computations. The intera

31、ction language between server and player is HTML, enhanced with PHP4, a web scripting language that allows the server to generate web pages dynamically in order to display results graphs and other information. Cookies, small blocks of data that are transmitted to and stored on the users machine by t

32、he server software, are used to link web page requests to players thus making sure that players receive the correct pages during and between sessions. The game softwares PHP code includes embedded SQL statements that are used to interact with a relational database (PostgreSQL, http:/ww.postgresql.or

33、g/), also running on the server. The database has a dual function: first, it maintains the state of the game and of each player across sessions and, second, it accumulates a log of all significant actions by the players for later analysis. The advantages of using a database are manifold. Many users

34、can access it simultaneously; it will hold larger amounts of data than a cookie; standard functions for database access are built into PHP, and the data can later be extracted for use in analysis programs such as SPSS or Excel. 4.1 Use case descriptionsThe following use case descriptions (Harmon/Wat

35、son, 1998) describe the interaction between the players and the internet forum (Figure 1).Player log-on - The player enters a name, password and the type of game to be played (new or continuation of existing game) on a form in the login page. When this is submitted, the name and game choice data, to

36、gether with a string identifying the name of the form that has been submitted, is transmitted to the game server. When the server has confirmed the identity of the player, it presents the switchboard page, which acts as a portal to all the other game pages and retrieves data from the database releva

37、nt to the player. Player log-onChoose actionPublic/privatediscussionPlayer 1Player nGame databaseFacilitatorAdministrationApplication: forum serverFigure 1Use case diagram for the internet forum.Notation standard notation used for use case diagrams (Harmon/Watson, 1998).: figures represent users or

38、external software applications; lines represent communication links; ovals represent use cases.Choose action - When the player clicks on the play button (which has the effect of submitting a form), the game page appears. The design of this page and the move options available on it depend on the role

39、 being adopted by the player, details of which are retrieved from the database. The player interacts with the page to specify the move that they wish to make and the users choice is returned to the server, which serves the appropriate next page, and so on.Private/public discussion - One of the optio

40、ns available to all users (players and facilitator) on all versions of the game page is to send a message to one or all of the other users. If this option is selected, the users are presented with a form that resembles a web-based email browser to compose a message. The main page also lists the mess

41、ages that the user has received. The feature operates in the same way as a private email network, but logs all messages on the server for later analysis players are informed that all their interactions with the system are recorded, for the confidential use of the research team. The users can broadca

42、st messages asking for or offering help, privately to individuals or publicly to all. The users can also use this facility to log developing ideas.Administration - In addition, there are administration pages that allow facilitators with the necessary authorisation to access the game database, for ex

43、ample, to list the players on-line and their current state, and to reset the game to its base configuration.5. Related systemsThe design will benefit from the wealth of literature on interactive multi-player games, CSCW (Computer Supported Cooperative Work), Group Decision Support Systems and busine

44、ss simulation games. Such literature can be of particular help in finding solutions to the problems of maintaining user awareness of what is going on (e.g. in tools such as DIVA: (Sohlenkamp, 1999) ) and of sychronizing players activities within a gaming forum spanning several days or weeks.Interact

45、ive multi-player games involving some form of moderated online social interaction have a long pedigree dating back to the MUDs (Multi-User Dungeons) of the late seventies (Bartle, 1990). More recently, board games such as The Beer Game have been translated into computer-based games to act as Managem

46、ent Flight Simulators, i.e. to educate people in business and systems. Langley and Larsen (1995), for example, have developed a single user, multimedia version of the game. From here, however, it has been a small step to the development of networked interactive, multi-player business games in traini

47、ng and education (Hardman /Rossum/Bolhuis, 1995). In the latter, there is a tutor who oversees the play but the tutors role is limited to administration and the alteration of simulation parameters. There is no inter-player discussion facility built into the design; all negotiations are carried out b

48、etween human players and the simulated players, limiting the use of the tool as an online discussion forum. Whilst the system proposed in this paper actively encourages such discussions under the facilitation of a human, other computer forums designed for discussion support for decision-making group

49、s (Zeno:(Gordon/Karacapilidis,1997); CIMAT: (Haggith/Prabhu/Purnomo/Rizal/Taylor/Yasmi/Sukadri, 1999) have used automated mediators. Both these latter systems use automated reason maintenance techniques to structure and guide the ongoing human debate. 6. Conclusions The work presented here illustrat

50、es how the internet will be used as a further forum for stakeholders in an environmental arena to explore and learn about a model of their system and by so doingand, by so doing, share perspectives and insights with each other. The novelty of the approach proposed is that it embeds such a forum into

51、 a much larger multi-staged group innovation and learning process that includes face-to-face problem-solving and discussion supported by multiple model media. One assumption of the process is that, without the other media, the uptake of the internet forum by the stakeholders would be poor. Currently

52、, the project is at the end of stage 2 and the computational models are being designed ready for stage 3 and a pilot internet forum for stage 4. Of particular research interest is a comparison of the stakeholders experiences gained from face-to-face board-gaming with those gained from the internet f

53、orum, due to differences in the level of social facilitation afforded by each medium.AcknowledgementsThis work is carried out as part of the FIRMA (Freshwater Integrated Resource Management with Agents) Project and is supported by the European Unions Framework 5 Programme for Research and Developmen

54、t (contract EVK1-CT1999-00016) and the Swiss Federal Government. Thanks to Felix Huber for board game design help. The paper benefits from conversations with colleagues in the FIRMA project. ReferencesBarreteau, O., F. Bousquet, and J.-M. Attonaty. 2001. Role-playing games for opening the black box

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