工程管理专业英语中英对照论文

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1、 建筑行业的事故和伤害的成本 作者：约翰g埃弗雷特成员,土木和彼得b弗兰克Jr .)z准会员,土木摘要：在1979年，商业圆桌会议(BR)委托进行一项建筑行业的事故和伤害的成本的分析研究。在那时，BR断定事故和伤害占工业、商业、工业设施建设总成本的6.5%，自从这次新颖的研究，建筑行业发生了很大的改变。最重要的是，由于在建筑工地上工伤补偿保险费用的飞涨和有一连串的第三方诉讼费用。本文重新调查了建筑行业的事故和伤害的总成本，矫正了原始投入，在必要时，修改方法。因为结果是非常敏感的，在数个假设中，对每个关键的假设进行了使用的值的范围的分析，而不是只有一个数字。本文表明，在一个非住宅的工程中事故的总

2、成本已经上升到了总成本的7.9%15.0%。引言：按照相关标准，建筑行业并不是一个安全的行业，在1993年，尽管使用只有5%的工业劳动力,建筑占所有工作场所死亡的14%和残疾的9%（事故1994）。尽管这种比率的数字在1980年代中期有所下降，在建筑工地受伤和死亡仍一个主要问题。除了该行业的形象受损,使其更难吸引熟练工人,施工损伤也是昂贵的。成本的大幅上升使工伤补偿保险(组织)在过去的十年中得到了大量媒体报道。从1985年到1993年，保费建设交易以平均10.5%的速度增长(1993年格罗根)。然而,保险费用成本并不是从工作场所受伤和死亡唯一的结果。也有受伤间接的成本可能是直接成本的几倍。同时

3、,这些成本给承包商、业主和用户建造设施造成了一个很大的经济负担。进一步来讲，通过增加工业和商业设施的成本来解决这个问题在有竞争力的美国公司乃至国内外都是弃用的。意识到这个问题和其他建筑业生产力问题的严重性，在1979年，业务圆桌会议(BR)(商业圆桌会议组织成立于1972年。它由超过200家的聚焦和行动广泛的公共问题的大公司首席执行官组成。多年来,BR一直致力于促进建设质量,效率,和成本效益。委托一系列的研究来调查建筑业生产力下降，研究的名字叫做建筑行业成本效益(CICE)项目。该项目汇集了在建筑行业和学术界具有专业知识的超过250人。作为这个项目的一部分,在1981年,BR委托独立研究检查损

4、伤在建筑业的成本(1982年“改良”)。本研究之目的引起行业对事故的真实成本的关注，希望承包商将承担更大的措施来遏制这些成本。BR的报告,改编工作由加州的斯坦福大学的一组完成。得出的结论是,在工业、公用事业、和商业建筑中受伤和死亡的总成本在建筑业占总成本的6.5%。然而,自那时以来,发生了很大的改变。虽然受伤率减少,飞涨的医疗费用和广泛滥用福利(1991),“工人”造成的组织成本飙升。也有助于提高组织成本，增加医学界保险公司和工人本身的认可。许多疾病如累积创伤失调,听力损失,腰痛,压力,和其他与工作相关的疾病。第三方索赔也变得更加普遍。本文的目的是确定建筑业的事故和伤害的总成本。本文将首先经过

5、原始图计算总建筑成本的6.5%的详细描述。第二,原始的投入将被更新,必要时,将修订计算损伤和死亡的建筑成本的方法。因为结果非常敏感，在数个假设中，对每个关键的假设进行了使用的值的范围的分析，而不是只有一个数字。商业圆桌会议研究描述的方法和结果在1979年，业务圆桌会议委托进行的一项研究调查建设业伤害和死亡成本所得出的建设成本上升所震惊。本研究得出结论在工业、公用事业、商业建筑(1982年“改良”)事故成本89亿美元或1370亿美元的6.5%。这些成本包括直接伤害的(保险)和间接成本。他的研究旨在表明,除了道德或人道主义的承诺,所有者的济激励可以减少事故在他们建设项目发生的数量。这可以通过招聘安

6、全承包商,因为不管直接或间接,业主必须承担的成本结构损伤。这项研究是由一组有安全和健康经验9个人组成,代表工业业主、建筑承包商、保险行业。进行一些研究,的一个团队选择从斯坦福大学的土木工程系。工程建设和管理。斯坦福大学中心提供了有经验的人员进行这项研究。斯坦福集团负责开发研究方法和装配和分析数据。业务圆桌会议使用的斯坦福报告(莱维特et al . 1981年)由于伤病和设施成本的百分比计算的理论基础。业务圆桌会议确定对所有者评估工地现场事故的成本而言与三种类型的受伤和死亡成本有关：损伤和死亡的直接成本；受伤和死亡的间接成本;成本的安全程序。斯坦福团队负责收集和分析三种类型的数据，他们收集了直接

7、受伤的成本从组织的溢价和其他信息的数据，和来自于承包商和评级机构的问卷调查的经验修改评级(EMR)数据。最后，通过使用一个问卷调查发现的间接的成本数据以下部分将详细描述用于收集数据和计算6.5%这个数字的方法。首先,将会有一个直接成本的审查。第二,会有间接成本的计算乘数。第三,会有安全项目的成本的讨论。最后,所有的成本将汇总到6.5%这个数字。事故和保险的直接成本建筑事故的直接成本可以被定义为可以直接归因于承包商的损伤和死亡的现金流出。这些都会在下面进行更详细地定义和检查工伤补偿保险绝大多数(90%以上所有行业)的标准保险费来自以前的额定计划(工人1991)，标准保险费的计算公式是：标准保险费

8、=标准保险费率*工资*EMR为了获得最后的价格，许多其他的因素也可能适用于标准保险费。这些广泛的差异来自于各个保险公司的国家规定不同，详细细节请看埃弗雷特和汤普森(1995)。 用大约600名个人按照每个国家年利率分工手动计算事故的平均成本以及管理保险公司的成本和利润，每人100美元的工资。在斯坦福大学的报告中。范围从2到105%的直接费用(莱维特et al。1981)。 工资有雇主直接发放到各个分工的工人手中，每人100美元，但这并不是总工资，有可能有各种加班费和其他费用。工作时间与执行某种类型的工作成函数关系，并不是简单地一天的一小时或一天或这个星期。COSTS OF ACCIDENTS

9、AND INJURIES TO THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRYBy John G. Everett, Member, ASCE, and Peter B. Frank Jr.,z Associate Member, ASCEABSTRACT: In 1979, the Business Round table (BR) commissioned a study to detennine the true costs ofaccidents and injuries in the construction industry. At that time, the BR conc

10、luded that accidents and injuriesaccount for 6.5% of the total cost of industrial, commercial, and utility construction. Since the time of theoriginal study, much has changed in the construction industry. Most importantly, the costs of workers compensation insurance have skyrocketed and there has be

11、en a rash of third-party lawsuits as a result of accidents onconstruction sites. This paper reexamines the total costs of accidents and injuries to the construction industry,updating the original inputs, and, where necessary, modifying methods. Because the results are very sensitiveto several assump

12、tions, the analysis is performed using a range of values for each key assumption, rather thanjust a single figure. This paper shows that the total costs of accidents have risen to somewhere between 7.9%and 15.0% of the total costs of nonresidential, new construction.INTRODUCTIONBy any relevant measu

13、re, construction is not a safe industry.In 1993, despite employing only 5% of the industrial workforce, construction accounted for 14% of all workplace deaths and 9% of disabling injuries (Accident 1994). Although these figures represent declines from the rates experienced in the mid-1980s, injuries

14、 and fatalities on construction sites are still a major problem. In addition to tarnishing the industry S imageand making it more difficult to attract skilled labor, construction injuries are expensive.The sharp rise in the cost of workers compensation insurance (WCI) over the past decade has receiv

15、ed much press coverage. From 1985 to 1993, premiums for construction rades increased at an average rate of 10.5% (Grogan 1993).However, insurance premiums are not the only costs that result from workplace injuries and fatalities. There are also indirect costs that may be several times as much as the

16、 direct costs of njuries. Together, these costs place a large economic burden on contractors, owners, and users of constructed facilities. Further, by increasing the costs of industrial and commercial facilities, the competitive strength of American firms, both at home and abroad, is deprecated. Rea

17、lizing the magnitude of this problem and other productivity issues in the construction industry, in 1979, the Business Round table (BR) (The Business Round table is an organization founded in 1972. It is comprised of more than 200 chief executives of major corporations who meet to focus and act on a

18、 wide range of public issues. Over the years, the aim of the BR in construction has been to promote quality, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness.) commissioned a series of studies to investigate declining productivity in the construction industry, called the Construction Industry Cost-Effectiveness (

19、CICE) project. This project brought together more than 250 people with expertise in construction from both industry and academia. As part of this project, in 1981, the BR commissioned a separate study to examine the costs of injuries in the construction industry (Improving 1982). The purpose of this

20、 study was to draw attention to the true costs of accidents in the industry in the hope that contractors would undertake greater measures to curb these costs.The BR report, adapted from work performed by a group at Stanford University, California, concluded that the total cost of injuries and fatali

21、ties in the construction industry accounts for 6.5% of the total cost of industrial, utility, and commercial construction. Since that time, however, much has changed. Although injury rates have decreased, soaring medical costs and widespread abuse of benefits (Workers 1991), have caused the cost of

22、WCI to skyrocket. Also contributing to the rise in WCI costs is increased recognition by the medical community, insurers, and workers themselves that many ailments such as cumulative trauma disorders, hearing loss, low-back pain,stress, and others are work-related and are compensible. Third party cl

23、aims have also become much more prevalent. The objective of this paper is to determine the total costsof accidents and injuries to the construction industry. The paper will first go through a detailed description of how the original figure of 6.5% of total construction costs was calculated. Second,

24、the original inputs will be updated, and, where necessary, changes in methods will be made resulting in a revised cost of construction injuries and fatalities. Because the results are very sensitive to several assumptions, the analysis will be made using a range of values for each key assumption, ra

25、ther than just a single figure.DESCRIPTION OF METHODS AND RESULTS OF BUSINESS ROUNDTABLE STUDY In 1979, the BR, alarmed at the rising costs of construction, commissioned a study to look into the costs of injuries and fatalities in the construction industry. This study concluded that accidents cost $

26、8.9 billion or 6.5% of the $137 billion (1979 dollars) spent annually for industrial, utility, and commercial construction (Improving 1982). These costs include both direct (insurable) and indirect costs of injuries.The study intended to show that, in addition to a moral or humanitarian commitment,

27、owners have an economic incentive to reduce the number of accidents that occur on their construction projects. This could be accomplished through the hiring of safe contractors because, directly or indirectly, owners must bear the costs of construction injuries. The study was conducted by a team of

28、nine individuals experienced in safety and health issues, representing industrialowners, construction contractors, and the insurance industry.To undertake some of the research for the study, a team wasselected from Stanford Universitys Department of Civil Engineering. The Construction Engineering an

29、d Management Center at Stanford provided the expertise and personnel for the research. The Stanford group was responsible for developing the study methods and assembling and analyzing the data. The BR used the Stanford report (Levitt et al. 1981) as a theoretical basis for calculating the percentage

30、 of project costs attributable to injuries and facilities. The BR study team identified three types of costs relevant to owners in terms of evaluating the costs of job site accidents, injuries, and fatalities: direct costs of injuries and fatalities; indirect costs of injuries and fatalities; and co

31、sts of safety programs. The Stanford team was responsible for gathering and analyzing three types of data, They gathered data on the direct costs of injuries from WCI premiums and other information, Experience modification rating (EMR)data was gathered from surveys of contractors and rating agencies

32、, and finally, indirect cost data was found through the use of a questionnaire. The following sections will describe in detail the methods used to gather the data and calculate the 6.5% figure. First,there will be an examination of the direct costs. Second, a calculation of an indirect cost multipli

33、er. Third, there will be a discussion of the costs of safety programs. Finally, all of the costs will be aggregated to arrive at the 6.5% figure. Columns 1-4 of Table 1 summarize the discussion to followDIRECT COSTS OF ACCIDENTS AND INSURANCE Direct costs of construction accidents can be defined as

34、those actual, contractor cash flows that can be directly attributable to injuries and fatalities. These are defined and examined in more detail below.Workers Compensation Insurance The vast majority (more than 90% in all industries) of WCI premium dollars come from experience rated plans (Workers199

35、1), where the WCI standard premium is based on the formula Standard premium =manual rate X payroll units X EMR (1) To get the final WCI premium, a number of other factors may be applied to the standard premium. These vary widely from state to state and among insurance carriers. For more details, see

36、 Everett and Thompson (1995) WCI manual rates are calculated annually for each state for each of about 600 individual work classifications. Manual rates represent the average cost of accidents plus administrative costs and profit for the insurer per $100 of straight time payroll for each work classi

37、fication. In the Stanford report, the seranged from 2 to 105% of direct labor dollars (Levitt et al.1981). Payroll units are found by dividing an employers straight time direct labor cost by $100. The logic of using straight time payroll rather than total payroll, which may include overtime and other premiums, is that the risk exposure associated with performing a certain type of work is a function of the time spent working, regardless of the hour of the day or the day of the week.