运用历史智慧推进反腐倡廉

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1、运用历史智慧推进反腐倡廉考察数千年中国历代王朝的衰败史，几乎无一不是被愈演愈烈的官吏腐败之风摧垮。鉴于此，大多王朝都倾心致力于反腐治吏，同时也给我们留下了一部厚重而饱涵反腐智慧的廉政文化史。习近平总书记近期指出：研究我国反腐倡廉历史，了解我国古代廉政文化，考察我国历史上反腐倡廉的成败得失，可以给人以深刻启迪，有利于我们运用历史智慧推进反腐倡廉建设。实现中国梦，干部是决定的因素，推进治官反腐、加强廉政建设是关键。管子把“廉”视为治国的“四维”之一：“国有四维，一维绝则倾，二维绝则危，三维绝则覆，四维绝则灭。何谓四维？一曰礼，二曰义，三曰廉，四曰耻。”就是说，“廉”是治国理政的的纲纪法度之一，如同

2、支撑国家大厦的柱子，一旦被蠹折，国家就有倾覆的危险。“蠹众而木折，隙大而墙坏”，考察数千年中国历代王朝的衰败史，几乎无一不是被愈演愈烈的官吏腐败之风摧垮。鉴于此，大多王朝都倾心致力于反腐治吏，同时也给我们留下了一部厚重而饱涵反腐智慧的廉政文化史。积极借鉴我国历史上优秀廉政文化，不断提高拒腐防变和抵御风险能力，是确保党始终同人民心连心、同呼吸、共命运的大问题，是确保顺利实现中国梦的必然要求。借鉴我国古代优秀廉政文化，运用历史智慧推进反腐倡廉，要以历史的宽广眼界博取精华，以时代的反腐诉求为导向，研究新情况，解决新问题。考察优秀廉政文化的反腐智慧，主要表现在德治、法治与民本三大领域：在德治领域，坚持

3、道德导向，以徳育材，以廉选吏。在廉德教育方面，朱元璋很有些特招。他亲自编印反腐统编教材醒贪简要录，历数纳税人之劳苦用以唤醒官吏的“仁心”，历数严刑酷法用以威慑官吏的“贪心”；并颁布发行以防腐为大旨的大诰，每户一本，下令官民皆要学习，做到 “家传人诵，得以惩戒而遵守之”；且将大诰三编定为培养和招录官吏的学习课程和科举策试内容。如此，较好地实现了反腐的社会教育、学校教育、家庭教育与中央意旨的统一。在以廉选吏方面，对失廉者“零容忍”，“一票否决”。周礼明确规定把“廉”作为考察官吏的基本尺度；晋时考官以“公廉” 为首；唐朝考课以“清慎明著” 为四善之一；两宋考课均以“清谨”、“廉恪”为上。在道徳导向方

4、面，历代王朝都很重视褒奖廉政官吏，尤为重视在高官中树立道德楷模，如唐玄宗厚赐一贫如洗的廉相卢怀慎，雍正帝提拔重用敢于惩贪碰硬的廉政巡抚田文镜等。这些举措，对反腐倡廉起到了积极的道德导向作用。在法治领域，致力制度反腐，重典治贪，监察独立。在重典治贪制度建设上，继秦律、汉律后，专为治吏的“官吏法规”为历代王朝立法所重视，尤其是汉、魏、唐、宋、明、清，无不将重典治贪作为一项重要的法律制度精心打造作为将此认同。从量刑级别看，官吏普遍重于平民。如唐律则规定，监临主司（监察主管）受贿十五匹者处绞刑。而普通百姓盗窃，即使五十匹，只是役流。宋朝开国，以彰忠厚，“凡罪罚悉从轻减，独于赃吏最严”。古代大赦史也表明

5、，平民罪犯多受赦免，贪官污吏者罕见有赦。中国古代的监察制度，体系完备，职能独立，上下实行垂直统辖，直接向中央负责，不受任何机构、官员的约束，“自皇太子以下，无所不纠”。监察独立，从制度上保证了对各级官僚机构和官员的有效监督，在防范官员腐败方面起到了重要作用。在民本领域，重视平民路线，支持上访，鼓励民告官。自秦、汉两朝开始，设有专门接待上访的官职如“公车令”等，魏晋以后各朝正式设置便于百姓“击鼓喊冤”的“登闻鼓”；明朝除了允许越级告状、鼓励实名举报外，还晓谕百姓不分贵贱，只要发现“私下巧立名目，害民取财”的贪腐官吏，无论其官职大小，皆可上访告发，各级官府、官吏皆不得拦阻。清朝同样鼓励平民百姓越级

6、上告贪官，严谨“截访”，“凡扣压平民上书者，全家族诛”；甚至可直接拦驾喊冤告贪。尽管历代王朝的平民反腐还有很大的历史局限性，但是它所起的积极作用是不可否定的。中国古代反腐倡廉的历史经验，我们今天不可能完全照搬，但智慧没有时限。反复倡廉的历史智慧可以给我们以深刻启迪。在德治建设上它启迪我们，要科学整合全社会的教育资源，使反腐倡廉的思想道德教育进教材、进学校（包括各级党校、行政学院）、进课堂、进家庭、进考场，形成强大的社会合力；确立以徳为先、以廉为上的可操作性强的选干、晋升标准和程序；加强公务员、特别是中高级领导干部的廉徳形象建设，使其廉身、廉家、廉政的实况一览无余地展现在阳光下，走进千家万户的视

7、野。在法治建设上它启迪我们，要健全公务员刑事法律制度，确立和坚持从严从重的原则，科学设置处罚的刑度、刑级、刑罚裁量标准；健全直接向中央负责，不受任何机构、官员约束的监察独立制度；建立科学的网络反腐制度。在民主建设上它启迪我们，要规范和完善信访制度, 支持上访，切实解决上访难的问题，建立科学、高效、权威的信访问题解决机制和终结机制，打击截访、报复等行为，尊重媒体监督，重视网络举报。人民是历史的主体，也是反腐斗争的主力军。人民群众积极有序地参加反腐，就能构筑起真正的天罗地网，做到“天网恢恢，疏而不漏”。历览前朝兴与衰，成由廉政败由腐。腐败是实现中国梦的大敌，大敌当前，必须打倒！QcWA3PtGZ7

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