国际贸易第15版复习大纲

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1、Chapter One (第一章)International Economics Is Different(国际经济学是一门独特的学科)1. Four Controversies (四个有争议的事件)（1）Imports of Automobile Tires （汽车轮胎的进口）（2）Immigration （移民）（3）Chinas Exchange Rate (中国的汇率)（4）Global Financial and Economic Crisis （全球金融和经济危机）2.Economics and the nation-state（经济学和国家政府）Nations are sover

2、eign (国家是主权独立的)Nobody is in charge of the whole world economy(没有人可以掌控整个世界经济)Nations have their separate policies(国家拥有独立的政策)（1）Factor mobility（要素流动性）（2）Different fiscal policies（不同的财政政策）（3）Different moneys（不同的货币）Part One: The Theory of International Trade(第一篇：国际贸易理论 第二章至第七章)Chapter Two (第二章)The basic

3、 theory using demand and supply（需求与供给的基本理论）1.Four Key Questions About International Trade(贸易的四个重要问题)2.Demand and supply(需求与供给)(1)Demand and Consumer surplus（需求与消费者剩余）Price of elasticity of demand（需求价格弹性）The percent change in quantity demanded of a product caused by a one percent increase in the pric

4、e of this product（产品价格上升一个百分点所引起的该产品需求数量的百分比变化）注意：需求曲线越平坦，说明越具有价格弹性Consumer surplus（消费者剩余）The difference between the value that consumers place on the units of the product that they buy and the payment that they make to obtain these units.（消费者在每单位产品上愿意支付的价格与获得这些产品实际支付的价格之间的差额）（2）Supply and producer

5、surplus(供给与生产者剩余)Price of elasticity of supply（P20）Supply surplus (figure 2.1)(P22)3. Two national markets and the opening of trade（两国的市场与贸易的开展）（1）Free Trade Equilibrium （自由贸易均衡）What will happen when US trade with the rest of country?Buy low and sell high - arbitrage（套利）Note: one dollar, one-vote me

6、tric (一元一票制)（2）Which country gains more?（哪个国家获益更多）The country that experiences the larger price change has a larger value of the net gains from trade (经历较大价格变化的国家从贸易中获得较大的净收益)Chapter Three (第三章)Why Everybody Trades：Comparative Advantage(为什么开展贸易：比较优势)1. Adam smiths theory of absolute advantage （斯密的绝对

7、优势理论）（1）Mercantilism （重商主义）（P35）（2）The theory of absolute advantage Every country will focus on producing what it does best and exports it。(各国将集中力量生产它最擅长的产品并出口它) How to measure “best” ? Labor productivity：劳动生产率 The number of units of output that a worker can produce in one hour。 Or the number of hou

8、rs that it takes a worker to produce one unit of output。 The basis of trade （贸易的基础）There is a basis for beneficial trade if countries have an absolute advantage(如果一国具有绝对优势那么从事贸易是有利的)2.Ricardos Theory of comparative advantage（李嘉图的比较优势理论）（1）The main views （主要观点）Ricardo focused on labor productivity (o

9、r resource productivity more generally) for different products in different countries.The principle of comparative advantage : A country will export products that it can produce at a low opportunity cost and import products that it would otherwise produce at a high opportunity cost.Basis for trade:R

10、elative differences in labor (resource) productivity.（2）Concepts （概念）Opportunity cost （机会成本）Producing more of a product in a country is the amount of production of the other product that is give up.(一国某种产品多生产一单位是其它产品所放弃的生产数量)Relative price （相对价格）3.Ricardos constant costs and the production-possibili

11、ty curve (ppc)（1）PPC under constant costs （固定成本下的生产可能性曲线）A curve that shows all possible combinations of amounts of different products that an economy can produce, with full employment of its resources and maximum feasible productivity of those resources。（一个经济体在资源充分就业以及资源生产率最大化条件下能够生产的不同产品数量的各种组合的曲线

12、）（2）Constant productivity （P41） The marginal or opportunity cost of each good is constant in each country.(3)Ricardos conclusionEach country then specializes in producing only the good in which it has a comparative advantage.(各国仅仅专业化生产自身具有比较优势的产品)（4）Equilibrium international price ratio(国际均衡价格比率)Mus

13、t fall within the range of the two price ratios that prevailed in each country before trade began.(必定位于贸易开始前两国产品的相对价格比率的区间内)2.1=international price of cloth =0.67(bushel/yard)0.5=international price of wheat=1.5(yard/bushel)Chapter Four (第四章)Trade：Factor availability and factor proportions are key（贸

14、易：要素可获取性和要素比例是关键）Review：回顾前几章 the bases of trade（贸易的基础）First，the differences in the demands for products in different countries(第一，不同国家产品的需求差异)Second，the differences in technologies or resource productivities can create comparative advantage(第二，产生比较优势的技术或资源生产率的差异)Third，the differences in factor avai

15、lability are a source of comparative advantage（第三，产生比较优势的要素可获取性的差异）（本章重点）1. Production with increasing marginal costs （边际成本递增下的生产）（1）Increasing marginal cost P50As one industry expands its production quantity, increasing amounts of other products must be given up to get each extra unit of the expand

16、ing industrys product(2)Is it straight line as constant cost?(固定成本的PPC线是一条直线吗？)Production possibilities curve under increasing costs is bowed out (边际成本递增下的生产可能性曲线是凸向原点的形状)(3)What production combination is actually chosen?（如何选择实际的生产组合）l Specialization on only one product in constant cost case.（在固定成本情

17、形下只专业化生产一种产品）l It depends on the market price. （实际的生产组合取决于市场价格）2. Community indifference curves （社会无差异曲线）P53（1）Indifference curves P53A curve that shows the various combinations of consumption quantities of products that give a consumer the same level of well-being or happiness。 （2）What consumption

18、combination is actually chosen?（如何选择实际的消费组合）Depend on the budget constrain.（取决于预算约束）3. Production and consumption together (生产和消费相结合P55-56)（1）Without trade P55图（2）With trade P56（3）Demand and supply again P564. The gains from trade（贸易的利益）l Trade allows each country to consume at a point(C1)that lies

19、beyond its own possibility to produce;l trade allows each country to achieve a higher community indifference curvel A country gains more from trade if its terms of trade increase. Terms of trade（贸易条件）: the ratio of the (average) price that a country receives from foreigners for its exports to the (a

20、verage) price that this country pays foreigners for its imports （贸易条件是指一国从出口中收取的价格与向进口品支付的价格之间的比率）5.Trade affects production and consumption (贸易影响生产和消费)6. What determines the trade pattern?（什么决定贸易模式）l Production conditional differl Consumption conditional differl Some combination of these two differ

21、ences7. Heckscher-Ohlin Theory of Trade （赫克歇尔-俄林理论）（1）Labor-abundant and Labor-intensive（劳动力丰裕和劳动力密集）Labor-abundant（劳动力丰裕）: A relatively labor abundant country is a country that has a higher ratio of (nationally available) labor to (nationally available) other factors than does the rest of the world

22、.Labor-intensive（劳动力密集）：A relatively labor-intensive product is a product for which labor costs are a greater share of its value than they are of the value of other products(2) main views （主要观点）A country will export products that use relatively intensively those production factors found relatively a

23、bundantly in the country, and import products that use relatively intensively those production factors that are relatively scarce in the country.（一国应该出口密集使用该国相对丰裕要素生产的产品，并且进口密集使用该国相对稀缺要素生产的产品）Chapter Five (第五章)Who Gains and Who Loses from Trade? （贸易中谁受益？谁受损？）1.Who gains and who loses within a countr

24、y(一国内部谁受益谁受损)（1）Short-run effects of opening trade（开展贸易的短期效应）Gains and losses divided by output sector: all groups tied to rising sectors gain, and all groups tied to declining sectors lose.（按照产出的产业来划分受益和受损：与上升产业相联系的所有群体受益，与缩减产业相联系的所有群体受损）（2）Long-run effects of opening trade（开展贸易的长期效应）Gains and loss

25、es divided by factors: factor which is intensively used in the export gains, and factor which is sparing used in the export lose.（按照要素来划分受益和受损：在出口中密集使用的要素受益，在出口中稀缺使用的要素受损）2.Three implication of the H-O theory（H-O理论的三种意义）（1）The Stopler-Samuelson theorem(S-S theorem)（斯托尔珀-萨缪尔森定理）l It raises the real r

26、eturn to the factor used intensively in the rising-price industry; it lowers the real return to the factor used intensively in the falling price industry（2）The specialized-factor pattern（专业化要素模式）l The more a factor is specialized in the production of a product whose relative price is rising, the mor

27、e this factor stands to gain from the change in the product pricel The more a factor is concentrated into the production of a product whose relative price is falling, the more it stands to lose from the change in product price（3）The factor-price equalization theorem（要素均等化定理） International Factor Pri

28、ce Equalizationl With the shift to free trade: For each factor, its rate of return becomes more similar between countries. Under ideal conditions, its real rate of return is the same in different countries.3.Does H-O explain actual trade patterns?（H-O理论能解释现实的贸易模式吗？）(1)Leotief paradox( reading box) （

29、里昂惕夫之谜）（阅读专栏P75）US economy assumed capital-abundant relative to the rest of the world. Leotiefs results showed that us was exporting labor-intensive goods to the rest of the world in exchange for relatively capital-intensive imports. (2)Some explanations about Leotief paradox(里昂惕夫之谜的解释)l Factor endo

30、wments (要素禀赋)l international trade（国际贸易）4. What are the export-oriented and import-competing factors?（什么是出口导向型和进口竞争型要素？）（1）Its implications in policy（它的政策含义）Figure 5.5 A Schematic View of the Factor Content of U.S. Exports and Competing Imports Figure 5.6 - The Factor Content of Canadas Exports and

31、Competing Imports 5. Do factor prices equalize internationally?（国际间要素价格会均等吗？）Although we still do not see full factor-price equalization in the real world, there appear to be a tendency toward international factor-price equalization.（尽管在现实世界我们仍然没有看到完全的要素价格均等化，但是似乎存在一种要素价格均等化的趋势）Chapter Six (第六章)Scal

32、e Economies,Imperfect Competition,and Trade(规模经济，不完全竞争和贸易)1.Economies of scale（规模经济）(1)Internal economies of scale（内部规模经济）Internal scale economies: Expansion of the size of the individual firm is the basis for the decline in average cost as the firms production quantity increases.(2)External economi

33、es of scale（外部规模经济）External scale economies or agglomeration economies: expansion of the size of the industry within a specified geographic area is the basis for the decline in the typical local firms average cost as the overall production quantity for the industry in this geographic area increases.

34、2. Intra-industry trade（产业内贸易）（1）Intra-industry trade: Two-way trade in a product, in which a country both exports and imports the same or very similar products (products in the same industry)（一种产品的双向贸易，即同类产品或是相似产品既有出口又有进口）l How to measure IIT?（如何衡量产业内贸易） Inter-industry vs. Intra-industry（产业间贸易与产业内贸

35、易对比） Inter-industry: measured by net trade which is the value of the difference between exports and imports for the product Intra-industry: measured by ratio of IITl How to explain IIT?（如何解释产业内贸易） Product differentiation（产品差异化）SITC: 类、章、组、分组、项目如 7 2 1 1 1 The IIT share is a number between 0 and 1. P

36、roduct differentiation（产品差异化）: Consumers view the products (or product varieties) offered by firms in an industry as being close but not perfect substitutes for each（消费者认为某一产业的各个厂商提供的产品的各个品种是相近的但是又不是完全可以替代的即产品差异化）3. Monopolistic competition and trade (垄断竞争和贸易)Monopolistic competition（垄断竞争P94）A marke

37、t structure in which products are differentiated, internal scale economies in production are modest or moderate, and entry and exit of firms is easy in the long run, so that a large number of firms compete vigorously with each other in producing and selling varieties of the same basic product.(1)Mon

38、opolistic competition before trade（贸易前的垄断竞争市场）l Demand curve is downward-sloping （需求曲线是向下倾斜的）l The firm maximizes its profit when MC=MR（当边际受益等于边际成本时厂商的利润最大）l Free entry and exit causes the profit is zero, demand curve will just touch the average cost curve.（自由进出市场导致经济利润为零，需求曲线将与平均成本曲线相交）Figure 6.2 A

39、 Monopolistic-Competitive Firm in a Market Before Trade Opens （2）Monopolistic competition after trade（贸易后的垄断竞争市场）l Firm will face new demand curve D2 which is more elastic than before trade demand curve D1 (why?)（厂商将面临比贸易前D1更具有弹性的一条新需求曲线D2）l The firm maximizes its profit when MC=MRl Free entry and e

40、xit causes the profit is zero, demand curve will just touch the average cost curve.Figure 6.3 The Same Monopolistic Competitor in an Automobile Market after Opening Trade (3)Basis for trade(贸易的基础)l Economies of scale encourage production specialization for different varieties within the same industr

41、y（规模经济鼓励同一产业内部不同品种的专业化生产）l Net trade in a product can be the result of endowment difference or the difference in international marketing capabilities or the shifting consumer tastes.（某种产品的净贸易可能是由于禀赋的差异或是国际营销能力的差异或是消费者偏好的转变的结果）（4）Gains from trade under monopolistic competition（贸易的利益）l Increase in the

42、 number of varieties of products（产品品种数量的增加）l Lower the prices of domestic varieties（降低了国内产品的价格）4. Oligopoly and trade(寡头垄断与贸易)Oligopoly（寡头垄断市场结构）A market structure in which a few large firms dominate total industry sales, perhaps because of substantial internal scale economies (or other barriers to

43、entry)。（寡头是指少数大型厂商统治了整个产业的销售，或许由于巨额的内部规模经济或是其他的一些进入壁垒）（1）Substantial scale economies（巨大的内部规模经济） Production locationsinternal scale economies(生产区位内部规模经济) （2）Oligopoly pricing(寡头市场定价权)Game among oligopoly firms（寡头垄断厂商之间的博弈）Oligopoly firms are interdependences（寡头厂商之间是相互依存的关系）Prisoners dilemma（囚徒困境）Pric

44、ing matters for the division of the global gains from trade(定价权对全球贸易利益分配有重要影响)5. External scale economies and trade（外部规模经济与贸易）（1）External economies magnify an expansion in a competition industry（外部规模经济扩大了竞争产业的扩张）（2）What explains the pattern of trade that emerges in industries subject to external sca

45、le economies（如何解释具有外部规模经济的产业贸易模式） History matters（历史是至关重要的）Chapter Seven (第七章)Growth and Trade （经济增长与贸易）Economic growth （经济增长）Expansion over time in the capabilities of an economy to produce goods and services. （经济增长是指随着时间的推移一个经济体生产商品和服务的能力扩大） the sources of long-run economic growth?（经济增长的源泉）l Incre

46、ase in countries endowments of production factors（生产要素禀赋的禀赋的增加）l Improvements in production technologies（生产技术的改善）1. Balanced versus biased growth (平衡型增长与偏向型增长的对比)（1）Balanced growth（平衡型增长）The ppc shifts out proportionally so that its relative shape is the same (生产可能性曲线按比例向外移动以至于它的相对形状是相同的)（2）Biased g

47、rowth（偏向型增长）Economic growth that favors producing relatively more of one of the products, so that the relative shape of the new production possibility curves skews toward the faster- growing product.（经济增长偏向于某一种产品生产的相对较多，以致于新的生产可能性曲线的相对形状向着生产速度较快的那种产品倾斜） What can cause biased growth?（什么会引起偏向型增长）l Fro

48、m factors endowments（要素禀赋）l From technologies （技术）2. Growth in only one factor（只有一种要素增长）（雷布津斯基定理）Rybczynski theorem: (1) an increase in the output quantity of the product that uses the growing factor intensively, and (2) a decrease in the output quantity of the other product. 雷布津斯基定理：密集使用增长的要素生产的产品数

49、量增加，并且其他产品的产出数量下降。Figure 7.2 Single-Factor Growth: The Rybczynski Theorem 3.Changes in the countrys willingness to trade（国家贸易意愿的变化）4.Effects on the countrys term of trade（对一国贸易条件的影响）（1）Small country（小国）A country whose trade (or realistic changes in its trade) does not affect international product pr

50、ice (小国是指该国贸易不会影响国际产品价格)（2）large country（大国） a country whose trade (or realistic changes in its trade) affects international product price （大国是指该国的贸易会影响世界产品价格）the first case：Terms of trade improves（贸易条件改善）When growth reduces the countrys willingness to trade at any given price(第一种情形：当经济增长降低了一国的贸易意愿时

51、：即进口需求的减少降低了进口产品的价格或是出口供给的减少提高了出口产品的价格贸易条件改善)the second case：Terms of trade deteriorate（贸易条件改善）When growth reduces the countrys willingness to trade(当经济增长提高了一国的贸易意愿时：即进口需求的增加提高了进口产品的价格或者出口供给的增加降低了出口产品的价格贸易条件改善)（3）Immiserizing growth（贫困化增长） (figure 7.4)Immiserizing growthDefinition: national economic

52、 growth that expands the countrys willingness to trade can result in such a large decline in the countrys terms of trade that the country is worse off . （贫困化增长是指扩大一国贸易意愿的经济增长会导致该国贸易条件大幅恶化，使该国的境况更差。）Case :Dutch disease and deindustrialization（例子：荷兰病和去工业化）Three conditions for Immiserizing growth to ha

53、ppen（贫困化增长的三个条件）The countrys growth must be strongly biased toward expanding the countrys supply of exports and the increase in export supply must be large enough to have a noticeable impact on world pricesThe foreign demand for the countrys exports must be price inelastic so that an expansion in th

54、e countrys export supply leads to a large drop in the international price of the export productBefore the growth, the country must be heavily engaged in trade so that the welfare loss from the decline the terms of trade is great enough to offset the gains from being able to produce more.5.Technology

55、 and trade(技术与贸易)（1）R&D（研发）（2）Diffusion（技术扩散）The spread of technologies internationally, from the countries that invent or first use the technologies to other countries that can also use the technologies （3）Product cycle hypothesis（产品周期假说） A theory that there is a regular pattern to production locat

56、ions and international trade patterns for a product after it is invented. The product is invented and first produced in an industrialized country, so at first these countries export the product. Over time, production shifts to other industrialized countries and then to developing countries, so the i

57、dentity of the major exporting countries also changes. （该理论认为一种产品被发明之后它的生产区位模式和贸易模式存在一个规律：该产品在工业化的国家发明出来，并且进行初期的生产，所以起初，这些工业化国家是该产品的出口国，经过一段时间后，生产转移到了其他的工业化国家和发展中国家，所以主要的出口国也相应的发生了变化。）Chapter Eight (第八章)Analysis of a Tariff（关税分析）81 Whats tariff?（什么是关税）（1）Tariff（关税） A tax on importing a good or servi

58、ce into a country （关税是指进口到一国的商品或服务征收的一种税收）（2）Specific tariff and Ad valorem tariff （从量关税与从价关税）l Specific tariff: A tax is stipulated as a money amount per unit of import(从量关税是指按照每一进口单位规定一个货币数量的税收。)l Ad valorem tariff :a tax is a percentage of the estimated market value of the goods when they reaches

59、 the importing country. (从价关税是指当商品到达进口国按照商品估算的市场价值征收一定百分比的一种税收)82 The effect of a small country imposing a tariff (进口小国设置关税的效应)参照图表Figure 8.4 The Net National Loss from a Tariff in Two Equivalent Diagrams (P141)（1）Consumers lose: -（a+b+c+d）（消费者受损=-（a+b+c+d）（2）Producers gain: +a（生产者受益=+a）（3）Governmen

60、t collects: +c （政府关税收入=+c）（4）Net national loss from tariff:-（ b+d）（一国的净损失是面积b+d）（5）Net world loss from tariff:-（ b+d）（世界净损失是面积b+d，因为进口小国对世界价格不产生影响） area b and d ：deadweight loss（面积b和d：无谓损失）Consumption effect (d) ：关税的消费效应（P146）Production effect (b) ：关税的生产效应(P146)83 The effective rate of protection (有

61、效保护率)831 概念：Effective rate of protection: Percentage by which the entire set of a countrys trade barriers raises an industrys value added per unit of output. （P142）（有效保护率是指一国整个贸易壁垒体系使某一产业的单位产出增加值提高的百分比）832 公式：Effective rate of protection= (v-v)/v V: value-added after tariff（征收关税之后的价值增值）V: value-adde

62、d before tariff（征收关税之前的价值增值）84 The terms of trade effect and a nationally optimal tariff（贸易条件效应和国家最优关税）a nation with monopsony power ( a large country)（具有买方垄断特权的一个国家）参照图表Figure 8.5 A Large Country Imposes a Small Tariff （P149） (1)consumers lose: a+b+c+d（消费者受损=-(a+b+c+d)） (2)producers gain: a（生产者受益=+

63、a） (3)government gains: c+e(政府关税收入=+c+e)Who really pays the tariff? （谁真正支付了关税）Tariff is burden partly by domestic consumer and partly by foreign exporter when the importing country is a large country.（进口大国的关税部分由本国消费者负担，部分由外国出口商负担）Note: Tariff is only burden by domestic consumer when the importing co

64、untry is a small country（注意：进口小国的关税完全由本国消费者负担）(4) Net effect of importing country:-b-d+e(一国的净效应=e-b-d,如果结果是正值表示一国是净收益的，如果是负值表示一国是净损失的)（5）Net world loss from tariff:-（ b+d+f）（世界净损失=-（b+d+f），因为进口大国对世界价格产生影响，商品国际价格下降）Net effect of foreign exporters外国出口商的净效应：净损失=-（e+f)Net effect of importing country进口国的净效应：e-(b+d)85 Nationally optimal tariff（国家最优关税）The tariff rate that creates the largest possible net gain in well-being for t