网球在中西方的发展差异毕业论文1

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1、 2015年5 月10日 Contents摘要iiAbstractiiiIntroduction1I. The difference of tennis between China and West in cultural aspect61.1 Chinese culture71.2 Western culture9II.The difference of tennis between China and West in social background aspect112.1 Chinese society112.2 Western society13III. The difference

2、 of tennis between China and West in economy aspect153.1 Chinese economy153.2 Western economy17Conclusion19Bibliography20Acknowledgements21网球在中西方的发展差异摘 要 网球起源于西方，在西方已有一百多年的发展历史，而后相继传入世界各地。网球到达中国的时间较晚，但近几年发展迅猛，2004年雅典奥运会，2006年澳网女子双打冠军，2011年法网女子单打冠军，标志着我国女子网球项目的迅速崛起。但是，就总体而言，我国网球运动与西方国家相比，还是存在着巨大的差异，落

3、后于世界先进水平。因此如何从若干领域比较中国网球运动和西方网球运动发展的相同之处与不同之处，从而找出对我国网球运动发展的有利因素，是现阶段我国广大网球理论工作者应该重视和深入研究的一个重要课题。本文采用文献资料法，比较研究法等想相关研究方法，对中国和西方发达国家的网球发展作比较研究，通过对异同作深层次比较研究，发现中西方网球运动相关领域的差异及其对中西方网球运动发展的影响，从而找到中国网球运动发展与西方网球运动发展的差距。根据研究的需要，本文将中西方网球运动比较的范围确定在中西方文化，社会背景和经济等方面进行考察，得出以下研究结论： 1.网球是西方传统文化的产物，西方人在参加网球运动时具有天然

4、的适应性和传承性，而中国传统文化在一定程度上影响着网球在中国的发展。 2.与西方网球运动相比，中国网球运动仍处于落后阶段。在综合比较中，找到差距的成因，并努力改变，中国的网球才能与西方网球想匹敌。关键词：网球；中国；西方；差异 Analysis on the gap of tennis between China and WestAbstract Europe is the birthplace of tennis, and some time later, tennis has been introduced to many countries around the world. Tenni

5、s arrived in China a little bit late and yet develops rapidly. Chinese female tennis players have won the 2004 Athens Olympic,the 2008 Australia open and the 2011 France open, which marks a new beginning. But as seen from the whole, the tennis level between China and west is distinct. Therefore, how

6、 to compare the similarities and differences of tennis and find out the favorable factors to Chinese tennis is an important subject to many theoretical workers to pay attention and for in-depth research. For this reason, this study, using literature method, comparative analysis and other research, m

7、akes a comparative study between Chinese tennis and the western tennis. Through a deeper level study between similarities and differences, this thesis aims to find the disparity, and to provide appropriate suggestions for the Chinese tennis. On the need of the study, this paper will fix the scope of

8、 the comparison in culture, social background and economy development. Following are the conclusions:1. Tennis is a product of western culture and westerners have a natural adaptation and transmission when they play tennis, traditional Chinese culture, on the other hand, interferes the development o

9、f tennis.2. Comparing with the western tennis level, China is falling behind. By comparing the differences between China and West in various aspects, we may find the causes and improve ourselves and try to catch up with the western countries.Key Words：Tennis; China; West; Difference Introduction His

10、torians believe that the games ancient origin lay in 12th century northernFrance, where a ball was struck with the palm of the hand1.The French kingwas a keen player ofjeu de paume(“game of the palm”), which evolved intoreal tennis, and became notable as the first person to construct indoor tennis c

11、ourts in the Modern style .Tennis has swept the world around these years, and tennis players both from home or broad are doing a great job. Chinese tennis is developing extremely fast recent years, and the most remarkable monument is when Lina won the French open in 2011.People in china are now so o

12、bsessed with tennis that they wouldnt miss a game, their enthusiasm is heightened. But the difference between China and west is still distinguishing. The development of western tennis has reached a level that china cant catch up with. For instance, the four great tennis matches are held in western c

13、ountries, and their tennis players always rank the first place in the list. There is no Asian male players who can have a sit in the top ten list. Some may wonder why this happens. Many researches are made by scholars or theoretical workers to explain this interesting phenomenon and how it goes so f

14、ar. However, what people care about are merely the top players, their introduction and how many medals they have won, or even their gossip. They usually negate the most important facts. Few ever reach this issue from cultural view, social background view or economic view. Following are the analyses

15、on this issue. I. The difference of tennis between China and West in cultural aspect1.1 The rules of tennis matchesTennisis aracquet sportthat can be played individually against a single opponent (singles) or between two teams of two players each (doubles). Each player uses aracquetthat is strung wi

16、th cord to strike a hollow rubberballcovered with felt over or around a net and into the opponents court. The object of the game is to play the ball in such a way that the opponent is not able to play a good return. The opponent who is unable to return the ball will not gain a point, while the oppos

17、ite opponent will.Tennis is anOlympicsport and is played at all levels of society and at all ages. The sport can be played by anyone who can hold a racquet includingwheelchair users. The modern game of tennis originated inBirmingham,England, in the late 19th century as lawn tennis2. It had close con

18、nections both to various field (lawn) games such ascroquetandbowlsas well as to the older racquet sport ofreal tennis. During most of the 19th-century in fact, the term tennis referred to real tennis, not lawn tennis: for example, inDisraelis novelSybil(1845), Lord Eugene De Vere announces that he w

19、ill go down toHampton Courtand play tennis.The rules of tennis have changed little since the 1890s. Two exceptions are that from 1908 to 1961 the server had to keep one foot on the ground at all times, and the adoption of thetie-breakin the 1970s. A recent addition to professional tennis has been th

20、e adoption of electronic review technology coupled with a point challenge system, which allows a player to contest the line call of a point. Tennis is played by millions of recreational players and is also a popular worldwide spectator sport. The fourGrand Slamtournaments (also referred to as the Ma

21、jors) are especially popular: theAustralian Openplayed onhard courts, theFrench Openplayed on redclay courts, Wimbledonplayed ongrass courts, and theUS Openplayed also on hard courts.1.2 Influence of Chinese culture on tennis development From the development of culture, the circle of conflict and co

22、mbination of culture is destined, or we can say that the communication of culture boost the development.3.Ancient China was located in the east of Asia, with the pacific ocean to the east, vast desert and arid grassland in north, steep Hengduan mountain ranges and Himalayas mountains in southeast(wh

23、ich including Tibetan plateau, known as the roof of the world). With all these special surroundings, a relatively complete, independent and closed natural geographic unit was formed. Traditional Chinese culture, which came out of this unique natural geographic environment, was often colored with a s

24、trong tendency of “self-centered” initiative. The Chinese character is the best proof, as the saying goes,“china, the center of the world”. It is the result of long time pride self consciousness and national consciousness, this cultural egoism permeates the life of Chinese people in all aspects. Chi

25、nese sports culture is the consequence of the evolution of traditional Chinese culture, based on the individual agricultural economy with patriarchal family as its background and Confucian thoughts as its core. Chinese people believe in collectivism. The Chinese nation of thousands of years has deve

26、loped its own glorious and variable culture in the process. Traditional Chinese culture value peace and pay less attention to competition, but the soul of sports is to compete with others, and this contradicts traditional Chinese culture. Family is the center of everything and they despise individua

27、lism, Chinese culture attaches great importance to unity and modesty, thus making sport activities hard to carry out. Especially for sport like tennis, they used to think it was too violent and refused to play it, and this resistance had influenced their children. Generations by generations, tennis

28、in China had not swirled , and it was in the dark corner for a while. Traditional Chinese culture was a kind of ethical culture, which paid much attention to the doctrine of the mean, while so less to competition, but the vitality of sports lies in competition, the Confucian ethics was totally again

29、st it. Confucian ethics vualuable part. Traditional Chinese culture put family above anything and it loathe egoism, people are required to follow the “Three cardinal guides and Five constant virtues”, their behavior must be harmonious, unified and modest, the result is that the whole nation suffer f

30、rom psychological inequality, their creativity is pressed by the morality as well as by the team rule, thus making the tennis match unfair for them to compete. “By learning from the west, all these have great effect on politics, economy, military and education”4 . From The feudal ethics of the Grand

31、 unification kills the aggressive mind and competitive spirit in the tennis players,in consequence, our tennis players is short of independence concept and creativity.Sport is the result of culture. Although it is also influenced by race and language, culture is the most important one.5Traditional C

32、hinese culture attach great importance to intelligence while so less to physical sport, favoring “calmness” over “movement”, the supporters of this think people with great intelligence are the rule, while people who work physical are the ruled. The wind of despising physical labor and sports activit

33、ies has been current for a long long time. Especially when it comes to the Han dynasty, the situation gets even worse and everything is about Confucianism. People who play sports would be thought as cake eaters, extreme sports are despised. And because of it, some traditional sports have fallen into

34、 entertain performance in court, losing its original intention. The selection of tennis talents is highly strictly limited as the consequence of this wind, parents refuse to let their gifted children engage in professional tennis, hence, tennis lack enough social attention and support, the idea to p

35、opularize tennis also becomes quite difficult. Chinese people in old times think life activities come from human body itself, “governance of inside” is put forward as the fundamental method to keep fit, while “outside care” as the supplementary tool, the core purpose is to protect body from any harm

36、, they hold the view that the best way to sustain life is reduce the damage to the body as less as possible. Measures like “to protect, to build up and to tonic” are taken to mobilize the self adjusting and self healing functions. They advocate emotional regulation and oppose strenuous exercise and

37、this totally conflicts the modern way of training, which is filled with overload training to improve the potential of human body in speed and strength. Well, tennis is exactly this kind of sport, the reason why it fails to get kicked in a country like China is so obvious.1.3 Influence of Western cul

38、ture on tennis developmentThe ancestors of the western people mainly live in the temperate zone and frigid zone, meat, fish and dairy products are their mainly food for most of people. So they are extremely energetic, easily excited and aggravated. Ancient western culture has always been caught betw

39、een “Apollo” and “Honest” the two extreme thoughts, it is active, religious, aggressive and always has a strong desire to conquer. As a result, most of their sport activities are the products of worship activities, they try to please God and Divine, pursue the perfect combination of body and soul. R

40、ich slave owners can have a secure life without having to worry pure knowledge or dreams. So the tools that they used for exercise equipment at start were very competitive specialized, refine and ideal.Europe is the hometown of modern tennis, it is also the cradle of the modern civilization and mode

41、rnization, the traditional culture is full of warrior spirit, duel spirit and brave piratical robbery spirit. The German poet Heine says if the British rule the ocean, so the French rule the continent, while German rule the sky. So in bloody battlefield countries like Germany, France, Britain and Th

42、e Netherlands tennis is very popular and their tennis players are world class, this is closely related with their national spirits. Tennis players from Southern America also also doing a great job these days in spite of they are developing countries, this also has to do with its quirky culture. Many

43、 countries of Southern America were colonies of the early empire countries like Spain, Portugal and the Netherlands. They are not as strong as the Europeans, but the adventurous spirit of Columbus and Magellan are still in them, so that they can play tennis to the full.Western culture originates fro

44、m ancient Greek culture and Roman culture, individual radicalism and open absorbency are the basic characteristics of western culture. The development of commodity economy and the open ocean geographic environment made westerners worship strength, they liked the legend of knights and adventures, ind

45、ependent and pioneering spirits were always in their hearts. They liked to do all kinds of violent sports, and it has already become a part of their life. This national character formed in ancient Greece, Greek people had always held the martial spirit, and when it came into the Roman Empire, this s

46、pirit had transferred into a popular wrestle in the slaves, the pancratium spirit of the Rome and the rise of medieval Chivalry. The so called “Chivalry” was the adventurous spirit to put all your eggs in one basket. After the Enlightenment, the “Hurricane Drang” appeared in Germany, it was a well e

47、xplanation of individual radicalism and the culture of Europe put on a new look because of it. Western culture promote the individual supremacy, pursuit of external transcend, rational thinking and the advocation of the personal interest above the group. Therefore the western sports culture is figur

48、ed as competitive. After the second world war, the western sports culture was divided into two major schools because of the influence of the new international political and social background, one was represented by the former soviet union and eastern Europe, this group held that sports culture shoul

49、d be established on the basis of socialist public ownership and unit of the country; Another group represented by western Europe and north America thought that sports culture should be built on capitalist market economy, it should follow the need of the market but not rely on the governments help or

50、 funding, everyone was eligible to participate in sport activities. And because of the two different methods, the tennis level of Western Europe and North America always tops the world, there are also Russian players who have ranked the first place, but we have got to admit that they have been sent

51、to these Western countries professional tennis schools to play tennis.II The difference of tennis between China and West in social background aspect2.1 Influence of Chinese social background on tennis development The development and enhancement of a sport can only happen when masses love it and enga

52、ge it, socials recognition and peoples depth of understanding of tennis is related with its development and improvement. In recent years, the structure of tennis population growth in China has been imbalanced, tennis has been developing fairly fast, from tennis institutions to average schools, from

53、the establishments of tennis courts in communities and companies to the growth in annual amateur tennis match all show that tennis in China rapidly development. The nature of tennis should consist of the form and the special culture it implied.6 .But the growth structure of tennis population is kind

54、 of imbalanced, the number of players that can represent our countrys level amount to only about 400, this figure even shocks the management of the tennis department, the space for the back up adolescents development is narrow, the majority of children engaged in tennis is affected by family, enviro

55、nment, economy and so on, they mainly gather in developed areas like big cities, and the growth is quite slow, the number of amateurs is growing relatively fast, but they only play tennis in casual time as entertainment and they can not represent our countrys competitive level. Peoples understanding

56、 of tennis is in a low level, the popularization of tennis in China is hard, and this has something to do with marketization socialization of tennis. It appears in Chinese people that tennis is still a “minority sport” and it stays far away from national fitness campaign, the people who play it are

57、manly gathered in big or middle cities, thus the tennis market is sluggish and the authority fails to propagate it. Tennis does not get enough attention, and tennis match dont get better audience rating, so a bad circulation is forming. From the 2004 China Open, we can see that there is a deep gap i

58、n understanding of tennis between Chinese peoples and the western people. The training mode of junior tennis institution is lagging behind, our nation is the main culture of junior tennis players with collective culture as the alternative, personal training or broke training is very rare. Amateur in

59、stitutions is the basic part of producing talented players, tennis is a highly socialized sport, while the amateur institutions are mainly scattered in big cities or middle cities, so adolescents from small cities or the countryside dont have access to tennis, nor do they know much about tennis, unl

60、ike ping-pong or badminton, which are played by most people both from big cities and countryside, the gap between tennis popularization and badminton or ping-pong ball popularization is even far. In western countries, the cultivation of junior tennis players in general is to send them to training ca

61、mp as the base, and get help from tennis association and sponsors. Few Chinese parents get the opportunity to send their talented kids to world class tennis institutions. The training of the youth is not scientific, and China doesnt have many excellent tennis coaches. To get things worse, most of th

62、em are engaged in professional teams. So most forefront coaches of the youth only start coaching when they retire. Undeniably, these coaches have certain experience, but in whole, they get a low education level and they dont have a clear view of the current tennis trend. Because the youth lack scien

63、tific training, the teaching method is falling behind and because of the early overload training, many talented players are troubled with injuries at the early twenties. They are unable to carry out normal training and take part in the championship, this well explains the interesting phenomenon that

64、 when they are teens, they are playing well both home and abroad, when they go into their twenties, they are not doing so good and the rip with their counterparts abroad is widening. The game system is not perfect at present, China has organized many domesticate youth games, this is good for the you

65、th, but cups and medals mania are still overheated these days, it ignores the all-around cultivation and has bad influence on the future development of the youth. At the same time, the intensity of supervision and inspection in the game is not enough, fair and justice are most important in the game, some players fake their age in order to participate in the game, this has a terrible effect on the development of the youth players.2.2 Influence of Western social background on tennis developmen