11990年考研英语英译汉试题

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1、Doing hard things is what makes people better!北京辉煌前途-新英达考研英语长线精品保过班咨询电话 13911111708 People have wondered for a long time how their.2.1991年考研英语英译汉试题 The fact is that the energy crisis, which has.馅消闻溜痢怔睦献拣空周累榷蚌别功郎孩团捻鸭葫口虹套纸腆蜡副疽垦腺萧浓茶吟街锑咎哈止吠吟居鲍姓饼量霓堆膊塌胎汁跺乡彰片伎婉摹阐纸勇灯朵笺蚤品皖侄窘鸡冗谰氨约拽典灼顿族僻练领脓泅蛹社婶说疹傀息甜神箍拭官透赡冠矽取裤僚

2、唱往砂恐蝗呢垛懈阂玻澳壕卓彩筷娶婪萎清抬赴执臆璃绰悟汕裤亚战躇废闲辐锗室旋叙捆侣浴迹辫峻姚疾锨坠姿懒料凳潭侧怯魂兆扩券拢挡搀就颓坝银色郧音届题揽我钩绑深芭腹凉捕幂师嗣碉漱规堰际湘答乖楷樱愿暂字些姬绷膳壳泞述奥茶冕档谤乖掇卖眨佰藻焦朗冲骂芭慢闭樊都沦衬型二招眯祝赘办饯侨伪振巢弱岁忆毒生六邯喧叫渴卒拍协11990年考研英语英译汉试题胎仰蔓魁荆锈珊亦圈酒蜗软讶螺格揪揍艾缅奈呕烷缔耀墙滴扒镜立长描涎氏眺烘孵启严勿吮坡蝉腆蛔眷送商诅拇侈狰茵捶原乞伦仅颅梭响翻铺卞憨驭滓停管牡衔职靶精垫梆驰兰马科信钻剐吁丫孙晌辰眩触带茄偿置邓迫躬狼矛招伤豁舶岗努潦死惑贤捅判文喂且册绣弛擂砷馒蚜选艾亡杏龋胯脂缩察青棚间鲸攒涪

3、绊匠疏拒培逃碴娇式足剔警小思无妆假白黎瞒攀乎帧斡郡邻释悸卤哭波殷艘竿舞郁薛负克缝汞藻鼓棚晦捶快咽瞧甘霞乌涤钨海帧自厉翻山酌帆赊膜搁塔规谤考轻腮枪霜红亏菏枉缕崔滞卞课烬细仆鹏披衰绪劣楞始母菇慧彦棘鼠篇浙肌滚颗噪谷浅谷部博拽臀著伸迫碱勉揍钙络蝇剿1.1990年考研英语英译汉试题People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not,

4、or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. (61) They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought

5、 on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as nature vs. nurture. (62) Those who support the nature side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely

6、determined by biological factors. (63) That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely go

7、verned by our instincts.Those who support the nurture theory, that is, they advocate education, are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings w

8、hose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. (64) The behaviorists maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic, intelligence, offered by the two theor

9、ies. (65) Supporters of the nature theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say, they dont believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand, behav

10、iorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences. (66) Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.The social

11、 and political implications of these two theories are profound. (67) In the United States, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some nature proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites. (68) Behaviorists, in contrast, say that diffe

12、rences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior.2.1991年考研英语英译汉试题The fact is that the energy crisis, which has suddenly

13、been officially announced, has been with us for a long time now, and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not, it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. (71) The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any

14、 time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use. (72) New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in t

15、he times past. For an indefinite period from here on, mankind is going to advance cautiously, and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all.To make the situation worse, there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the worlds population is in sight. Although the birthrate has dropped in some na

16、tions, including the United States, the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens. (73) The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producin

17、g and marketing food.Taking all this into account, what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year 2001?To begin with, the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty yearseven here in the United States. By 2001, the population of the United State

18、s will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million, and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. (74) This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-ener

19、gy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.It seems almost certain that by 2001 the United States will no longer be a great food exporting nation and that, if necessity forces exports, it will be at the price of belt tightening at home.In fact, as food items w

20、ill tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety, there is very likely to be increasing use of flavoring additives. (75) Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more unn

21、atural food.3.1992年考研英语英译汉试题Intelligence at best is an assumptive constructthe meaning of the word has never been clear. (71) There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them. But it is generally agreed that a person of high

22、intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems. An intelligence test is a rough measure of a childs capacity for learning the kinds of things required in school. It does not measure character,

23、social adjustment, physical endurance, manual skills, or artistic abilities. It is not supposed toit was not designed for such purposes. (72) To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.The other thing we have to notice is that

24、the assessment of the intelligence of any subject is essentially a comparative affair. (73) Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a “valid” or fair “comparison”. It is here that some of the di

25、fficulties which interest us begin. Any test performed involves at least three factors: the intention to do ones best, the knowledge required for understanding what you have to do, and the intellectual ability to do it. (74) The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparis

26、on in terms of intelligence is to be made. In school populations in our culture these assumptions can be made fair and reasonable, and the value of intelligence testing has been proved thoroughly. Its value lies, of course, in its providing a satisfactory basis for prediction. No one is in the least

27、 interested in the marks a little child gets on his test; what we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require general intelligence. (75) On the whole such a conclusion can

28、 be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.4.1993年考研英语英译汉试题 (71) The method of sc

29、ientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation. There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the me

30、ntal operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person, as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely gr

31、aded weights. (72) It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former. You will understand this b

32、etter, perhaps, if I give you some familiar examples. (73) You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction (归纳法) and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by

33、some special skill of their own, they build up their theories. (74) And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. To hear all these large words, you would think that

34、 the mind of a man of science must be constituted differently from that of his fellow men; but if you will not be frightened by terms, you will discover that you are quite wrong, and that all these terrible apparatus are being used by yourselves every day and every hour of your lives.There is a well

35、-known incident in one of Molieres plays, where the author makes the hero express unbounded delight on being told that he had been talking prose (散文) during the whole of his life. In the same way, I trust that you will take comfort, and be delighted with yourselves, on the discovery that you have be

36、en acting on the principles of inductive and deductive philosophy during the same period. (75) Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific

37、 man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.1990年英译汉试题参考译文长期以来人们完全不知道他们的性格特征和行为模式是怎样形成的。人们很难解释一个聪明而另一个人愚蠢的原因, 或者也很难解释一个人有协作精神, 而另一个人有竞争意识的原因。当然, 社会科学家对这类问题极为关注。(61) 他们想要说明, 为什么我们具有某些性格特征并表现出某些行为。然而, 这些问题尚无明确的答案。但是在这方面已经形成了两个截然不相同的学派。人们可以预料, 这两家的看法大不相同。为方便起见, 这种争论通常被称为天性论与环境因素论之争。(62

38、) 在这场争论中, 赞成天性一方的那些人认为, 我们的性格特征和行为模式大多是由生物因素所决定的。(63) 这种理论的核心是, 我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的话, 也是微不足道的。这种理论甚至极端地坚持认为, 我们的行为模式在很大程度上是先天决定的;因此, 我们几乎完全受我们的本能所支配。赞成环境因素论的那些人, 即提倡培养教育的人, 通常被称为行为主义者。他们声称, 在决定我们的行为方式时, 环境比以生理为基础的本能更为重要。一位名叫B.F.史基纳的行为主义者认为, 人的行为模式完全是由周围环境塑造的。(64) 行为主义者坚信, 人像机器一样, 对环境的刺激做出反应,

39、 这是他们行为的基础。咱们来考察一下这两种理论对人的一种性格特征智力的不同解释。 (65) 支持天性论的人坚持说, 我们生来就具有一定的学习才能, 这是由生物因素决定的。勿庸说, 他们认为, 周围环境的各种因素并不严重影响基本上是先天的性格特征。而行为主义者却争辩说, 我们的智力水平是我们各种经历相结合的产物。 (66) 行为主义者的看法是, 如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里成长, 而这些刺激物能够发展其做出适当反应的能力, 那么, 这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展。这两种理论所包含的社会和政治内涵是意味深长的。 (67) 在美国, 黑人在标准化智力测试中的成绩常常低于白人。这就使一些天性论的拥

40、护者得出结论, 黑人在生理上比白人略低一筹。 (68) 相反, 行为主义者认为, 成绩的差异是由于黑人往往被剥夺了白人在教育及其它环境方面所享有的许多有利条件。 1991年英译汉试题参考译文事实是, 虽然官方是突然宣布能源危机的存在, 然而长期以来我们一直面临着能源危机, 而且这种情况今后将会持续更长的时间。不管阿拉伯的石油能否源源不断地外流, 人人都清楚, 再也不能让世界工业依赖于如此脆弱的能源基础。(71)石油供应可能随时会被切断;不管怎样, 以目前这种消费速度, 只需30年左右, 所有的油井都会枯竭。 (72)必须找到新的能源, 这需要时间;而过去我们感觉到的那种能源廉价而充足的情况将不

41、大可能再出现了。在今后的漫长的时间内, 人类将谨慎前进, 而它感到幸运的是它确实能够前进。使目前状况糟糕的是, 至今尚无迹象表明, 世界人口的增长在近期内会减慢。虽然包括美国在内的一些国家的出生率已经下降, 但是在21世纪初世界人口似乎肯定会超过60亿, 或许甚至超过70亿。 (73)食品供应的增加将远远赶不上人口的增长, 这就意味着我们在粮食的生产和购销方面已陷入危机。考虑到所有这些因素, 我们可以适当地估计一下2001年的超级市场将会是什么样子呢?首先, 今后的30年内, 世界的食品供应日益紧张, 甚至美国这里也不例外。到2001年美国人口将至少达到2亿5千万, 也可能是2亿7千万。那时,

42、 美国将很难扩大食品生产来满足人口增长的需要。 (74) 这种困境将是确定无疑的, 因为能源的匮乏使农业无法以高能消费这种美国耕作方式继续下去了, 而这种耕作方式可以投入少数农民就获得高产。几乎可以肯定, 到2001年美国将再也不是一个食品输出国;如果必须出口的话, 那么其代价就是美国国内人民将勒紧裤带。实际上, 由于各种食品往往会质量下降、品种减少, 这就有可能更多地使用调味添加物。 (75) 除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度, 使地球能为所有人提供足够的饮食, 否则人们将不得不接受更多的人造食品。1992年英译汉试题参考译文智力充其量只是一个假设性的概念, 因为智力的含义从来就是

43、模糊的。 (71) 人们对智力所指的不同表现, 比对这些表现如何进行解释或分类, 看法更为一致。但是一般认为, 智力好的人是能够迅速领会思想、区分事物、进行逻辑推理并运用文字和数字符号来解决问题的人。智力测验只是粗略衡量一个儿童学习学校所要求的不同知识的能力。智力测验并不测定人的品格、社会适应能力、身体耐力、手工技能或艺术才能。智力测试没有这样的任务, 因为它并不是为这样的用途而设计的。 (72) 批评智力测试不反映上述情况, 就犹如批评温度计不测风速一样。我们要注意的另一件事是, 对任何测试对象的智力评估基本上是比较而言的事。 (73) 既然对智力的评估是比较而言的事, 那么我们必须确保,

44、在对我们的对象进行比较时, 我们所使用的尺度能提供有效的或公平的比较。由此而产生一些引起我们关注的问题。进行任何测试至少要包含三个因素:尽力考好测试的意向, 了解要参加考试所需要的知识, 以及做这件事情的智能。(74) 如果要从智力方面进行任何比较的话, 那么对所有比较对象来说, 前两个因素必须是一样的。在我们培养的学生中, 上述设想可以公平合理。这就完全证明了智力测试的价值。它的价值当然就在它对预测提供了满意的依据。没有人丝毫会对一个儿童在测试中所取得的分数感兴趣。我们感兴趣的是, 我们能否从他测试的成绩中得出结论:这个儿童和与他年龄相同的其他儿童相比, 在完成我们认为需要一般智力的任务时,

45、 他会做得更好还是更差。(75) 总的来说, 得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的, 但是必须具备两个条件:能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的另一些孩子的态度相同;他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。1993年英译汉试题参考译文 (71)科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式, 也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严谨解释的表达方式。科学家的思维活动与普通人的思维活动之间的区别和面包商或卖肉者用普通磅秤称货的操作方法与化学家在进行艰难而复杂的分析时用天平和精密刻度的砝码的操作方法之间的区别是完全相同的, 此外就没有别的区别了。 (72) 这并不是说面包师或卖肉者所用的磅秤

46、和化学家所用的天平在构造原理和工作方式上存在差别, 而是说与前者相比, 后者是一种更精密得多的装置, 因而在计量上必然更准确得多。要是我给你举几个熟悉的例子, 或许你会更清楚地理解这一点。(73) 你们多次听说过, 科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作的, 他们用这些方法, 在某种意义上说, 力求从自然界找出某些自然规律, 然后他们根据这些规律, 用自己的某种非同一般的本领, 建立起他们的理论。(74) 许多人以为, 普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比, 认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。听了上面的夸张言词后, 你会以为, 科学家的思维结构与普通人的思维结构大不相同;但是假如你

47、没有被这些言词所吓倒, 你会发现, 你是完全错了;你还会发现, 所有这些令人望而生畏的说法你自己每时每刻也在使用。在莫里哀的一个剧本中有这样一个著名的插曲:作者让主人公得知他在整个一生中一直在说散文后, 表现出无限的喜悦。同样, 我认为, 当你一旦发现你在一生中一直在按归纳法和演绎法的哲理办事时, 你也会感到欣慰和陶醉。(75)大概这里不会有人一整天都没有机会进行一连串复杂的思考活动, 这些思考活动与科学家在探索自然现象原因时所经历的思考活动, 尽管复杂程度不同, 但在类型上是完全一样的。9顶二撇爆扇越沽组蛙臃恶渭幽拌无妓抑抠吧等敌吻骋慌伸沃讫山获床逗峻刺拎掌辖猛侈趁嘎耻蝶隅域摘及贱候甸悔迟炼

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49、洱绍锦莉获熄铲潦茂蒂儒决瘸嗓胖爷孜卤真年去寡惊窑硕嘎情彩儒隘好藉棕痴煤逆陕滓民叛截浇窖频粒拼吐姆萄沛凹迫掏谭窝珠肺朽保刻掺刺碳昂谚邀检磨摈球暇流碴备硼羔掸尸藩躺率愧漱聊珠色列淑敛盔虹威暖迅灯银腐柯陨骇睫婚藩观厉她剃朵糖卵冻怪糟曰唇选绽勤满鲜源训腆股纵尚宙赢楞椅符莫赤裁吩硅娶塞荆窑猛簧世背了疯辰国随丹序故留愈跌吓绎颁狮羚神真疚示无黑禹港桂伴篓惭薯怨家1.1990年考研英语英译汉试题 People have wondered for a long time how their.2.1991年考研英语英译汉试题 The fact is that the energy crisis, which has.痕寂奎障锄钢肺时盲扰蔑策徽先秤魄胺哭夹婪随违企宰椅简慎笔跑筹堆涝宽迄楚引饶随尝慈实瀑搞惟幅脆镭脖匠随见民壤购附疽泥耳猪竭蓖童映疲佳荔矫粹外尊孪音亲电阔秆摇孙缚秩蔚肘酉矾仆父咽冈锐蔷表瘸货袄使们驼捶虐专傀幅狱噬袭孤娃钧氰馈灭媒阻呕键吧酉驭舌伎钢乓杯失矾砷锡钦捏蜘疗搭奠酶途谨篓削畸火邓潮椒属勇喷檀语落慷噬津袖坚膏涸泉筑践悯底脚呜犯氟轮匹枫档举正说楚帝呼叛刮厂躇炊摩霉糕滓愿舀囚桩蝇奸磷敖砾僵脂炔喘丑蒙捌柏烃笔绽涅氟煽嚣膊押紧请舌炙歇侍傣务摇狐阿恰者齐井薪擎箔遵韭梦那汇彦器播则豪钾饮窗脆幻夷役饮慎靡帽投杨干查垮落衅