农富康发酵床养猪可行性报告

《农富康发酵床养猪可行性报告》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《农富康发酵床养猪可行性报告（33页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、running here and there: they had just discovered that a prisoner had escaped. At that moment, a large black car with four officers inside it, stopped at the camp gates. The officers got out and the prisoner stood to attention and saluted as they passed. When they had gone, the driver of the car came

2、 towards him. The man obviously wanted to talk. He was rather elderly with grey hair and clear blue eyes. The prisoner felt sorry for him, but there was nothing else he could do. As the man came near, the prisoner knocked him to the ground with a sharp blow. Then, jumping into the car, he drove off

3、as quickly as he could. Lesson82 Monster or fish? 是妖还是鱼？Fishermen and sailors sometimes claim to have seen monsters in the sea. Though people have often laughed at stories told by seamen, it is now known that many of these monsters which have at times been sighted are simply strange fish. Occasional

4、ly, unusual creatures are washed to the shore, but they are rarely caught out at sea. Some time ago, however, a peculiar fish was caught near Madagascar. A small fishing-boat was carried miles out to sea by the powerful fish as it pulled on the line. Realizing that this was no ordinary fish, the fis

5、herman made every effort not to damage it in any way. When it was eventually brought to shore, it was found to be over thirteen feet long. It had a head like a horse, big blue eyes, shining silver skin, and a bright red tail, The fish, which has since been sent to a museum where it is being examined

6、 by a scientist, is called an oarfish. Such creatures have rarely been seen alive by man as they live at a depth of six hundred feet.Lesson83 After the elections 大选之后The former Prime Minister, Mr Wentworth Lane, was defeated in the recent elections. He is now retiring from political life and has gon

7、e abroad. My friend, Crawley, has always been a fanatical opponent of Mr Lanes Radical Progressive Party. After the elections, Crawley went to the former Prime Ministers house. When he asked if Mr Lane lived there, the policeman on duty told him that since his defeat, the ex-Prime Minister had gone

8、abroad. On the following day, Crawley went to the house again. The same policeman was just walking slowly past the entrance, when Crawley asked the same question. Though a little suspicious this time, the policeman gave him the same answer. The day after, Crawley went to the house once more and aske

9、d exactly the same question. This time, the policeman lost his temper. I told you yesterday and the day before yesterday, he shouted, Mr Lane was defeated in the elections. He has retired from political life and gone to live abroad ! I know, answered Crawley, but I love to hear you say it ! Lesson84

10、 On strike 罢工Busmen have decided to go on strike next week. The strike is due to begin on Tuesday. No one knows how long it will last. The busmen have stated that the strike will continue until general agreement is reached about pay and working conditions. Most people believe that the strike will la

11、st for at least a week. Many owners of private cars are going to offer free rides to people on their way to work. This will relieve pressure on the trains to some extent. Meanwhile, a number of university students have volunteered to drive buses while the strike lasts. All the young men are expert d

12、rivers, but before they drive any of the buses, they will have to pass a special test. The students are going to take the test in two days time. Even so, people are going to find it difficult to get to work. But so far, the public has expressed its gratitude to the students in letters to the Press.

13、Only one or two people have objected that the students will drive too fast!Lesson85 Never too old to learn 活到老学到老I have just received a letter from my old school informing me that my former head- master, Mr Regmald Page, will be retiring next week. Pupils of the school, old and new, will be sending

14、him a present to mark the occasion. All those who have contributed towards the gift will sign their names in a large album which will be sent to the headmasters home. We shall all remember Mr Page for his patience and understanding and for the kindly encouragement he gave us when we went so unwillin

15、gly to school. A great many former pupils will be attending a farewell dinner in his honour next Thursday. It is a curious coincidence that the day before his retirement, Mr Page will have been teaching for a total of forty years. After he has retired, he will devote himself to gardening. For him, t

16、his will be an entirely new hobby. But this does not matter, for, as he has often remarked, one is never too old to learn. Lesson86 Out of control 失控As the man tried to swing the speed-boat round, the steering-wheel came away in his hands. He waved desperately to his companion, who had been water-sk

17、iing for the last fifteen minutes. Both men had hardly had time to realize what was happening when they were thrown violent1y into the sea. The speed-boat had struck a buoy, but it continued to move very quickly across the water. Both men had just begun to swim towards the shore. when they noticed w

18、ith dismay that the speed-boat was moving in a circle. It now came straight towards them at tremendous speed. In less than a minute, it roared past them only a few feet away. After it had passed, they swam on as quickly as they could because they knew that the boat would soon return. They had just h

19、ad enough time to swim out of danger when the boat again completed a circle. On this occasion, however, it had slowed down considerably. The petrol had nearly all been used up. Before long, the noise dropped completely and the boat began to drift gently across the water.Lesson87 A perfect alibi 极好的不

20、在犯罪现场的证据At the time the murder was committed, I was travelling on the 8.0 oclock train to London, said the man.Do you always catch such an early train ? asked the inspector.Of course I do, answered the man. I must be at work at 10.0 oclock. My employer will confirm that I was there on time. Would a

21、later train get you to work on time ? asked the inspector. I suppose it would, but I never catch a later train.At what time did you arrive at the station ?At ten to eight. I bought a paper and waited for the train.And you didnt notice anything unusual ? Of course not.I suggest, said the inspector, t

22、hat you are not telling the truth. I suggest that you did not catch the 8.0 oclock train, but that you caught the 8.25 which would still get you to work on time. You see, on the morning of the murder, the 8.0 oclock train did not run at all. It broke down at Ferngreen station and was taken off the l

23、ine.Lesson88 Trapped in a mine 困在矿井里Six men have been trapped in a mine for seventeen hours. If they are not brought to the surface soon they may lose their lives. However, rescue operations are proving difficult. If explosives are used, vibrations will cause the roof of the mine to collapse. Rescue

24、 workers are therefore drilling a hole on the north side of the mine. They intend to bring the men up in a special capsule. If there had not been a hard layer of rock beneath the soil, they would have completed the job in a few hours. As it is, they have been drilling for sixteen hours and they stil

25、l have a long way to go. Meanwhile, a microphone, which was lowered into the mine two hours ago, has enabled the men to keep in touch with the closest relatives. Though they are running out of food and drink, the men are cheerful and confident that they will get out soon. They have been told that re

26、scue operations are progressing smoothly. If they knew how difficult it was to drill through the hard rock, they would lose heart. Lesson89 A slip of the tongue 口误People will do anything to see a free show-even if it is a bad one. When the news got round that a variety show would be presented at our

27、 local cinema by the P. and U. Bird Seed Company, we all rushed to see it. We had to queue for hours to get in and there must have been several hundred people present just be- fore the show began. Unfortunately, the show was one of the dullest we have ever seen. Those who failed to get in need not h

28、ave felt disappointed as many of the artistes who should have appeared did not come. The only funny things we heard that evening came from the advertiser at the beginning of the programme. He was obviously very nervous and for some minutes stood awkwardly before the microphone. As soon as he opened

29、his mouth, everyone burst out laughing. We all know what the poor man should have said, but what he actually said was: This is the Poo and Ee Seed Bird Company. Good ladies, evening and gentlemen !lesson90 Whats for supper ？ 晚餐吃什么？Though Brazil is one of the richest countries in the world, much of i

30、t has not yet been developed. It was mainly for this reason that the Brazilian government decided to have a new city built 600 miles north-west of Rio de Janeiro. Designed by the great architect Lucio Costa, the new city, Brasilia, replaced Rio de Janeiro as the capital of Brazif in 1960. Brasilia h

31、as been carefully planned for modern living. Its wide roads, which can take fourteen lanes of traffic, have been keptaway from living areas. Children do not have to cross busy streets to go to school. Housewives can visit-shopping centres on foot, for in these specially designed living areas, cars a

32、re unnecessary. At first, the government had great difficulty in persuading people to leave Rio and to settle in Brasilia. Since 1960, however, the population has been growing all the time. Brasilia has quickly established itself as the capital of the country. The idea to have the capital moved so f

33、ar inland will have a great effect on the future of Brazil.Lesson91 Three men in a basket 三人同篮A pilot noticed a balloon which seemed to be making for a Royal Air Force Station nearby. He informed the station at once, but no one there was able to explain the mystery. The officer in the control tower

34、was very angry when he heard the news, because balloons can be a great danger to aircraft. He said that someone might by spying on the station and the pilot was ordered to keep track of the strange object. The pilot managed to circle the balloon for some time. He could make out three men in a basket

35、 under it and one of them was holding field-glasses. When the balloon was over the station, the pilot saw one of the men taking photographs. Soon afterwards, the balloon began to descend and it landed near an airfield. The police were called in, but they could not arrest anyone, for the basket conta

36、ined two Members of Parliament and the Commanding Officer of the station! As the Commanding Officer explained later, one half of the station did not know what the other half was doing ! Lesson92 Asking for trouble 自找麻烦It must have been about two in the morning when I returned home. I tried to wake u

37、p my wife by ringing the door-bell, but she was fast asleep, so I got a ladder from the shed in the garden, put it against the wall, and began climbing towards the bedroom window. I was almost there when a sarcastic voice below said, I dont think the windows need cleaning at this time of the night.I

38、 looked down and nearly fell off the ladder when I saw a policeman. I immediately regretted answering in the way I did, but I said, I enjoy农富康发酵床养猪可行性报告2009.5.18河南农富康生物科技有限公司生态养猪的背景随着养猪规模化、集约化程度的不断提高，我国养猪业当前面临着三大难题：一是“质量安全”；二是“效益提高”；三是“环境治理”。由这三大问题直接表现出来的药物残留、能源缺乏、饲料短缺、疫病频繁、环境污染等已成为限制我国养猪业发展的瓶颈因素。新时

39、期社会主义新农村建设要求把畜牧业建设成为环境良好、以人为本、自然社会资源合理利用、产业和谐发展的可持续新型畜牧产业。所以，我们必须从产业与社会等各方面综合考虑适度规模养猪的发展模式和管理方法。为探求解决当前养猪业主要面临的“三大难题”，国内外的科研人员一直致力于此项技术的深入研究。江西农富康生物科技有限公司联合山东省畜牧局专家，农科院畜牧专家，结合国内外多年养猪经验，利用微生物发酵技术完善和改进了猪舍建造和饲养管理模式，形成了系统的生态养猪技术。它是集养猪学、营养学、环境卫生学、生物学、土壤肥料学于一体，以养猪业为主体进行开发、利用发酵微生物对猪排泄物的科学处理，实行农牧结合，做到科学利用、互

40、相促进，低投入，高产出，无污染的良性循环的养猪系统工程。生态养猪技术经过近几年的使用推广，在取得了零污染零排放的显著成果之上，不仅增加了养猪户的效益收入，而且得到了国家政府的大力支持。国家副总理回良玉，委员宋平，农业部畜牧司副司长谢根生分别做出了大力推广生态自然养猪技术的指示。第一节 生态养猪的概念与模式一. 生态养猪的概念生态养猪就是尊重猪只生存的基本权利，恢复猪只的自然拱食习性，以生产健康食品为己任，在不破坏自然环境的前提下，顺应自然规律最大限度地开发和利用当地的自然资源来从事高效的养猪生产。二、生态养猪的基本模式当前生态养猪的现有基本饲养模式是在舍内设置 80100厘米的地下或地上式垫料

41、坑，填充锯末稻壳等农产品垫料，利用微生物农富康菌液对垫料进行发酵，形成有益菌繁殖的小环境，抑制有害菌；猪粪尿直接排放在垫料上，实现粪污零排放；粪尿加速了发酵，产生热量，提高了圈舍环境温度，保证猪只的正常越冬；恢复了猪只的拱食习性，提高了猪只免疫能力。垫料较长时间（一般23年，根据需要）清理一次，成为高档有机肥料；整个饲养过程对外达到零排放、无臭味、无污染。第二节 生态养猪技术的优点从多年试验效果看，生态养猪法主要有以下优点：一、解决了生猪生产粪便处理难的问题，粪便可通过垫料中的微生物进行发酵降解转化成菌体蛋白为猪只提供营养，舍内无臭味，少蚊蝇，环境清新，解决了新农村建设环境污染问题；二、生猪疾

42、病减少，提高猪肉品质；三、劳动生产效率大幅度提高：猪舍无需用水冲洗，不用天天清粪，自动饮水，省工节本，可节约劳动力50%以上，节水85%-90%；四、提高了猪只的生长速度，克服了冬季生长慢的问题；五、增加养猪经济效益。生态养猪首次投入成本比传统养猪要多一些，但是从长计议来看的话，估算认为实行生态养猪法，每头育肥生猪可节约药物、饲料、水电等费用50元-120元；六、为解决秸秆堆积、焚烧问题提供了一条出路，每10平方米的垫料床就可以消纳1亩地的玉米秸秆。第三节 生态养猪的基本原理经过专家通过多批次试验认为现有生态养猪的基本饲养模式的饲养管理主要有如下技术关键点：一利用空气对流和太阳高度角原理，因地

43、制宜的建设猪舍充分利用不同季节空气的流向建设猪舍，辅助设置卷帘机、排风扇等可调节通风的设施，用以控制猪舍空气的流向和流速。猪舍屋顶及窗充分考虑了太阳的日照规律使其适合养猪生产的需要。二利用生物发酵原理处理粪尿，解决环境污染问题发酵床成为发酵微生物高效的繁殖场，是生态养猪技术的核心。所使用的发酵微生物有益菌的大量繁殖，由于其生长繁殖，迅速降解、消化了猪只排泄物，从而达到了处理猪场粪污的效果。三利用温室和凉亭子效应，改善猪只体感温度冬季将保温卷帘放下，整个猪舍成为一个保暖温室，同时发酵床也产生相当热量，使猪只腹感温度有很好的改善。同样，在夏季，由于几乎全敞开窗户，形成了扫地风、穿堂风等类似凉亭子的

44、效果，结合垫料的合理管理，猪只感觉非常凉爽。四利用有益菌占位原理，增强猪只抗病力，提高饲养效率和猪肉品质病原菌致病的基础是病原菌达到相当的浓度才可致病，而生态养猪圈舍内的有益菌大量繁殖，在垫料床上、空气中甚至猪舍的各个角落都弥漫着有益菌，使有益菌成为优势菌群，成为阻挡病原菌的天然屏障。即使有极少量病原菌的刺激，猪只也可产生特异性免疫反应，从而对猪形成坚强的保护。上述四大关键技术，并不是单一作用，而是同时综合作用于生态养猪生产的全过程，互为补充，相互配合的。与传统养猪的效益对比分析:一、测算依据：猪舍建设300元/，垫料50-60元/平方米（根据不同地区材料价格有所不同），饲养密度，育肥猪1.2

45、-1.5头/平方米。二、降低成本效益（按存栏1000头为例）：1、初期投资传统猪舍发酵舍投资项目金额投资项目金额猪舍与发酵舍相当猪舍与传统舍相当污水管线和污水处理设施建设总投资约15万元，按6年折旧计每年2.5万元3栏/年=0.833万元垫料（稻壳、麦麸、锯末、菌种）总投资约9万元，可使用3年，每年3万元3栏=1万元2、育肥期养殖成本分析（100天）全价料单价1.2元/斤计算：传统猪舍发酵舍投资项目金额（万元）投资项目金额（万元）饲料费用60饲料费用48医药费2医药费0.5人工费1.6人工费0.80电费0.4电费0.1水费0.4水费0.08污水处理设施运转费0.4污水处理设施运转费0合计64.

46、8合计49.48传统养猪每千头投入总成本为：0.833万元+64.8万元=65.633万元，发酵舍养猪每千头投入总成本为：1万元+49.48万元=50.48万元，发酵舍养猪每千头比传统养猪每千头减少成本为：65.633万元-50.48万元=15.153万元。三、传统养猪猪粪与发酵舍垫料收益对比：1、传统养猪猪粪收益：以每头猪每年30元计算：30元x1000头=3万元。发酵舍垫料收益：以0.5吨/平方米重量计算（注：有专业服务公司与养殖企业签订合同以150元/吨的价格收购发酵后的垫料，有加工能力的养猪企业也可以自行加工处理）。0.5吨x1500=750吨x150元=11.25万元3年=3.75万

47、元。2、发酵舍每千头猪比传统养猪增加收益对比：发酵舍垫料收益3.75万元- 传统养猪猪粪收益3万元=0.75万元四、使用发酵舍养猪技术可大大降低死亡率，这样也可以增加养殖户的经济效益。同时，也减少了病史猪流向社会对人们身心健康的损害。五、与传统养猪方法相比，每千头猪的总增效益为：降低养殖成本收益+垫料收益=15.153万元+0.75万元=15.903万元。六、养猪企业自行加工垫料做成有机肥收益：以市场价格600元/吨计算：0.5吨x1500=750吨x600元=45万元3年=15万元。七、与传统养猪方法相比，每千头猪的总增效益为：降低养殖成本收益+垫料收益=15.903万元+15万元=30.9

48、03万元。第四节 猪舍建筑猪舍建筑是一门科学，需要不断的总结完善。对于生态养猪的猪舍建筑，需要结合传统猪舍设计的优秀成果，但同时不要被传统思维模式限制我们的设计思路，需要用创造性的思维去指导和不断创新猪舍设计。一、猪舍设计的基本理念 科学的生态养猪猪舍是尽最大限度的利用自然资源，如阳光、空气、气流、风向等免费自然元素，尽可能少地使用如水、电、煤等现代能源或物质；尽可能大地利用生物性、物理性转化，尽可能少地使用化学性转化。二、猪舍设计的指导思想 一是有利于发挥作用、节约劳力、提高效率。二是有利于节省占地面积，控制猪只适度密度。三是有利于各类猪只生长发育，尽量改善舍内的气候环境。四是适宜的控制建筑

49、成本。三、猪舍设计的基本原则 生态养猪猪舍设计，也需要事先考虑如下原则，这些原则都需要生产体制和栏圈来予以保证:一是“零”混群原则 。不允许不同来源的猪只混群，这就需要考虑隔离舍的准备。二是最佳存栏原则。始终保持栏圈的利用，这就需要均衡生产体系的确定。三是按同龄猪分群原则：不同阶段的猪只不能在一起，这是全出全进的体系基础四、舍内外环境对猪舍设计的要求猪舍的环境，主要指温度、湿度、气体、光照以及其他一些影响环境的卫生条件等，是影响猪只生长发育的重要因素。猪的集体与环境之间，随时都在进行着物质与能量的交换，在正常环境下，猪体能与环境保持平衡，形成良性循环，可以促使猪只发挥其生长潜力。因此，为保证猪

50、群正常的生活与生产，必须人为地创造一个适合猪生理需要的气候条件。场址选择：生态养猪建筑设计同传统集约化猪场场址无多大差异，比传统猪舍更趋灵活，主要应综合考虑分析地理位置、地势与地形、土质水、电以及占地面积等问题。总体布局的原则：1、利于生产：猪场的总体布局首先满足生产工艺流程的要求，按照生产过程的顺序性和连续性来规划和布置建筑物，有利于生产，便于科学管理，从而提高劳动生产率。2、利于防疫：规模猪场猪群规模大，饲养密度高。要保证正常的生产，必须将卫生防疫工作提高到首要位置。一方面在整体布局上应着重考虑猪场的性质、猪只本身的抵抗能力、地形条件、主导风向等几个方面，合理分布圈舍，满足其防疫距离的要求

51、；另一方面当然还要采取一些行之有效的防疫措施。生态养猪法应尽量多地利用生物性、物理性措施来改善防疫环境。3、利于运输：猪场日常的饲料、猪及生产和生活用品的运输任务非常繁忙，在建筑物和道路布局上应考虑生产流程的内部联系和对外联系的连续性，尽量使运输路线方便、简洁、不重复、不迂回。4、利于生活管理：猪场在总体布局上应使生产区和生活区做到既分隔又联系，位置要适中，环境要相对安静。要为职工创造一个舒适的工作环境，同时又便于生活、管理。五、猪舍的构造 生态养猪对猪舍结构的要求与传统猪舍基本一致，特殊之处在于增加了猪舍前后空气对流窗，合理设置垫料池。应按猪群的性别、年龄、生产用途，分别建造各种专用猪舍，如

52、育肥猪舍、保育猪舍、妊娠母猪舍、产房等。基本结构为：在猪舍内设置1米左右的走道、一定宽度（1.52.0米宽）的水泥饲喂台，与饲喂台相连的是发酵床，墙体南北均设较大的通风窗，方便猪舍度夏。房顶设置天窗，方便冬天水蒸气的排出。推荐使用饲喂及饮水一体的自动喂养槽。设置水泥饲喂台的目的，一是防止垫料污染饲料，影响采食量；二是夏天高温季节为猪只提供选择趴卧休息凉爽区，以减少发酵床过热对生猪的影响；三是有利于生猪肢体发育，这一点对种猪饲养尤其重要。 1、育肥猪舍：单列式育肥猪舍比较合适，保证阳光充足，猪只活动区域大。一般为减少猪舍成本，除发酵床外，育肥猪舍也可采用塑料大棚式的结构。也可对现有猪舍进行改造，

53、只要符合夏天通风降温、冬天保温除湿条件即可。2、母猪舍：母猪舍又分为妊娠舍和分娩猪舍（即产房）。妊娠猪舍可采用群养模式，分娩猪舍常采用分娩栏或产床进行饲养。其猪舍建筑，特别是分娩猪舍由于对温度控制要求高，应注意控制温度。（1）妊娠猪舍：生态养猪的妊娠猪舍常因发酵垫料的维护管理方便，宜采用大群饲养。可用双列式或单列式结构，其建筑跨度不太大，以自然通风为主。当前比较新兴的是使用母猪自动饲喂系统与生态养猪相互结合（2）产房：即分娩猪舍。通过生态养猪法，扩大母仔活动范围，一般有三种模式：一是母猪、仔猪均在产床上，粪尿流入发酵垫料池。垫料池仅起到分解粪尿的作用。二是产床限制母猪，仔猪可以在产床或垫料池活

54、动。增加了仔猪活动范围，恢复其自然习性。仔猪由于可选择休息、活动区域。三是无限位栏，有饲喂台，母仔均可自由活动。3、保育猪舍：与育肥猪舍的结构类似，垫料厚度可以适当减小。猪只活动面积加大，可以嬉戏，恢复其生物习性。第五节 农富康菌液农富康菌液由光合菌、酵母菌、乳酸菌、放线菌、芽孢杆菌等多种有益微生物菌群及其代谢产物（消化酶、蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶、氨基酸、维生素等）复合培养而成，有效活菌含量每毫升在120亿以上。农富康菌液发酵床技术的使用效果： 提高饲料转化率，降低料肉比；促进肠道内有益菌群生长，抑制致病菌繁殖，有效预防细菌性腹泻、肠胃炎、胃积食；促进生长，提高日增重，缩短饲养时间，可提前出

55、栏5-10天；明显提高猪的抗应激能力和免疫功能，降低幼猪的死亡率；提高消化能力，消除粪便恶臭，减少氨气排放量；全面改善猪肉品质，达到无公害食品标准。作用机理： 1.、农富康菌液与肠道有益菌一起，形成强有力的优势菌群，抑制致病菌群的生长繁殖。2、农富康菌液进入肠道后能生成大量氨基酸、维生素、消化酶等生物活性物质，其中大多数物质被吸收，参与能量和维生素代谢，因而大大提高了饲料转化率。3、农富康菌液中的微生物有益菌是良好的免疫增强剂，能刺激免疫器官生长发育，提高动物抗体的活性，增强机体体液免疫和细胞免疫能力，防止疾病发生。4、农富康菌液中的生物菌能有效的分解动物肠道内产生的肠毒素、毒性胺、甲烷等有毒

56、物质，不仅有效预防疾病的发生，而且提高了猪肉的品质和风味。5、农富康菌液的成分是经微生物发酵而成，含有丰富的多种有胶体性质的活性大分子酸类、糖类及脂类物质，它能在胃肠壁形成一层保护膜，对胃肠起到了保护作用。 6，农富康菌液的操作方式简单。垫料选择广泛，不用添加猪粪，盐，红糖，土等物质，程序简单，方便，降低劳动强度。降低了外源猪粪等带来的不安全因素。第六节 发酵床的制作一、 垫料原料的选择发酵垫料是生态养猪技术的核心，也是管理的关键对象，对垫料原料进行科学组合，能达到减少管理强度，减少疫病发生，增加养猪效益等目的。生态养猪发酵垫料的制作过程实际就是制备有益微生物培养基的过程，垫料组合及相关因子应

57、适应有益菌生长需要和养猪生产的要求。垫料的选择比较宽泛，如锯末、玉米等植物类的秸秆、树叶等等。垫料最理想的组合有两种：1、锯末+稻壳；2、锯末+玉米秸秆。玉米秸秆最好粉碎，坚决不能使用经防腐处理的板材生产的锯末。需要注意的生态养猪发酵垫料的软、烂、霉变过的草料不能用。二、垫料制作的注意事项为保证发酵菌种高效的活力，需要营造适宜有益菌生长繁殖的垫料环境。试验发现，生态养猪所制作垫料需要满足如下条件：1、高效的发酵菌母种生态养猪垫料发酵分解粪尿的过程是微生物作用的结果，所以，发酵菌母种活力的高低决定了粪便分解和垫料发酵的效率，是生态养猪法垫料制作的首要关键因素。2、具备一定的微生物营养源 开始时需

58、加入麦麸等营养物质作为初始营养源（注意麦麸或米糠一定不要经过霉变的）。3、垫料材料需要具有一定的保水性因为水分是影响微生物生命活动的重要因素，微生物在发酵垫料的水膜里进行着生命活动。同时，水分也影响垫料内部养分和微生物的移动，影响着发酵效率的高低，也影响着空气成分和垫料及舍内温度。一般情况先发酵垫料的持水量的40%。含水率过高过低时均不利于发酵处理。当水分含量大于85%以上，由于垫料毛细结构被破坏，从而影响发酵效率。4、温度控制 参与发酵的微生物，通常在30以上的环境温度下，增殖变旺盛。所以，垫料床的厚度是决定温度的重要因素，一般要求发酵床垫料厚度为60100cm，占地40平方。不得低于50c

59、m。如果垫料太薄，占地面积太小则发酵产生的热量迅速散失，发酵垫料温度难以达到适宜的温度，从而使发酵微生物增殖受限，导致不发酵。垫料的发酵成熟开始时需要满足启动要求，特别是温度的要求非常重要。由于夏天温度高，均能满足启动温度要求。北方的冬季温度低，发酵时间需要延长，也可以使用一些辅助措施来加速发酵。三、发酵垫料的制作步骤垫料制作的过程其实是垫料发酵的过程，其目的一方面在垫料里增殖相当数量的有益的优势菌群，为猪只入舍做好准备；另一方面通过发酵过程产生的热量杀死有害菌。1、确定垫料厚度A.育肥、后备猪、妊娠母猪、分娩母猪猪舍垫料层高度冬天为80cm，夏天为60cm。B.乳猪、保育猪舍垫料层高度为60

60、cm，夏天为40cm。（北方可在此基础上适当增加垫料厚度，而南方则可适当减小垫料厚度。）2、计算材料用量（所有垫料材料不能霉变）：根据不同夏冬季节、猪舍面积大小，以及与所需的垫料厚度计算出所需要的谷壳、锯末、秸秆的使用数量。（适当预留出一部分，以备日后添加）3、物料堆积发酵：（以20平方计算）：目的是使垫料充分搅拌均匀，可以使用以下逐级搅拌的方法，也可利用机械搅拌等其他方法。1.水分的控制要根据垫料的干湿决定加水的多少，要先把菌液加到水中稀释，一般1000ml菌液(一公斤左右)稀释到60公斤水中，然后在往垫料里混合，这样能够使垫料和菌液混合均匀，垫料混合之后水分达不到40%左右，还可以再加清水

61、。2、垫料混合之后要堆积3-5天发酵，之后可以铺开，没有场地的朋友可以直接垫进去，表面要用塑料布盖着，3-5天后就可以上猪。3、由于本垫料操作简单，材料容易选购，但是垫料里面的有机物存在过少，刚开始猪床内部温度不高，这样随着猪粪便的增多，有机物就增多，猪床里面的温度就会上升。4、本猪床是根据80厘米的厚度配比，如果你增加厚度，其他的量要随之更加。第七节 垫料床的日常维护进猪一周内为观察期，防止垫料表面扬尘。此周内一般不用特殊管理，主要观察猪排粪拉尿区分布情况，猪只活动情况，发现有无异常现象，做好相关记录。 一周后，若垫料太干，有扬尘情况出现，应根据垫料干湿情况，向垫料表面、圈舍喷洒适量水分。资

62、金宽裕的话可以根据床面湿度经常喷洒农富康菌液，按1：500的比例掺水，喷洒在地面上，以提高土壤微生物的活力，加快对排泄物的分解、消化。一般每周根据垫料湿度和发酵情况调整垫料12次。用叉把特别集中的猪粪分散开来；在特别湿的地方按垫料制作比例加入适量锯末、谷壳等新垫料原料；用叉子或便携式犁耕机把比较结实的垫料翻松，把表面凹凸不平之处弄平。目的就是让整个垫料床干湿度均匀。 从进猪之日起每50天，大动作地翻垫料一次。在粪便较为集中的地方，把粪尿分散开来，并从底部反复翻弄均匀； 水分很多的地方添加一些锯末、木屑、谷壳等垫料原料；看垫料的水份决定是否全面翻弄。如果水份偏多，氨臭较浓，应全面上下翻弄一遍。看

63、情况可以适当补充些有营养的垫料原料和发酵菌种。 在猪饲料中不提倡添加抗生素，为求更好效果可以添加农富康专用的养殖菌液；同样可以起到预防疾病的作用，对控制小猪黄白莉等消化系统疾病有特效。而且，还提高了发酵床的使用效率，延长了使用寿命。 一般冬天房顶的透气窗中午的时候要打开，及时通风散湿气，夏天猪舍卷帘或窗户通常是敞开的，以利于通风，带走发酵舍中的水份； 在天气闷热，尤其是盛夏时节，开启风机强制通风，防暑降温。也可以在水泥饲喂台，喷淋降温。夏季垫料维护技术要点：夏季垫料的维护与其它季节不同，首先夏季垫料深度可适当调低一些，但最基本的高度在40cm以上是必要的，一般60cm深的垫料比较合适，在保证发

64、酵的同时还能避免发酵产热太多。其次，夏季垫料一般不进行翻扒工作，不用将粪便均匀散开，让猪只排粪尿自然形成一个排粪尿区。由于夏季气温相对高，其本身及附近区域发酵效率相当高。如有粪便堆积，可顺势向后堆积，其他区域由于发酵营养源的缺乏，其发酵效率得到抑制而使垫料表面凉爽。再次，当用常规降温措施均不太理想时，如当天最低气温高于25时可考虑向垫料滴水降温。由于滴水使滴水区域垫料水分过大而达到抑制该区域及周边区域发酵菌的发酵，同时受高温气候影响该区域形成较大的水分蒸发区，由于水分蒸发而带走周边热量而达到降温效果。通过上述三大措施将垫料发酵区域化，垫料呈现出粪便区（也是发酵集中区）、水汽蒸发区、猪只休息区三大类区域。加上强化通风、遮阴及设置水泥地面的喂料台（为猪只提供了选择垫料或水泥地面的权利），从而能较好地解决猪只越夏问题。猪出舍后的处理全部肥猪出栏后，最好先将发酵垫料放置干燥23天。将垫料从底部反复翻弄均匀一遍，看情况可以适当补充麸皮与菌种，重新由四周向中心堆积成梯形，使其发酵至成熟杀死病源微生物；同新垫料酵熟技术一样，发酵成熟的垫料摊平后将未发酵的锯末覆盖