碳和碳的氧化物讲义版

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1、专业好文档碳和碳的氧化物一、碳的几种单质金刚石无色透明，正八面体形状的固体，是天然最硬的物质。1、常温下，碳的化学性质不活泼，但在高温或点燃条件下，碳的活性大大增强。2、可燃性：碳在氧气中充分燃烧：C + O2 点燃 CO2碳在氧气中不充分燃烧： 2C + O2 点燃 2CO3、还原性：木炭还原氧化铜：C+ 2CuO 高温 2Cu + CO2用于装饰品钻石，切割玻璃、钻探机的钻头。石墨深灰色，有金属光泽，不透明细鳞片状固体，质软，有良好的导电性、润滑性常用于做电极，铅笔芯、石墨炸弹等活性碳吸附性常用木炭与活性炭做吸附剂。防毒面具、除色素A:C60是一种由60个碳原子构成的分子，形似足球，性质很

2、稳定。B:金刚石和石墨的物理性质有很大差异的原因是：碳原子的排列不同。C:CO和CO2的化学性质有很大差异的原因是：分子的构成不同。D:无定形碳：由石墨的微小晶体和少量杂质构成.主要有:焦炭,木炭,活性炭,炭黑等.E:活性炭、木炭具有强烈的吸附性，焦炭用于冶铁，炭黑加到橡胶里能够增加轮胎的耐磨性。二、.单质碳的化学性质单质碳的物理性质各异,而各种单质碳的化学性质却完全相同!1、常温下的稳定性强2、可燃性: 完全燃烧(氧气充足),生成CO2: C+O2点燃CO2 （如何验证co2）不完全燃烧(氧气不充足),生成CO： 2C+O2点燃2CO (如何验证co)3、还原性：C+2CuO 高温 2Cu+

3、CO2 （置换反应） 应用：冶金工业 现象：黑色粉末逐渐变成光亮红色，石灰水变浑浊。2Fe2O3+3C高温4Fe+3CO2 (现象： )三、二氧化碳的制法、实验室制取气体的思路：（原理、装置、检验）（1）发生装置：由反应物状态及反应条件决定：反应物是固体，需加热，制气体时则用高锰酸钾制O2的发生装置。 （仪器选择） 反应物是固体与液体，不需要加热，制气体时则用制H2的发生装置。 （仪器选择）（2）收集方法：气体的密度及溶解性决定：难溶于水用排水法收集 CO只能用排水法 （为什么不用排空气法）密度比空气大用向上排空气法 CO2只能用向上排空气法 （CO2 能不分溶于水） 密度比空气小用向下排空气

4、法2、二氧化碳的实验室制法1）原理：用石灰石和稀盐酸反应：CaCO3+2HCl=CaCl2+H2O+CO2A:不能用浓盐酸（产生的气体不纯含有HCl（浓HCL易挥发），B:不能用稀硫酸（生成的CaSO4微溶于水，覆盖在大理石的表面阻止了反应的进行C:固体不能用碳酸钠代替大理石，因为碳酸钠与盐酸反应太剧烈，使生成的气体不易收集，同时，碳酸钠相对于大理石来说价格较高，不经济。结论：在实验室里制取二氧化碳最佳药品是用大理石或石灰石和稀盐酸反应，二者反应速率适中、药品价格廉价易得，制得的气体比较纯净。2) 选用和制氢气相同的发生装置 选用和过氧化氢制氧气相同的发生装置3）气体收集方法：向上排空气法4）

5、验证方法：将制得的气体通入澄清的石灰水，如能浑浊，则是二氧化碳。 验满方法：用点燃的木条，放在集气瓶口，木条熄灭。证明已集满二氧化碳气体。3、二氧化碳的工业制法： 煅烧石灰石：CaCO3高温CaO+CO2生石灰和水反应可得熟石灰：CaO+H2O=Ca(OH)2（熟石灰）四、二氧化碳的性质1、物理性质：无色,无味的气体,密度比空气大,能溶于水,高压低温下可得固体-干冰2、化学性质:1)一般情况下不能燃烧,也不支持燃烧，不能供给呼吸2)与水反应生成碳酸： CO2+H2O=H2CO3 生成的碳酸能使紫色的石蕊试液变红，H2CO3 = H2O+ CO2 碳酸不稳定,易分解3)能使澄清的石灰水变浑浊：C

6、O2+Ca(OH)2=CaCO3+H2O 本反应用于检验二氧化碳。4）与灼热的碳反应： C+CO2高温2CO （吸热反应，既是化合反应又是氧化还原反应，CO2是氧化剂，C是还原剂）3、用途：灭火（灭火器原理：Na2CO3+2HCl=2NaCl+H2O+CO2）既利用其物理性质，又利用其化学性质 干冰用于人工降雨、制冷剂 温室肥料4、二氧化碳多环境的影响：过多排放引起温室效应防止温室效应的措施有 减少使用化石燃料、 开发新能源 、 大力植树造林 。5.自然界中的CO2的产生人和动植物的呼吸 煤等化石燃料的燃烧 消耗的途径：植物的光和作用五、一氧化碳1、物理性质：无色，无味的气体，密度比空气略小，

7、难溶于水2、有毒：吸进肺里与血液中的血红蛋白结合，使人体缺少氧气而中毒。3、化学性质: （H2、CO、C具有相似的化学性质：可燃性 还原性）1）可燃性：2CO+O2点燃2CO2 （可燃性气体点燃前一定要检验纯度）H2和O2的燃烧火焰是：发出淡蓝色的火焰。CO和O2的燃烧火焰是：发出蓝色的火焰。CH4和O2的燃烧火焰是：发出明亮的蓝色火焰。鉴别：H2、CO、CH4可燃性的气体：看燃烧产物（不可根据火焰颜色）（水煤气：H2与CO 的混合气体 C + H2O高温 H2 + CO）2）还原性： CO+CuO Cu+CO2 （非置换反应） 应用：冶金工业 现象：黑色的氧化铜逐渐变成光亮红色，石灰水变浑浊

8、。 Fe2O3+3CO高温2Fe+3CO2（现象：红棕色粉末逐渐变成黑色，石灰水变浑浊。）除杂：COCO2 通入石灰水 或氢氧化钠溶液： CO2+2NaOH=Na2CO3+H2O CO2CO 通过灼热的氧化铜 CO+CuO Cu+CO2 CaOCaCO3只能煅烧（不可加盐酸） CaCO3高温CaO+CO2注意：检验CaO是否含CaCO3加盐酸 ：CaCO3+2HCl=CaCl2+H2O+CO2 （CO32-的检验：先加盐酸，然后将产生的气体通入澄清石灰水。）4、自然界中碳的循环（1）大气中二氧化碳产生的主要途径 化石燃料的燃烧、动植物遗骸被生物分解、动植物呼吸（2）大气中二氧化碳的消耗 二氧化

9、碳溶于水、植物的光合作用5、C、CO、CO2的转化6、应用（1）利用了CO2不能燃烧，也不支持燃烧，密度比空气大的性质，做灭火剂。（2）CO2能与NaOH反应，解释NaOH溶液露置空气中变质现象。CO2能与Ca(OH)2反应产生白色沉淀，利用这一反应检验CO2或Ca(OH)2溶液（3）一氧化碳作为还原剂冶炼金属，并注意尾气处理。（4）CO2、CO的性质与功用、危害关系物质性质功用或危害CO2大气中二氧化碳含量增加，地表热量不易散发温室效应加剧干冰升华吸热人工降雨绿色植物在阳光照射下，把CO2和H2O转化成糖光合作用、大棚内气体肥料通常条件下不能燃烧，不支持燃烧灭火CO可燃性，燃烧产生热量重要气

10、体燃料跟血红蛋白极易结合缺氧中毒7、碳酸和碳酸盐化学式来源和性质用途CaCO3（大理石、石灰石）难溶于水，在高温下分解，能与酸反应建筑材料Na2CO3（碳酸钠俗称纯碱、苏打）易溶于水，水溶液显碱性，能与酸反应食品、造纸、洗涤剂NaHCO3（碳酸氢钠俗称小苏打）能溶于水，水溶液显碱性，不稳定，加热易分解洗涤剂、灭火剂Winger Tuivasa-Sheck, who scored two tries in the Kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over England, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while

11、 Slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against USA.Both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but Australia have not conceded a try since Josh Charnleys effort in their first pool match against England on the opening day.Aussie winger

12、Jarryd Hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by Tuivasa-Sheck with eight.But it is recently named Rugby League International Federation player of the year Sonny Bill Williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.The Kiwi - with a tournament high

13、 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the World Cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the All Blacks in 2011.Id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend, said Williams.The (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman I

14、slands-based Webb, the head of Fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend Citys Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday.I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure, he told BBC Sport.For me i

15、ts about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.Uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against CSKAfor the racist behaviour of their fans duringCitys 2-1 win.Michel Platini, president of European footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate

16、 investigation into the referees actions.CSKA said they were surprised and disappointed by Toures complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA. Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda.

17、The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) w

18、here our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e

19、 can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.They blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake

20、against the Kiwis in Manchester.Five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by Englands Josh Charnley in the opening game of the tournament.That could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but I have b

21、een impressed by the Kangaroos focus in their games since then.They have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-chase. Theyve been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often go

22、es unnoticed in the stands but not by your team-mates.It is as though their entire tournament has been preparation for the final.In Johnathan Thurston, Cooper Cronk, Cameron Smith and either Billy Slater or Greg Inglis at full-back they have a spine that is unmatched in rugby league. They have playe

23、d in so many high-pressure games - a priceless asset going into Saturday.The Kiwis are a lot less experienced but winning a dramatic match like their semi-final against England will do wonders for their confidence.They defeated Australia in the Four Nations final in 2010 and the last World Cup, and know they can rise to the big occasion.5