茶叶生产机械化发展现状调查

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1、茶叶生产机械化发展现状调查 茶叶是XX区传统特色产业,目前全区共有茶叶种植面积X万多亩,年产量XX多吨,年产值XX多万元,注册茶叶生产企业十几家,拥有“XX”牌三山玉叶、“妙手”牌天赐玉叶、“海和森”茶叶、XX惊茗、七顶玉叶等名优品牌,其中玉叶茶屡屡在全国各类茶叶评比中获奖。为进一步推进茶叶产业,近年来,XX区农机化管理站在茶叶机械化生产上进行了多方面的探索,着力推动茶叶生产机械化的发展。 一、XX茶叶生产机械的发展现状 区农机化管理站以落实农机购置补贴政策为契机,在全区大力推广茶叶生产机械。截止2011年底,全区茶叶生产机械总动力1172kw, 总台数627台,其中茶叶剪修机105台,采摘机

2、40台,揉捻机112台,多功能理条机78台,杀青机49台,扁形茶叶炒制机138台,其它茶叶机械105台,基本实现了茶叶生产管理与加工的初步机械化,大大降低了茶农的劳动强度,提高了茶农的劳动效益。 (一)茶园管理机械发展现状 全区很多茶园虽已有多个作业环节开始利用机械进行作业,但茶园管理总体机械化水平不高,茶园管理还是以人工作业为主。由于市场缺少适用的机械或因为价格原因,茶园的中耕作业、施肥作业、植保作业及灌溉作业基本是依靠人工完成。对于修剪作业,由于目前市场上修剪机械技术成熟,价格合理,我区许多地方茶园修剪基本实现了机械化作业。 (二)茶叶加工机械发展现状 相对于茶园管理机械化发展来说,我区茶

3、叶加工机械化程度有着较高的水平。由于茶叶加工机械品种多,机型比较齐全,基本上满足了我区茶叶加工产业发展的需要。目前,我区的茶叶加工已基本实现机械化,根据加工需要,可完成茶叶的初、精加工。 二、北仑区茶叶生产机械化存在的问题 多年来,北仑区茶叶生产机械化工作取得了令人鼓舞的成绩,但茶叶生产机械化发展水平还较低, 茶园管理机械化工作进展不快。 1、茶园田间管理作业机械缺乏。茶园田间管理作业机械短缺,茶园管理还是以人工作业为主,缺少配套适用的耕作、施肥、植保、灌溉等机具。因茶园管理机械对生产基础有较高的要求,如开展机采工作,对山地茶园的坡度、梯面、道路、品种、栽培方式等各种基础条件都有适当的要求,而

4、目前不少茶园达不到要求,不能进行机采等机械化管理工作。而我国茶叶机械生产企业生产的茶园田间管理机械种类不全,且生产的大都是一些通用类机械,其不适用于茶区作业。 2、茶叶加工机械设备较落后。虽然我区每年的茶叶机械增长迅速,但由于经济条件、资金投入等诸多因素,绝大多数茶叶生产加工机械配套不合理,简单加工型多,复式成套型少,传统粗放型多,高科技、连续化、清洁化机械少,制茶单机自动控制水平不高,难以组成全自动生产线,制茶效率不高,工艺简单,质量稳定性不高,造成茶叶色、香、味、形不一致,影响了茶叶加工品质,进而制约了产业化发展水平。 3、茶叶机械应用效果有待提高。近年来,区农机管理部门虽然经常开展制茶机

5、械操作培训,但由于现有茶叶生产从业人员普遍年龄偏大,文化水平低,因此培训效果不是很理想。不少茶农仍然采用传统落后的制茶方法,即使有了一些茶叶生产机械,对技术参数、操作要点掌握不到位,使一些机械性能得不到有效发挥,遇到茶叶机械故障排除、茶机维修保养、零配件替换等技术问题还是难以展开。 4、茶叶生产规模小管理分散。虽然全区涌现了一批茶叶加工龙头企业,但单家独户手工加工茶叶的现象仍然存在,影响了性能先进但价格较高的茶叶机械的购置,因此现在推广的茶机大部分机型小、生产能力低、经营分散,茶叶机械化生产成套流水线、连续化作业设备不够,茶业机械的智能化程度较低,导致先进的加工机械利用率不高,影响了茶叶生产、

6、加工整体质量的提高。 5、农机化服务体系薄弱。目前区各乡镇农机服务站人员配备不足,一般每个乡镇只保留12人,且乡镇农机工作人员身兼数职,农机工作只占极小部分,不能全身心从事农机推广工作。同时全区农机推广人员年龄结构不合理,尤其是乡镇农机推广人员,年龄老化。虽然农机推广人员长期从事农机工作,拥有丰富的实践经验,但在当前农业产业化大发展的情况下,特别是面对日益先进的新机具新技术,从事农机推广工作需要较宽的知识面,能向茶农介绍、指导各种新式茶机的使用性能,知识的缺乏,很难承担起推广任务,必将影响茶叶机械的推广工作。 三、北仑区发展茶叶生产机械的建议 1、大力加强茶园基础设施建设。茶园基础设施建设对茶

7、园管理机械化有着重要影响,由于茶园大都建于山坡地上,导致了茶园平整度、道路和水源等基础设施都比较差,给茶园的机械化作业带来了很大影响。为此,要推进茶园标准化建设,对一些不合理的茶园结构进行调整,老茶园进行改造,逐步做好茶园种植面、道路、栽培方式等整体规划建设,创造适合于机械化生产的基础条件。 2、全面提升茶叶加工机械化水平。应进一步加大资金投入与政策扶持力度,大力推动加工机械的更新换代与茶园管理机械的推广。把扶持现有的茶叶生产龙头企业放在更加突出的位置优先发展,通过龙头企业和茶叶加工户的带动,积极推进茶叶加工机械化进程向更高层次发展。加快茶叶机械的更新换代,大力推广先进、适用、节能、环保的新机

8、械,淘汰过时的加工工艺和设备,逐步改变单机加工作业向机电一体化、智能化茶叶生产线的现代化加工方式转变,提高产品质量和生产效率。 3、提高劳动者的技术水平。要充分发挥农机技术人员和茶叶专家的作用, 注重基础培训, 以加工企业和茶叶大户为重点,深入到村,培训到户,开展茶叶机械化生产技术培训,特别是培训和提高农户使用茶叶机械的意识、素质和操作技能,使茶农了解茶叶生产机械性能和机械操作以及维修、保养等技术要领,学习掌握茶园管理、种植采摘、加工等工艺如何适应机械化生产,提高生产者的应用操作水平, 培养一批茶叶种植加工能手,不断提高茶机使用操作技能,发挥好茶叶机械的作用。 4、发展茶叶生产农机社会化服务组

9、织。针对目前茶园经营规模小, 栽培机械推广难的状况, 要积极引导茶农成立茶业合作社等经济合作组织, 提高产业集聚化程度,改变单一的农户生产方式,促进茶叶生产上规模、上批量、上档次、上效益。同时,要重点培育发展茶机大户,鼓励和支持现有机户提供茶机作业服务,解决众多规模较小茶农的实际问题, 促进栽培机械推广工作的开展, 提升产业发展水平。 5、形成一支较高水平的茶叶机械推广队伍。加强茶叶机械推广人员自身技术培训,只有茶叶机械推广人员自身技术过关,才能真正起到指导和推广作用。通过考察学习、培训,开拓视野,掌握基本理论知识,通过深入调研和实践,掌握实际情况和实践经验。对于茶叶机械化发展,农机推广人员应

10、多关注搜索更多、更好、更适用的茶叶生产机械,及时引进推广给全区的广大茶农。QcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGshLs50cLmTWN60eo8Wgqv7XAv2OHUm32WGeaUwYDIAWGMeR4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGtgKQcWA3P tGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGshLs50cLmTWN60eo8Wgqv7XAv2

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26、Ghn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGtgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGshLs50cLmTWN60eo8Wgqv7XAv2OHUm32WGeaUwYDIAWGMeR4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGtgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGshLs50c

27、LmTWN60eo8Wgqv7XAv2OHUm32WGeaUwYDIAWGMeR4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGGeaUwYDIAWGMeR4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGtgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGshLs50cLmTWN60eo8Wgqv7XAv2OHUm32WGeaUwYDIAWGMeR4I30kA1

28、DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGtgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGshLs50cLmTWN60eo8Wgqv7XAv2OHUm32WGeaUwYDIAWGeR4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGtgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGshLs50cLmTWN60eo8Wgqv7XAv2OHUm32WGeaUwYDIAWGMeR4I30kA1DkaGhn3XtKknBYCUDxqA7FHYi2CHhI92tgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30kA1DkaGtgKQcWA3PtGZ7R4I30