基础物理专业英语习题

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1、真诚为您提供优质参考资料，若有不当之处，请指正。迎大家来看看！翻译科技英语的难点是搞好专业术语的翻译，在科技英语中有些词语看起来很浅显，很熟悉，但如果按熟悉的词语翻译出来后，和文章的内容对照一下，往往会发现“牛头不对马嘴”的现象。 例如，有一篇讲述机械操作的说明中书，有eye和ear这样的术语，乍一看，这些词语的中文意思连小学生都知道，是“眼睛”和“耳朵”。这样的翻译可能会令人费解。其实，这两个单词在科技英语中是“孔环”和“吊钩”的意思。此外，还有很多例子，现列出一些作参考： 一、借用动物名称的专业术语 英语 日常用语意义 机械专业术语意义 pig 猪 金属锭块 dog 狗 挡块，止动爪 ca

2、t 猫 吊锚，履带拖拉机 cock 公鸡 旋塞，吊车 horse 马 支架，铁杆 fish 鱼 接合板，夹板 snake 蛇 斑点 monkey 猴子 活动板手，起重机小车 fox 狐狸 绳索 bird 鸟 飞机，火箭 二、借用物品名称的专业术语 英语 日常用语意义 机械专业术语意义 coat 外衣 镀层 cap 帽子 轴承盖，罩壳 shoe 鞋子 闸瓦，履带片 cup 杯子 皮碗，轴套 bed 床 底座，机床身 bench 长凳 拉床，钳工台 house 房子 箱体，罩 disk 唱片 硬磨盘 desk 书桌 控制屏 table 桌子 放料盘 三、借用人体器官名称的专业术语 英语 日常用语意

3、义 机械专业术语意义 eye 眼 孔环 ear 耳 吊钩 mouth 口 开度 nose 鼻 喷嘴 hand 手 手柄，指针 finger 手指 厚薄规 foot 脚 支座 head 头 冒口，刀架 neck 颈 座 body 身体 机身 hair 头发 游丝 tooth 牙齿 粗糙面 flashlight 手电筒 fluorescent lamp 日光灯 electric calculator 计算器 tube 真空管 electric fan 电风扇 dictaphone, dictating machine 录音机 tape recorder 磁带 television 电视机 elec

4、tric iron 电熨斗 electric foot warmer 暖脚器 electric shaver 电动剃须刀 electric cooker 电饭锅 electric heater 电暖气 electric vacuum cleaner 吸尘器 bulb 电灯泡 electronic oven 电烤箱 radio 收音机 microphone 麦克风 loud-speaker 扩音机 refrigerator 冰箱 air conditioning 空调 microwave oven 微波炉 dry cell 干电池 tap 电线搭接处 一Tanslation:vector dis

5、placement gravitational potential energyefficiency nucleus proton neutronrepulsion molecule evaporation conductionconvection insulation infrared diodeelectromotive force potential different generatoramplitude photon apectrum urtravioletdimension equilibrium fulcrum neutralcollision centriprtal impul

6、se momentum二CalculationA plank with a bucket on it is supported by two trestles.With force does each trestle exert on the plank?三Tanslation:1、 In the early 1600s, German mathematician and astronomer Johannes Kepler mathematically analyzed（分析） known astronomical data in order to develop three laws to

7、 describe the motion of planets about the sun. Keplers three laws emerged from the analysis of data carefully collected over a span of several years by his Danish predecessor（前辈） and teacher, Tycho Brahe. Keplers three laws of planetary motion can be briefly described as follows:The path of the plan

8、ets about the sun are elliptical(椭圆的) in shape, with* the center of the sun being located at one focus. (The Law of Ellipses) * An imaginary line drawn from the center of the sun to the center of the planet will sweep out equal areas in equal intervals of time. (The Law of Equal Areas) * The ratio（比

9、例） of the squares of the periods of any two planets is equal to the ratio of the cubes of their average distances from the sun. (The Law of Harmonies)2、 According to this law: If an induced current flows, its direction is always such that it will oppose the change in flux which produced it. Lenzs la

10、w follows from the law of conservation of energy. Energy must be transferred to produce an induced current. So work must be done to make the change which causes it. When the aluminium disc is spun between the magnetic poles, eddy currents are induced in it. These set up a magnetic field which pulls

11、on the poles and opposes the motion. So the disc quickly comes to a halt. Electromagnetic braking systems use this effect.3、 BCDE0xHooks law limitelastic limityield pointbreakingpointpermanent deformationstrainAUnlike the glass, most metals do not experience brittle fracture when stretched because d

12、islocations tend to stop cracks growing and spreading. The following descriptions refer to the graph for a ste al wire on the left.O to B: The deformation of the wire is elastic.B: This is the elastic limit. Beyond it, the deformation becomes plastic as layers of particles slide over each other. If

13、the stress were removed at, point O, say, point D, the wire would be left with a permanent deformation (strain x on the axis).C: This is the yield point. Beyond it, little extra force is needed to produced a large extra extension. If a material can be stretched like this, it is said to be ductile.E:

14、 The wire develops a thin neck, then a ductile fracture occurs. The highest stress just before the wire breaks is called the ultimate tensile stress.Fatigue: If a metal is taken through many cycles of changing stress, a fatigue fracture may occur before the ultimate tensile stress is reached. Fatigu

15、e fractures are caused by the slow spread of small cracks.Creep: This is the deformation which goes on happening in some materials if stress is maintained. For example, unsupported lead slowly sags under its own weight.4、 When a liquid evaporates, molecules escape from its surface and move about fre

16、ely as a gas. In a liquid, the vibrating molecules keep colliding with each other, some gaining kinetic energy and others losing it. At the surface, some of the faster, upward-moving molecules have enough kinetic energy to overcome the attraction from other molecules and escape from the liquid. With

17、 these faster molecules gone, the average KE of those left behind is reduced i.e. the temperature of the liquid falls. That is why evaporation has a cooling effect.5、 Vibrating and spinning molecules in one object give off electromagnetic radiation whose energy can be absorbed by molecules in anothe

18、r object so that they speed up. This radiation is called thermal radiation. From most warm or hot objects, it is mainly infrared. Some surfaces are better absorbers of thermal radiation than others. A preface absorber is called black body. It is also the best possible emitter of thermal radiation. T

19、he Sun, odd though it may sound, is effectively a black body radiator.6、 When some substances are illuminated by light, electrons are emitted from their surface. This is called the photoelectric effect. The electrons are emitted with a range of kinetic energies, up to a maximum. Experiments shows th

20、at:l Increasing the intensity of light increases the number of electrons emitted per second.l For light beneath a certain threshold frequency, f0, no electrons are emitted, even in very intense light.l Above f0, the maximum KE of the electrons increases with frequency, but is not affected by intensi

21、ty. Even in very dim light gives some electrons with high KE.7、 Most types of particle have a corresponding antiparticle. This has the same rest mass, but at least one property which is opposite to that of the particle. When a particle and its antiparticle meet, in most cases, they annihilate each o

22、ther and their mass is converted into energy as given by E=mc2. For example, the annihilation of an electron and positron may produce a pair of gamma photons. 8、 In the 17th century, it was pointed out that, if the stars continued out to infinity, the night sky should be white, not darkbecause light

23、 must be coming from every possible direction in the sky. This because known as Olbers paradox. Two reasons for the dark night sky have been suggested:i. In the expanding Universe, red-shifted wavelengths mean reduced photo energies, so the intensity of the light from distance stars is reduced.ii. T

24、here is a limit to our observable Universe. If, say, the Universe is 15 billion years from stars more than 15 billion light-years away. So everything beyond that distance looks dark.9、 If a wave source is receding(moving away) from a detector, the waves reaching the detector are more spaced out, so

25、their measured wavelength is increased and their frequency reduced. This is an example of Doppler effect. It causes the change of pitch which you hear when an ambulance rushes past with its siren sounding. Star motion can be fast enough to cause a detectable Doppler shift in light waves. If a star i

26、s moving away from the Earth, its spectral lines are shifted towards the red end of the spectrum. 10、 经典电磁学是研究宏观电磁现象和客观物体的电磁性质的学科。人们很早就接触到电和磁的现象，并知道磁棒有南北两极。在18世纪，发现电荷有两种：正电荷和负电荷。不论是电荷还是磁极都是同性相斥，异性相吸，作用力的方向在电荷之间或磁极之间的连接线上，力的大小和它们之间的距离的平方成反比。在这两点上和万有引力很相似。18世纪末发现电荷能够流动，这就是电流。11、 17世纪对光的本质提出了两种假说：一种假说认为光是由许多微粒组成的；另一种假说认为光是一种波动。19世纪在实验上确定了光有波的独具的干涉现象，以后的实验证明光是电磁波。20世纪初又发现光具有粒子性，人们在深入入研究微观世界后，才认识到光具有波粒二象性。5 / 5