高产油茶示范林基地建设项目

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1、trouble with the hero Jordan, yet he is a main character as his wife Pilar is. Minor characters are those in remote and static relation with the hero. It is wrong to think that minor characters are all unimportant. In some novels, one or some of the minor characters may serve a critical role, struct

2、urally or interpretationally.Foil characters are ones that help enhance the intensity of the hero by strengthening or contrasting. They may be main characters or minor characters. In a word, they serve as foils to the hero or heroine. Cohn in The Sun Also Rises is a good example. He is one of the ma

3、in characters. Like Jake, he is also “lost,” trying vainly to escape the past by courting women and drinking. But during their stay in Spain, Cohn displays qualities in contrast to those cherished by Jake, which makes Jake realize his own problems and finally find a solution, though temporarily. Coh

4、n works mainly by contrast. Wilson in The Great Gatsby works by presenting. Gatsby lost his lover to Tom and Wilson lost his wife to Tom. By presenting Wilsons case the novelist intends to point out the profound cause of Gatsbys tragedy. Dr. Watson in the stories of Sherlock Holmes serves as a foil

5、to the hero, rendering the detective smarter than he would otherwise appear to the reader.By the degree of their development, characters can be grouped as round characters and flat characters. This division is proposed by E.M Forster. Round characters are fully developed while flat characters are no

6、t. Or we can say that round characters grow while flat characters do not. Usually the reader is allowed access to the inner life of the round character and permitted to learn about many sides of the round character. The flat character is a “closed” character to whose inner thoughts the reader is den

7、ied access. Usually one side of the flat character is shown in the novel. Most heroes are round characters who grow emotionally or spiritually.Chapter Three ThemeAristotle in Poetics lists six basic elements of tragedy. Melody (song) and diction (language) fall in the general category of style, and

8、spectacle is relevant to setting in our discussion of fiction. The other three aspects are mythos or plot, ethos or character, and dianoia, which we generally translate into “thought” in English. According to Aristotle, plot is the “soul” or shaping principle or fiction, and characters exist primari

9、ly as functions of the plot. In most of the stories, plot plays the role of principal structure of the story. But, as Northrop Frye points out, besides the internal fiction of the character and his/her society, there is an external fiction consisting of a relation between the writer and the writers

10、society. We indeed have literary works by the likes of Shakespeare and Homer in which artistry is completely absorbed in their internal characters and we can hardly perceive the existence of the author. However, as soon as the authors personality appears on the horizon, a relation with the reader is

11、 established, and sometimes there seems no story at all apart from what the author is conveying to his/her reader. In this case, the primary interest in dianoia, the idea or thought that reader gets from the writer, which in modern criticism we generally call “theme”.I. What Is Theme?One of the safe

12、st comments to make about novels is on the theme. Everyone is entitled to extract a theme based upon his understanding of the novel. Theme may be the most democratic elements in literature, because its definition is the least restrictive. The theme of a novel is its controlling idea or its central i

13、nsight. Being an idea or an insight, the theme should be abstract and it should generalize about life. Labeled as controlling or central, the theme should be capable of unifying the whole novel. So the theme of a story, then, is whatever general idea or insight the entire story reveals. II. Clarific

14、ation about ThemeCommon as it is, theme suffers some misunderstandings. One misconception about theme is that each novel has a theme or themes, or theme is important to all novels. In fact, some novels, interesting ones though, do not provide any insight into life. For example, many novels of ratioc

15、ination and novels of horror. These novels are aimed at entertaining the reader, not at improving his understanding of life. They may sometimes touch upon the human nature or social problems, but these issues are only used to push the plot forward and they are not mentioned for their own value. Them

16、e exists only in the novel that seriously attempts to reflect life faithfully or intends to reveal truth about life, or in the novels that are based on ideas or theories of life. (for example, novels of ideas).Another misconception about theme is that the theme is largely what the novel is. Some peo

17、ple discard the novel when they think that they have got the theme. It should be made clear that the novel is not written to convey an idea but to convey an idea artistically. The novel is a work of art whereas the theme is only an abstract idea. An analogy from daily life may help clarify this ques

18、tion. People all need vitamins and get them from various kinds of vegetables and fruits. Only those with deficiency of one kind or another have to take vitamin pills to get the required amount. The difference between the theme and the novel is much like that between the vitamins and the vegetables.

19、The reader sometimes finds that the theme of a novel is similar to or even the same as what he has already known about life and that he is still fascinated by the novel. Theme appeals solely to the intellectual level of reading while the novel as a whole mainly appeals to the emotional level.Another

20、 pitfall concerning the theme is to confuse a theme with moral or lesson. Usually, a moral or a lesson is the advice stated or implied in a parable or fable. It is something of a rule by which one can regulate his behavior. For example, “Be kind to your neighbors,” or “Honesty is the best policy.” B

21、ut a theme is more complicated than this as a novel is to enhance ones awareness of life rather than simply to tell him how to behave.A novel is a complicated matter and different readers may have different interpretations of the same novel, so it is incorrect to presume that one novel has only one

22、theme. In some cases, there are several subthemes to the main theme. In reality, some novels are appreciated for their thematic ambiguity. For example, Moby Dick can be interpreted in more ways than one.Finally, the theme is not to be confused with the subject. The theme is an idea while the subject

23、 is a matter or an affair. “Love is invincible” may be a theme, but “love” is only a subject. A subject may be universal. The subjects of The Scarlet Letter, The Great Gatsby, and Women in Love are all “love.” But these novels have different themes. A theme is particular to its novel, though there a

24、re many similar themes to be found in other novels.III. Five Requirements for Stating a ThemeThe statement of a theme may be brief or long. And there are different ways to express oneand the same theme. But it should meet the following requirements.A theme must be expressed in the form of a statemen

25、t with a subject and a predicate. For example, “Love of ones country often inspires heroic self-sacrifice.” If a theme is expressed in the form of a phrase, then the phrase must be convertible to sentence form. One can say that the theme of a novel is “futility of envy.” The phrase can be changed to

26、 “envy is futile.” When one chooses to state a theme in the phrase form, he must be very careful about its convertibility to sentence form. For instance ,the phrase “selfless maternal love” does not always mean that “maternal love is selfless.”The theme is generalization about life based on the nove

27、l, and the statement of theme should be true also of other people or life situations. Therefore, names of characters and places should not be mentioned, for they suggest specific things and invite limitations. So in thematic discussion of Wuthering Heights, one may mention “peoples psychology of rev

28、enge,” but not “Heathcliffs.”Though a theme is a generalization, over-generalization should be avoided. Since a theme is extracted from a particular novel (a particular event), it may not be applicable to all situations. So words like “always,” “never,” “all,” and “every” should be avoided. Instead,

29、 one should use words like “some,” “sometimes,” and “may.” When making a generalization, one should strictly keep to what is actually in the novel and not smuggle into it assumptions supplied from his past experience.Since theme is the central and unifying idea of the novel, it must account for all

30、the major details and must not be contradicted by an details in the novel.Since a theme is different from a moral or a lesson, one should avoid reducing a theme to a clich or platitude like “Beauty is only skin-deep.” If one crams every new experience into an old formula, he loses the opportunity of

31、 new perception provided by reading novels.IV. Where to Look for the ThemeThe novelist may state or imply the theme. He uses every possible method to convey the theme. Though the theme is based upon the whole novel, practically, we can specify some important areas in which to look for the theme.How

32、the novel is entitled. The title is the name of the novel and in many cases (almost all cases) the novelist intends it to tell something important about the novel. Sometimes the central theme of the novel is present in the title. For example, Pride and Prejudice is about Darcys pride and Elizabeth B

33、ennets prejudice. Main Street is about the life of middle-class people in a Midwestern town. Think what the title of For Whom the Bell Tolls tells about its theme, and As I lay Dying.How the novelist shows his interest. If the novelist is interested in something, he would allow more space to it, des

34、cribing or narrating in great detail. Yet, sometimes he emphasizes it by leaving it out, as in the case of Ernest Hemingway. The point concerned here is that why the novelist gives more attention to this particular character, since or event but not others.How the novelist deals with a common subject

35、. Often the novelist has to include in his work some common subjects, but if he treats the common subjects in an uncommon way, it shows that he is trying to convey something new or important in the novel. Maybe it is the theme that demands him to do so.Important symbols. Symbols are loaded with impo

36、rtant meanings. So if a symbol appears repeatedly or at important moments, it may point to the theme of the novel. A good example is the letter “A” in The Scarlet Letter.Important speeches. Characters talk and in their talk are revealed their judgments of the other characters or event. The character

37、s judgments may give important clues to the theme.V. Obvious and unobvious themeObvious theme:The theme of a story, since we know, is whatever general idea or insight the entire story reveals. In some stories, the theme is rather obvious. For example, in Aesops fable about the council of the mice th

38、at cannot decide who will bell the cat, the theme is stated in the moral at the end: “It is easier to propose a thing than to carry it out.” In some novels, the title may offer a suggestion about the main theme. For example, Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice is named after its theme, and the whole st

39、ory unfolds itself around that theme. In some novels, the title is not so named but the plot exists primarily to illustrate the theme and it is not very difficult for us to infer what it is. For example, Uncle Toms Cabin by H.B.Stowe and The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck voice the themes of slav

40、ery and migratory labor respectively. The title of The Grapes of Wrath comes from a line in an extremely famous Civil War song, “The Battle Hymn of the Republic.” The line is, “He is trampling out the vintage where the Grapes of wrath are stored,” which means “an unjust or oppressive situation, acti

41、on or policy that may inflame desire for vengeance: an explosive condition.” The song was written by a famous and influential social activist, Julia Ward Howe. Unobvious theme: But in most literary works of fiction, the theme is seldom so obvious. That is, generally a theme is not a moral nor a mess

42、age, neither is it clearly conveyed in the title. When we finish reading a finely wrought story, it is easier to sum up the plotto say what happensthan to describe the main idea. To say of James Joyces “Araby” that it is about a boy who goes to a bazaar to buy a gift for a young woman but arrives to

43、o late is to summarize plot, not theme. In many fine short stories, theme is the center, the moving force, the principle of unity. Clearly, such a theme is something more than the characters and events of the story. Most of the short stories challenge an easy-come theme. In Hemingways “A Clean, Well

44、-Lighted Place,” as observed by Kennedy and Gioia, the events are rather simplea young waiter manages to get rid of the old man from the caf and the older waiter stops at a coffee bar on his way homebut while the events themselves seem relatively slight, the story as a whole is full of meaning. For

45、a deep understanding of the meaning, we have to look to other elements of the story besides what happens in it: narrative, symbols, tone, the dialogue between the two waiters, the monologue of the older waiter, etc. Evidently the author intends us to pay more attention to the thoughts and feelings o

46、f the older waiter, the character whose words echo the authors voice. One try on the theme may be: “The older waiter understands the old man and sympathizes with his need for a clean, well-lighted place.” But here we are still talking about what happens in the story, though we are not目录第一章 总论41.1 项目

47、概要41.2 可研报告编制依据51.3 建设单位基本情况61.4 主要技术经济指标81.5 综合评价8第二章 项目兴建理由与必要性102.1 项目兴建理由102.2 项目建设的必要性12第三章 市场预测与销售方案163.1 市场预测163.2 市场营销203.3 市场风险分析23第四章 场址选择264.1 项目建设地点选择264.2 项目区概况264.3 项目建设条件优劣分析30第五章 项目建设规模和建设方案345.1 建设内容及规模345.2 生产主要设备345.3 建设指导思想、原则与目标365.4 项目建设布局375.5 生产技术方案38第六章 环境影响评价456.1 环境现状456.2

48、 环境影响分析456.3 环境保护与治理措施466.4 环境影响评价47第七章 项目管理及组织运行497.1 机构设置与职责497.2 经营管理507.3 经营管理措施507.4 技术培训527.5 劳动安全、卫生与消防52第八章 项目实施进度558.1 建设工期558.2 实施进度安排55第九章 项目投资估算与资金筹措57第十章 财务评价58第十一章 招投标方案5911.1 招标方式5911.2 资格审查5911.3 招标6011.4 开标、评标和定标61第十二章 投资估算和资金筹措6212.1 投资估算的范围6212.2 投资估算的依据6212.3 项目投资估算6312.4 资金筹措65第

49、十三章 财务评价6613.1 财务评价依据6613.2 项目计算期和生产负荷6613.3 项目成本与费用估算6613.4 年经营收入和年总税金6813.5 利润及分配6813.6 财务盈利能力分析6813.7 项目清偿能力分析6913.8 项目不确定性分析7013.9 经济评价结论70第十四章 研究结论与建议7214.1 社会效益分析7214.2 生态效益分析7214.3 综合性评价结论73附件附后第一章 总论1.1 项目概要1.1.1 项目名称高产油茶示范林基地建设项目1.1.2 项目主管单位*林业局1.1.3 项目建设单位及法人代表*市青原农林开发有限公司，法人代表：项目建设地点位于*寿安

50、镇、三龙镇、王港乡1.1.5 项目建设性质项目建设性质为：新建1.1.6 项目建设规模与主要建设内容1、示范基地建设新建高产油茶示范林20000亩。（1）生产设备购置购置割灌机30台，打穴机30台。（2）基础设施建设建设管护棚两处，面积计725 ；供电工程：架设低压输电线路5 0 km；道路工程：修建简易林区公路10 km，作业林道128.7 5 ；购置森防设备、信息处理及办公设备各10套。2、建设年产1300吨加工生产线及购置仓储设备。加工厂总用地面积为80亩，总建筑面积8000平方米（其中：加工厂房2500、办公室500、仓库3000、宿舍及食堂2000）；购置生产线设备、仓储设备。1.1

51、.7 项目建设期5年1.1.8 项目总投资及资金来源项目总投资2亿元。资金来源：银行贷款1亿元，其余资金由项目单位自筹解决。1.1.9 效益预测项目总投资22000万元，年经营收入23000万元，年平均利税4490.1万元，回收期7.5年。项目经济效益较好，抗风险能力较强。1.2 可研报告编制依据关于加快林业发展的决定，中共中央、国务院，2003年6月；国家农业综合开发资金和项目管理方法，财政部令第29号；国家农业综合开发部门项目管理办法林业项目实施细则（试行）（办计字200993号）；2011年农业综合开发林业项目申请指南和2011年农业综合开发名优经济林花卉示范项目可行性研究报告编写大纲，

52、国家林业局，2010年6月；国务院关于促进食用植物油产业健康发展保障供给安全的意见（国发200836号）；全国油茶产业发展规划（2009-2020年），国家林业局2009年7月；国家林业局关于发展油茶产业的意见（林造发2006271号）；油茶栽培技术规程，LY/T 1328-2006；油茶丰产林（GB/T7906-1987）；油茶无性系丰产林培育技术规程，DB36/T 551-2009林业建设项目可行性研究报告编制规定（试行），国家林业局，2006年8月；项目单位提供的有关资料。1.3 建设单位基本情况1.3.1 建设单位概况建设单位：*市青原农林开发有限公司企业性质：股份制有限责任公司基本概

53、况：*1.3.2 建设单位财务状况表1-1公司2008、2009、2010年度财务状况表项目单位2008年度2009年度2010年度资产总额万元90510662026固定资产净值万元282727流动资产万元2150564流动负债万元190143133所有者权益万元645703922狮首资本万元150150350营业（销售）收入万元330净利润万元445820净资产收益率6.82%8.25%1.3.3 法人代表基本情况1.3.4 单位研发能力2009年，公司参加了有*农业大学牵头联合申报，并主持的“十一五”国家科技支撑计划重点项目“油茶产业升级关键技术研究与示范”项目中第5课题“华东低山区油茶园

54、艺化高产栽培技术集成示范”研究攻关。1.4 主要技术经济指标主要技术经济指标包括项目建设规模、投资等指标，详见表1-2。表1-2 主要技术经济指标序号指标名称单位数量备注1建设规模亩2产量指标（鲜果）kg/亩年达产期3油茶鲜果产量万kg/年达产期4项目总投资万元4.1建设投资万元4.2建设期利息万元4.3流动资金万元5财务指标5.1年均收入万元达产期5.2年平均利税%5.3财务内部收益（税前）%5.4财务内部收益（税后）%5.5项目投资静回收期年含建设期1.5 综合评价油茶是我国特有的木本食用油料树种。油茶作为纯天然的食用油，其营养价值与保健功能均达到和超过世界知名的橄榄油，具有广阔的市场前景

55、。本项目通过建设高产油茶示范基地，促进油茶产业发展，符合国家粮食安全战略和油茶产业发展政策。*油茶栽培历史悠久，油茶优良品种丰富，丰产培育技术成熟。*自然条件优越，土地资源丰富，劳力资源充足，当地林农经营油茶历史悠久，栽培油茶的积极性较高，资源培育与资源利用紧密衔接，具备了发展油茶的各项条件，项目建设时机成熟。项目建设单位*市青原农林开发有限公司是以开发种植高产优质无性系油茶为主的公司。该公司与*省林业科学院、*农业大学、中国林科院亚林中心建立了长期协作关系，并长期聘请省林科院油茶方面的专家作为项目的技术顾问，为项目的实施奠定了坚实的基础。项目建成后，不仅具有显著的经济效益，而且能够改善区域生

56、态环境，提高水源涵养、水土保持、防风固沙能力；同时，项目的实施还可增加农村就业机会，对优化林业产业结构，推动农村经济结构调整，有效解决三农问题的建设社会主义新农村具有重大而深远的意义。综上所述，项目实施是必要的、可行的。第二章 项目兴建理由与必要性2.1 项目兴建理由当今世界，开发木本食用油已成为解决食用油的主渠道和发展趋势，不少国家已基本实现了食用油“木本化”。我国是世界上木本粮油资源最丰富的国家之一。全国的木本油料树种达200多种，油茶、文冠果、山杏、榛等的含油率均高于花生、芝麻等的含油率，有的甚至高达97%。油茶是我国南方特有的木本油料树种，也是世界四大木本油料树种之一，在南方广大丘陵山

57、区有悠久的栽培经营历史和良好的生产加工基础。长期以来，由于油茶良种使用率不高、经营管理措施不到位等原因，造成油茶产量低，生产力水平差，在很大成都上制约了油茶产业的发展。在当前深入贯彻落实科学发展观的新要求，继续推进农村改革发展的新任务，以及全面谋划粮油等重要农产品长远发展思路和举措的新机遇背景下，搭理发展油茶等木本粮油茶叶具有全局和战略意义。长期以来，党中央、国务院高度重视油茶产业发展。2007、2008年相继出台了国务院办公厅关于促进油料生产发展的意见（国办发200759号），国务院关于促进食用植物油产业健康发展保障供给安全的意见（国发200836号），明确提出要大力发展油茶等待种油料作物。

58、为推动油茶产业发展，国家林业局出台了关于发展油茶产业的意见，将油茶作为增加林农收入，发展农村经济的主要举措之一。2009年2月，温家宝总理在政府工作报告中，明确提出要实施油茶良种补贴政策。回良玉副总理在中央林业工作会议上也明确要求大力发展油茶等木本粮油。2009年10月，国务院批准了全国油茶产业发展规划（2009-2020年），标志着油茶产业上升为国家战略性产业。2009年11月，全国油茶产业发展现场会在*召开，会议进一步提出，要切实把油茶产业培育成为兴林富民的支柱产业。*是油茶的主产区，油茶栽培和食用文化源远流长，现有油茶林面积1100万亩，有油茶适宜种植地3200万亩，常年茶油产量5万t，

59、面积和产量均居全国第二。但长期以来，缺乏科学规划、油茶品种混杂、资金投入不足、经营机制不活、精深加工不够等原因，使得全省油茶林单产较低，综合效益不高，资源优势没有转化为经济优势。近年来，*省以深化集体林权制度改革和推进造林绿化“一大四小”工程建设为契机，精心实施油茶产业发展示范项目，不断做大做强油茶产业，广大农民发展油茶产业的积极性空前高涨，油茶良种选育、栽培技术、生产加工等均形成了一定的发展势头。2010年，*省人民政府成立了专门的领导小组推动油茶产业发展，把油茶产业作为最有希望、最具潜力的林业产业来抓，使油茶产业真正成为推进*省林业产业化乃至整个经济发展的重要支柱产业。并发布了关于加快油茶

60、产业发展的意见，明确提出到2020年，要新造高产油茶林1000万亩，逐步改造现有油茶林1100万亩，实现年产茶油60万吨，油茶产业年综合产值350亿元的目标。为实现这一目标，规划高起点、高标准油茶林基地，大力扶持油茶加工企业，研究新工艺，开发新产品，加强市场营销，形成油茶产业的规模化、品牌化显得十分必要，使油茶产业和油茶经济真正成为我省绿色农业及绿色食品的品牌。与此同时，在我省首个上升为国家战略的鄱阳湖生态经济区规划中，也把“加快建设油茶林”作为商品林建设的首要内容。*省*自然环境优越，土壤和气候条件非常适合油茶栽培。项目建设单位*市青原农林开发有限公司具有独立的法人资格，该公司依托*优越的自

61、然条件和当地政府的大力支持，选用经审定的赣无、赣石和长林等系列油茶优良无性系，采用集约经营措施，集中营建高产油茶示范基地，使可研与生产密切结合，将有力地促进当地油茶产业的健康发展。因此，该公司根据全省油茶产业发展目标和自身发展需要，决定申报*省*2011年农业综合高产发油茶基地示范项目。2.2 项目建设的必要性2.2.1 缓解耕地压力，保障粮油安全的需要我国人多地少，粮油供需矛盾突出，粮油安全一直是事关国家社会稳定和经济发展的重大问题。据有关统计资料显示，我国年消费植物食用油总量达2250万t，而国内植物食用油生产总量仅为890万t，自给率仅为40%，供需矛盾非常突出。茶油是我国特有的木本油料

62、树种，也是我国林业的一大优势资源，其主要生长在南方广大的山地、丘陵地，不占用耕地。充分利用丰富的山地资源优势，在适生地区扩大油茶栽培面积。可有效缓解在发展食用油过程中出现的与农业争地的矛盾，对于缓解耕地压力，维护我国粮油安全具有十分重大的战略意义。2.2.2 发展名优经济林，促进林业可持续发展的需要林业是一项重要的公益事业和基础产业，林业的可持续发展在国民经济可持续发展中起着不可替代的作用，林业产业在林业可持续发展中占有重要的地位。名优经济林产业在我省林业产业中具有很强的活力和发展潜力，是我省林业可持续发展的主攻方向之一，*是全国油茶的中心产区，发展油茶产业，必将推进我省的名优经济林基地建设，

63、促进我省林业可持续发展的需要。*生态环境优越，适宜木本油料作物生长，现有油茶林由于品种良莠不齐，经营管理水平较粗放，产量一直在低水平徘徊，农民收入一直得不到提高。通过实施本项目，大力推广油茶优良品种及其丰产技术，发展名优经济林基地，促进区域林业的分类经营，引导农民充分利用现有林地资源有事，营造高标准、高质量的生态型丰产油茶林，努力提高林地产出，促进区域林业产业结构调整和优化升级，实现区域林业的可持续发展。2.2.3 转变油茶传统经营方式，打造*油茶品牌的需要长期以来，由于对茶油本身的生理及生态特性缺乏了解，林农总是认为油茶耐性强、抗性好、适应性广，常常将立地条件差，不能发展其他过目经济林的林地作为茶油造林地，很难满足和达到良种应有的生产潜力，使油茶失去了高产、优质的基础条件，导致我省油茶目前普遍存在“劣、蔬、老、病、荒”和“数代同堂”的现状。全省油茶二类林分店68.2%，有的地区甚至占到80%以上，每亩产油仅3-4。随着油茶良种培育技术的不断发展和提高，油茶低产的传统观念将被彻底打破。*省林科院和中国林