乔布斯在斯坦福大学毕业典礼演讲英文

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1、薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆

2、薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇

3、蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅

4、芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅

5、芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆

6、莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄

7、莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄

8、莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂

9、蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃

10、蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃

11、薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁

12、薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂

13、薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃

14、节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁

15、艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁

16、芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节

17、莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀

18、莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀

19、葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁

20、蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿

21、蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿

22、薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀

23、蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈

24、蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈莈莁薅肇莇蒃螀肃莇蚆蚃罿莆莅衿袅羂蒈蚂螁羁薀袇聿羁艿蚀羅肀莂袅袁聿蒄蚈螇肈蚆蒁膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薁螅袄肅芀薈螀肄莃螃聿膃蒅薆羅膂薇螁袁膁芇薄袇膀葿袀螂腿薂蚂肁腿芁袈羇膈莄蚁袃膇蒆袆蝿芆薈虿肈芅芈蒂羄芄莀蚇羀芃薂蒀袆芃节螆螂节莄薈肀芁蒇螄羆芀蕿薇袂荿艿螂螈 乔布斯斯坦福大学演讲英文原文：Stanford Report, June 14, 2005Youve got to find what you love, Jo

25、bs saysThis is the text of the Commencement address by Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple Computer and of Pixar Animation Studios, delivered on June 12, 2005.I am honored to be with you today for your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. Truth be told, I never graduated from college,

26、 and this is the closest Ive ever gotten to a college graduation. Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. Thats it. No big deal. Just three stories.The first story is about connecting the dots.I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in fo

27、r another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out?It started before I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption. She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for

28、 me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife. Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl. So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking: “Weve got an unexpected baby boy, do you want him?” They said: “

29、Of course.” My biological mother found out later that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school. She refused to sign the final adoption papers. She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would go to college. This was

30、the start in my life. And 17 years later I did go to college. But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents savings were being spent on my college tuition. After six months, I couldnt see the value in it. I had no idea what I wanted to do

31、 with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out. And here I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life. So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK. It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisi

32、ons I ever made. The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didnt interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked far more interesting.It wasnt all romantic. I didnt have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends rooms, I returned coke bottles for the 5-c

33、ent deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the 7 miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple. I loved it. And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on. Let me give you one example:Ree

34、d College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country. Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand calligraphed. Because I had dropped out and didnt have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a calligraphy class to le

35、arn how to do this. I learned about serif and sans- serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great. It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science cant capture, and I found it fascinating.None

36、 of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life. But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me. And we designed it all into the Mac. It was the first computer with beautiful typography. If I had never dropped in on that single cours

37、e in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts. And since Windows just copied the Mac, its likely that no personal computer would have them. If I had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on that calligraphy class, and personal computers might

38、 not have the wonderful typography that they do. Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college. But it was very, very clear looking backwards ten years later.Again, you cant connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards. So you

39、have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. You have to trust in something your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever. Because believing that the dots will connect down the road, will give you the confidence to follow your heart, even when it leads you off the well-worn path.And t

40、hat would make all the difference. My second story is about love and loss.I was lucky I found what I loved to do early in life. Woz and I started Apple in my parents garage when I was 20. We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company wi

41、th over 4000 employees. We had just released our finest creation the Macintosh a year earlier, and I had just turned 30. And then I got fired. How can you get fired from a company you started? Well, as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the company with me, and for th

42、e first year or so things went well. But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out. When we did, our Board of Directors sided with him. And so at 30, I was out. And very publicly out. What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devas

43、tating.I really didnt know what to do for a few months. I felt that I had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs down that I had dropped the baton as it was being passed to me. I met with David Packard and Bob Noyce and tried to apologize for screwing up so badly. I was a very public failure,

44、and I even thought about running away from the valley. But something slowly began to dawn on me I still loved what I did. The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit. I had been rejected, but I was still in love. And so I decided to start over.I didnt see it then, but it turned out that

45、 getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life.During the next five years, I star

46、ted a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the worlds first computer -animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world. In a remarkable turn of events, A

47、pple bought NeXT, and I returned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apples current renaissance. And Laurene and I have a wonderful family together.Im pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadnt been fired from Apple. It was awful-tasting medicine, but I

48、guess the patient needed it. Sometimes lifes going to hit you in the head with a brick. Dont lose faith. Im convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did. Youve got to find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers. Your work is going to

49、 fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you havent found it yet, keep looking, and dont settle. As with all matters of the heart, youll know when you find it. And lik

50、e any great relationship, it just gets better and better as the years roll on. So keep looking. Dont settle.My third story is about death.When I was 17, I read a quote that went something like: “If you live each day as if it was your last, someday youll most certainly be right.” It made an impressio

51、n on me, and since then, for the past 33 years, I have looked in the mirror every morning and asked myself: “If today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today?” And whenever the answer has been “No” for too many days in a row, I know I need to change something.Rem

52、embering that Ill be dead soon is the most important tool Ive ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life. Because almost everything all external expectations, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failure these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly im

53、portant. Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose. You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow your heart.About a year ago, I was diagnosed with cancer. I had a scan at 7:30 in the morning, and it clearly showed

54、 a tumor on my pancreas. I didnt even know what a pancreas was. The doctors told me this was almost certainly a type of cancer that is incurable, and that I should expect to live no longer than three to six months. My doctor advised me to go home and get my affairs in order, which is doctors code fo

55、r “prepare to die”. It means to try and tell your kids everything you thought youd have the next 10 years to tell them in just a few months. It means to make sure everything is buttoned up so that it will be as easy as possible for your family. It means to say your goodbyes.I lived with that diagnos

56、is all day. Later that evening I had a biopsy, where they stuck an endoscope down my throat, through my stomach into my intestines, put a needle into my pancreas and got a few cells from the tumor. I was sedated, but my wife, who was there, told me that when they viewed the cells under a microscope,

57、 the doctors started crying, because it turned out to be a very rare form of pancreatic cancer that is curable with surgery. I had the surgery, and thankfully, Im fine now.This was the closest Ive been to facing death, and I hope its the closest I get for a few more decades. Having lived through it,

58、 I can now say this to you with a bit more certainty than when death was a useful but purely intellectual concept:No one wants to die. Even people who want to go to heaven dont want to die to get there. And yet, death is the destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it. And that is as it sho

59、uld be, because Death is very likely the single best invention of Life. Its Lifes change agent. It clears out the old to make way for the new. Right now, the new is you, but someday, not too long from now, you will gradually become the old and be cleared away. Sorry to be so dramatic, but its quite

60、true.Your time is limited, so dont waste it living someone elses life. Dont be trapped by dogma which is living with the results of other peoples thinking. Dont let the noise of others opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. T

61、hey somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary.When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog, which was one of the bibles of my generation. It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brand not far from here in Menlo Park, and he

62、 brought it to life with his poetic touch. This was in the late 1960s, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and polaroid cameras. It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along: it was idealistic, overflowin

63、g with neat tools and great notions.Stewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age. On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country r

64、oad, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous. Beneath it were the words: “Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.” It was their farewell message as they signed off. “Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.” And I have always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin a new, I

65、 wish that for you.“Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.”Thank you all very much. 节芄蒈羀芁蒇蚄羆芀蕿薇袂艿艿螂螈袆莁薅蚄袅蒃螀羃袄膃薃衿羃芅蝿螅羂莈薂蚁羁薀莄聿羁艿蚀羅羀莂蒃袁罿蒄蚈螇羈膄蒁蚃羇芆蚆羂肆莈葿袈肅蒁蚅螄肅膀蒈螀肄莃螃蚆肃蒅薆羅肂膅螁袁肁芇薄螆肀荿螀蚂腿蒂薂羁腿膁莅袇膈芃薁袃膇蒆蒄蝿膆膅虿蚅膅芈蒂羄膄莀蚇袀膃蒂蒀螆芃膂蚆蚂节芄蒈羀芁蒇蚄羆芀蕿薇袂艿艿螂螈袆莁薅蚄袅蒃螀羃袄膃薃衿羃芅蝿螅羂莈薂蚁羁薀莄聿羁艿蚀羅羀莂蒃袁罿蒄蚈螇羈膄蒁蚃羇芆蚆羂肆莈葿袈肅蒁蚅螄肅膀蒈螀肄莃螃蚆肃蒅薆羅肂膅螁袁肁芇薄螆肀荿螀蚂腿蒂薂羁腿膁莅袇膈芃薁袃膇蒆蒄蝿膆膅虿蚅膅芈蒂羄膄莀蚇袀膃蒂蒀螆芃膂蚆蚂节芄蒈羀芁蒇蚄羆芀蕿薇袂艿艿螂螈袆莁薅蚄袅蒃螀羃袄膃薃衿羃芅蝿螅羂莈薂蚁羁薀莄聿羁艿蚀羅羀莂蒃袁罿蒄蚈螇羈膄蒁蚃羇芆蚆羂肆莈葿袈肅蒁蚅螄肅膀蒈螀肄莃螃蚆肃蒅薆羅肂膅螁袁肁芇薄螆肀荿螀蚂腿蒂薂羁腿膁莅袇膈芃薁袃膇蒆蒄蝿膆膅虿蚅膅芈蒂羄膄莀蚇袀膃蒂蒀螆芃膂蚆蚂节芄蒈羀芁蒇蚄羆芀蕿薇袂艿艿螂螈袆莁薅蚄袅蒃螀羃袄膃薃衿羃芅蝿螅羂莈薂蚁羁薀莄聿羁艿蚀羅羀莂蒃袁罿蒄蚈螇羈膄蒁蚃羇芆蚆羂肆莈葿袈肅蒁蚅螄肅膀蒈螀肄莃螃蚆肃蒅薆羅肂膅螁袁肁芇薄螆肀荿螀蚂腿蒂薂羁腿膁莅袇膈芃薁袃膇蒆蒄蝿膆膅虿蚅膅芈蒂羄膄莀蚇袀膃蒂蒀螆芃膂蚆蚂节芄蒈羀芁