阅读理解之文章结构题

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1、十四、文章结构题专题二 第二节 分类突破 感悟体会名师点津内容索引 随堂限时练 感悟体会 一、篇章结构题(2018“六校联盟”第三次联考)Careers in zoology are extremely varied and unique，and can provide incredible learning and work opportunities for anyone devoted to animal studies and welfare.Zoology，or the study of animals，is a wide field with many specialties，in

2、cluding research，conservation，veterinary(兽医的) medicine，and the care of animals.For people with a love of animals and some training，dreams of careers in zoology may come true. Some careers in zoology focus on research and scientific studies.These careers may allow those with a good theoretical scienc

3、e background to develop and run studies that improve human understanding of the animal world.Research in zoology can help create safer and more effective products for animals or can teach humans more about animal behavior in order to aid in conservation，breeding programs，and habitat preservation. Ca

4、reers in zoology that focus on conservation attach great importance to the continued survival and increased protection of animal species.Conservationists may work with political groups or governments to help make laws to protect and preserve animals，or may work in the field gathering information on

5、potential threats to the health of global ecosystems.Some conservationists work in educational fields，trying to improve human efforts to save animals from extinction. Animals are subject to illness and injury，and some careers in zoology help to create a safe，stable animal population.Veterinary medic

6、ine is an important specialty field，and may take several years of intensive training to qualify as a certified veterinarian.While many veterinarians focus on the small-animal practice of domestic pets，vets in rural areas often work with large farm animals and more adventurous veterinarians may work

7、with exotic species in zoos and wildlife preserves. Humans love to observe animals，and modern-day zoos and wildlife preserves help meet that interest while providing facilities to assist with conservation programs.Zoology careers in zoos can range from overseeing breeding programs，to creating the pr

8、oper diet for a deer，or to cleaning the tiger s cage.Many volunteer and entry-level jobs are available for people that love animals. 语篇解读语篇解读文章介绍了动物学相关职业的多样性，并就四种相关的职业进行了具体讲解。 1.What is the purpose of researching on animals in zoology?A.To help governments make laws.B.To improve researchers scientif

9、ic knowledge.C.To create safe and effective products for humans.D.To educate people to protect animals.解析细节理解题。根据第二段末句可知，动物学研究动物的目的是教育人们保护动物。故选D。 答案解析 2.What can careers in zoology that focus on veterinary medicine help?A.Better understand animals.B.Protect animals health.C.Clean the animals cages.D

10、.Increase the number of animals.解析推理判断题。根据第四段前两句可知，动物易得疾病且易受伤害，动物学方面的某些职业如兽医学有助于创造一个安全、稳定的动物种群。由此可知，B项描述正确，故选B。 答案解析 3.Which of the following shows the structure of the whole passage?(P1Paragraph 1；P2Paragraph 2；P3Paragraph 3；P4Paragraph 4；P5Paragraph 5) 答案解析 解析篇章结构题。第一段介绍了动物学方面的职业是多样而独特的，是总述。第二段从研究

11、方面介绍；第三段介绍了自然保护的动物学工作；第四段是兽医学可以保护动物健康的介绍；第五段讲述了现代的动物园和野生动物保护区既有助于满足人们的兴趣，又提供了一些设施来帮助保护动物。后边四个段落从不同角度对第一段进行分述，A项图例符合文章结构。故选A。 4.What does the passage mainly present?A.Volunteers passion for zoology.B.A new idea of careers in zoology.C.Different types of careers in zoology.D.Effective measures of anim

12、al protection. 答案解析解析主旨大意题。文章介绍了动物学的相关职业是非常多样和独特的，并就四种职业进行了讲解。故选C。 二、写作手法题There are many places to go on safari(观赏野生动物) in Africa，but riding a horse through the flooded waters of Botswana s Okavango Delta must rank as one of the world s most exciting wildlife journeys.Several safari camps operate as

13、 the base for this adventure，providing unique rides twice a day to explore deep into the delta.The camps have excellent horses，professional guides and lots of support workers.They have a reputation for providing a great riding experience. The morning ride，when the guides take you to beautiful，shallo

14、w lakes full of water lilies，tends to be more active.It is unlike any other riding experience.With rainbows forming in the splashing water around you and the sound of huge drops of water bouncing off your body and face，it is truly exciting.You are very likely to come across large wild animals，too.On

15、 horseback it is possible to get quite close to elephants，giraffes and many other animals.The sense of excitement and tension levels rise suddenly though，as does your heart rate，as you move closer to them. In the evening，rides are usually at a more relaxed and unhurried pace，with golden light stream

16、ing across the grassy delta and the animals coming out to eat and drink.Sedate though they are，rides at this time of day are still very impressive.As the sun s rays pass through the dust kicked up by the horses，the romance of Africa comes to life.Back at the camp you can kick off your boots and enjo

17、y excellent food and wine.Looking back on your day，you will find it hard to deny that a horseback safari is as close as you will ever come to answering the call of the wild. The author introduces the riding experience in the Okavango Delta mainly by .A.following space orderB.following time orderC.ma

18、king classificationsD.giving examples解析写作手法题。整篇文章是根据在非洲观赏野生动物的时间顺序组织的。 答案解析 名师点津 一、题型解读近几年全国卷均未对篇章结构题这一考点进行考查，但近几年地方卷偶有涉及。此类题目能全面地、深层次地考查考生的阅读理解能力，为防止2019年高考爆冷，仅编写此考点，供学有余力的考生选用。 二、解题技巧把脉络看结构篇章结构题主要是针对文章的整体篇章结构或某一段落的展开层次所设置的问题。高考对文章结构的考查主要涉及两个层次：一是按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构；二是按写作手法(论证方法)理解文章的结构。设问形式常有：(1)Which

19、 of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage?(2)Which of the following shows the organization/structure of the (whole) passage? 因此这类题的解题方法也分为两种，如下图所示： 注意：1.文章的段落组织通常采用“总分；分总；总分总”的框架。2.内容的展开则常用以下手法：时间顺序：按时间先后顺序说明某一事物的发展情况。空间顺序：按照事物的空间结构顺序进行描写或说明。例证关系：所列举的事物用来论证观点，通常是数据、事例等。对比或类比关系

20、：这类文章通常以对比各事物之间的共同点或差异为主。例如：【感悟体会】 一中第3题，通读全文，把握各段大意可知：第一段介绍了动物学方面的职业是多样而独特的，是总述。第二段从研究方面介绍；第三段介绍了自然保护的动物学工作；第四段是兽医学可以保 护动物健康的介绍；第五段讲述了现代的动物园和野生动物保护区既有助于满足人们的兴趣，又提供了一些设施来帮助保护动物。分析每一段的关系发现：后面四个段落从不同的角度对第一段进行了分述，所以这篇文章是“总分”结构，A项图例符合文章结构。故选A。【感悟体会】二中，通读全文发现文章中出现很多线索词，如The morning ride，In the evening，Ba

21、ck at the camp，可知文章是根据时间顺序来介绍骑马观赏野生动物的。故选B项。 随堂限时练 A(2018江西赣州一模)Time wasters are real enemies of success.Time wasters could be people，events or habits that lead to the opposite path away from our goals.The most important starting point in removing the time wasters in life is to know about them.We ne

22、ed to sit down and analyze the activities which take our time. Start by making a list of our activities and sort out the neither urgent nor important ones.Sometimes it could be a simple addiction to a TV Soap Opera，constant 1distractions，or even one of our core(核心的) activities that we are not excell

23、ent at doing.We can，for instance，imagine that we are a business owner and we keep sabotaging our business deals，leading the company into great financial problems.It may be time for us to have our associates do the marketing while we concentrate on the areas we are best in.The next thing would be to

24、make sure that we plan our daily activities.One of the obvious reasons is that we will have an upper hand in fighting against time wasters in our schedule.If what we want to do or what we don t want to do becomes clear，our focus is strengthened. Moreover，when we think of people we spend time with，we

25、 are sure to notice that some have a more positive 9impact on our success while others have a negative one.It is important to be able to 2distinguish them especially with regard to our schedule.While we do not 3advocate for everyone to throw away relationships，it is good to know that helping a frien

26、d who is emotionally disturbed can wait till dinner time.Finally，do the same to our habits.List all the habits and addictions that take any amount of our time.Then，take a little time to straighten them out in line with their importance and urgency. Depending on our analysis，kill those that are harmf

27、ul to our goals in life.语篇解读本文主要讲述了如何从我们的日常生活中清除浪费时间的事。语篇解读 1.Which of the following is the best title for the passage?A.The Importance of Developing Good HabitsB.The Significance of Planning Daily ActivitiesC.Ways of Distinguishing People We Spend Time withD.Ways of Removing Time Wasters from Our L

28、ives解析标题归纳题。由全文主题句“ We need to sit down and analyze the activities which take our time.”可知，本文主要讲述了如何从我们的日常生活中清除浪费时间的事，故选D。 答案解析 2.The underlined word “ sabotaging” in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to “ ” .A.promoting B.offeringC.damaging D.striking 答案解析解析词义猜测题。画线词所在句句意为：例如，我们可以想象我们是一名企业主，并且在生意中一

29、直 ，导致公司陷入严重的财务问题。从句意可知，画线词表示一个负面的意思，只有C项符合。 解析推理判断题。由第一段中的“ Time wasters could be people，events or habits that lead to the opposite path away from our goals.”可以推断出浪费时间的人、事件或习惯会让我们在实现目标的过程中分心，选C。3.What do we know about time wasters from the passage?A.They fail to set clear goals for their life.B.They

30、 arrange things on importance and need.C.They turn away our attention from achieving goals.D.They are addicted to sorting out the important activities.答案解析 解析篇章结构题。这篇文章采用了总分总的结构，故选B。4.Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage?A.P1 P2 P3 P4B.P1 P2，P3 P4C.P1 P2，P3，P4D.P1，P2

31、，P3 P4答案解析 BBefore I studied 4psychology，I used to think that people would laugh when funny things occurred.While I was right about that，I discovered there are lots of other psychological 5factors that make people laugh 10other than the funny part of a joke.When someone laughs at a joke，there will u

32、sually be more than one reason that makes him laughand the more reasons there are，the more powerful the joke will be. I was attending a stand-up comedy show in Egypt，and when the man started to make fun of the way pedestrians crossing streets，everyone laughed their hearts out.The main reason those p

33、eople strongly laughed was that almost all of them felt angry towards those pedestrians who crossed the streets carelessly.The joke wasn t only funny but it also made the audience feel that they were right about being angry at those pedestrians.That is，people were laughing both because of the funny

34、joke and because of the happiness experienced as a result of the psychological support they got. The more the joke makes the person feel good about himself，the more it includes other psychological factors，the more the person will like it.For example，if you envy one of your friends，and someone tells

35、a joke that is funny and，at the same time，makes your friend seem stupid，then you will probably laugh at it louder than if you weren t 6jealous of him. 语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。作者在研究心理学之前，认为当有趣的事情发生时，人们就会笑。但后来发现有很多心理因素也会使人们发笑。In short，we don t laugh only when we hear something funny；we also laugh when we experie

36、nce some kind of happiness that 7results from the other psychological factors involved in the joke.I strongly discourage making fun of anyone or belittling someone to make someone else laugh.All I want to explain is that if your joke supports a person s 8emotions，he will certainly like it a lot. 语篇解

37、读 5.What did the author find out after studying psychology?A.Only good jokes make people laugh.B.Many factors lead to people laughing.C.Funny things can make people laugh.D.Laughter can make people healthy.解析细节理解题。根据第一段第二句可知，作者发现有很多因素可以引起人们发笑。故选B。 答案解析 6.Why did the audience laugh loudly at the pede

38、strians?A.They played a trick on the pedestrians.B.The pedestrians behaved in a funny way.C.They could feel the pedestrians happiness.D.Their emotion was approved of by the show.解析推理判断题。根据第二段内容可推知，行人的滑稽动作和观众的情感达到了一致。D项意为“他们(观众)的情感在这次表演中得到了认可”，符合题意。故选D。 答案解析 7.What does the underlined word “ belittli

39、ng” probably mean?A.Annoy. B.Blame.C.Look down on. D.Make up to.解析词义猜测题。根据上文“ I strongly discourage making fun of anyone”可知，作者不想去嘲笑别人；又根据“ or” (或者)可知，画线词所在句的意思应与“ or”的前一句相近，故此处意为“我也不会去通过贬低他人让别人笑”。C项意为“瞧不起”，与画线词意思相近。故选C。 答案解析 8.Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?解析篇章结构题。通读

40、全文可知，本文结构分三大部分，第一段为第一部分，提出观点；第二、三段为第二部分，举了两个事例来证明观点；最后一段为第三部分，得出结论。由此可知，B项结构图符合本文结构分层。故选B。 答案解析 素材提炼再拓展做完以上两篇阅读后，巧妙运用语境，解决障碍词和长难句 .障碍词汇突破(一)阅读下列句子，并根据句意猜测画线部分的意思1.High attention has long periods of attending and short distraction periods. _2.Research suggests that babies learn to see by distinguishi

41、ng between areas of light and dark. _分散区分；辨别 3.What I do advocate is discovering your strengths and using them to become successful. _4.Psychology is the scientific study of the human mind and the reasons for people s behaviour. _5.The vaccination program has been a major factor in the improvement o

42、f health standards. _6.Maybe he is jealous of my success. _7.Her blindness of both eyes resulted from a traffic accident.提倡心理学因素嫉妒的由 原因产生 8.An emotion is a feeling such as happiness，love，fear，anger，or hatred，which can be caused by the situation that you are in or the people you are with. _(二)同义词语替换9

43、.They say they expect the meeting to have a marked impact on the future of the country. _10.The doctor advised about many things other than medicine._情感effect/influenceexcept/but .长难句理解1.Moreover，when we think of people we spend time with，we are sure to notice that some have a more positive impact o

44、n our success while others have a negative one.句式分析本句是一个复合句，that some have a more positive impact on our success while others have a negative one为 从句，此从句是由while构成的 句，前后表示 关系；when we think of people we spend time with是 从句。精美译文_宾语并列对比时间状语 而且，当我们想起与我们共处的人时，我们一定会注意到有人对我们的成功起积极的影响，而有的人则起消极的影响。 2.For exam

45、ple，if you envy one of your friends，and someone tells a joke that is funny and，at the same time，makes your friend seem stupid，then you will probably laugh at it louder than if you weren t jealous of him.句式分析本句是一个复合句，主句是_ ；if you envy one of your friends，and someone tells a joke that is funny and，at the same time，makes your friend seem stupid是 从句。精美译文_ then you will probably laugh at it louder than if you weren t jealous of him条件状语例如，如果你嫉妒你的一个朋友，那么有人讲了一个非常有趣的笑话，同时使你的这个朋友看上去很愚蠢，那么很可能你会笑得比你不嫉妒他时更大声。 若 有 不 当 之 处 ， 请 指 正 ， 谢 谢 ！