商务英语综合教程第四册Unit 4 International Risks

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1、,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,,*,,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,,第二级,,第三级,,第四级,,第五级,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,,第二级,,第三级,,第四级,,第五级,,*,,*,Unit 4,International Risks,,,Warm-up Activities,I. Pair works,,,What do you know about international risks? Think about the types of international risks and with yo

2、ur partner.,II. Group work,,,Work in small groups, discussing what international risk is the most serious one in international business.,,,III,．,Think about and then make a list of international risks you know in the world today.,Background Information,Risks in International Trade are the major barr

3、iers for the growth to the same. International trade has been a much debated topic. Economists have differed on the real benefits of international trade. The increase in the export market is highly beneficial to an economy, but on the other hand the increase in imports can be a threat to the economy

4、 of that country. It has been the worry of the policy makers to strike the right balance between free trade and restrictions.,,Economic risks,, Risk of concession in economic control,, Risk of insolvency of the buyer,, Risk of non-acceptance,, Risk of protracted default i.e. the failure of t

5、he buyer to pay off the due amount after six months of the due date,, Risk of Exchange rate,Political risks,, Risk of non- renewal of import and exports licenses,, Risks due to war,, Risk of the imposition of an import ban after the delivery of the goods,, Surrendering of political soverei

6、gnty,,Buyer Country risks,, Changes in the policies of the government,, Exchange control regulations,, Lack of foreign currency,, Trade embargoes Commercial risk,, A bank's lack of ability to honor its responsibilities,, A buyer's failure pertaining to payment due to financial limitati

7、ons,, A seller's inability to provide the required quantity or quality of goods,,Others Risks,, Cultural differences e.g., some cultures consider the payment of an incentive to help trading is absolutely lawful,, Lack of knowledge of overseas markets,, Language barriers,, Inclination to co

8、rrupt business associates,, Legal protection for breach of contract or non-payment is low,, Effects of unpredictable business environment and fluctuating exchange rates,, Sovereign risk - the ability of the government of a country to pay off its debts,, Natural risk,–,due to the various kind

9、s natural catastrophes, which cannot be controlled,,,Notes of Text,,,1.,exchange,rate,:,,In finance, an exchange rate (also known as the foreign-exchange rate, forex rate or FX rate) between two currencies is the rate at which one currency will be exchanged for another. It is also regarded as the va

10、lue of one country,’,s currency in terms of another currency.,外汇率,,2.,Letter of credit:,,a document issued mostly by a financial institution, used primarily in trade finance, which usually provides an irrevocable payment undertaking,信用证,Text analysis,1. Some of the rogue countries may have all the n

11、atural minerals but the risks involved in doing business in those countries exceed the benefits.,,有些国家拥有天然矿产，但和这些国家进行贸易，风险大于收益。,,,rogue,,n. 流氓；小淘气；凶猛的离群兽；〔尤指植物的〕劣种,,vi. 游手好闲；去劣；流浪,,vt. 欺诈；去劣,,adj. 〔野兽〕凶猛的,,例: Washington insists its shield plan is not directed against Russia but threats from "rogue s

12、tates" such as Iran.,,但美国坚持说，其防御方案不是针对俄罗斯，但威胁来自“无赖国家〞如伊朗。,,Washington says the facilities are not directed against Russia but are needed to protect against what it calls rogue states, particularly Iran.,,华盛顿方面称，这些设备并不直接指向俄罗斯，但却是对抗所谓“流氓国家〞，尤其是伊朗所必须的。,,The key factor for Chinese shares now is not the

13、subprime crisis or more rogue traders, they believe, but how the government responds.,,他们认为，中国股市目前的关键因素不是次贷危机或更多流氓交易员，而是政府如何反响。,,mineral,,n. 矿物；〔英〕矿泉水；无机物；苏打水〔常用复数表示〕,,adj. 矿物的；矿质的,,例：The country possesses rich mineral resources.,,这个国家有丰富的矿产资源。,,Or they could be trained to use weeds as indicators of

14、 the soil's mineral properties to help them manage nutrients.,,或者可以训练他们使用杂草作为土壤矿物属性的指示器，从而帮助他们管理营养物质。,,When these surfaces came into contact with the magnetite, an oxygen atom could be transferred from quartz to magnetite, forming a new mineral, hematite.,,当这些外表和磁铁矿一接触，氧原子就能从石英砂转移到磁铁矿，形成了一种新的矿物，赤铁矿。

15、,,,,Phrase,,mineral green石绿；孔雀石绿；铜绿；碳酸铜,,mineral paragenesis[矿物]   矿物共生,,radioactive mineral [矿物]   放射性矿物； [矿物]   放射矿物； [矿物]   辐射性矿物,,antistress mineral反响力矿物,,normative mineral标准矿物；尺度矿物,,artificial mineral人造矿物,,saturated mineral饱和矿物,,mineral crystal矿物晶体；天然水晶；矿石水晶；矿物水晶,,Mineral Oils矿油；矿物油,,exceed,,vt

16、. 超过；胜过,,vi. 超过其他,,例：Exports yearly exceed imports.,,输出每年超过输入。,,The goals of compliance should not be to reach the minimum requirements but to exceed them.,,遵从性的目标不应该是到达 最低要求，而是超过 最低要求。,,The number of results sets actually returned must not exceed this number.,,实际返回的结果集的数量一定不能超过这个数字。,,,Phrase,,Super

17、 Exceed豪华超越；奢华逾越；豪华逾越,,exceed in超过,,Exceed Future香港超越前程；逾越前程,,Exceed Ourself超越自我,,exceed overdraft透支过期,,Exceed Plate超越牌,,Exceed Standard超标,,Cloaking Exceed伪装强化,Text analysis,2. Porter defines them as: threat of new entrants in the industry, threat of substitute goods and services, intensity of compe

18、tition within the industry, bargaining power of suppliers, and bargaining power of consumers.,,波特将他们定义为：对于该产业新进入者的威胁、对于替代品和效劳的威胁、该产业的竞争强度、供给商的议价能力以及消费者的议价能力。,,,entrant,,n. 进入者；新会员；参加竞赛者；新工作者,,例：That's because only a few system calls can be safely called inside signals. Only calls that are re-entrant

19、 or not interruptible by signals can be called safely.,,那是因为只有一些系统调用可以平安地调用内部信号：只有可重入的〔re-entrant〕或者不被信号中断的调用才可以被平安地调用。,,Small, local organizations -- churches, temples, mosques, service clubs -- may offer money each year with few takers, or at least none as brilliant as your entrant.,,小规模、当地组织--教堂、

20、寺庙、清真寺、效劳型社团--每年会向一些人提供资金，至少你得竞争者没有你这么聪明。,,So many companies were eligible for this as a result of brutal mass sackings in the past few months that the judges decided it would be unfair to single out any individual entrant.,,过去几个月期间大量的野蛮裁员行为导致许多公司都有资格获取本奖项，鉴于此，评委们认为挑出某个单独的入围者有失公允。,,Phrase,,unauthori

21、zed entrant,未获授权进境者；擅自入境者,,quota entrant,配额内的入境者；配额外的入境者,,entrant firm[,贸易,] [,经,],,,新公司,,entrant pump,进料泵,,Single entrant,单次,,entrant recruit,新会员,,entrant Routing,运行重布线,,Professional Entrant,公开组,,entrant into,进入,,substitute,,n.,代用品；代替者,,vi.,替代,,vt.,代替,,例：,Nothing could,substitute,for mother's milk.

22、,,什么也替代不了母乳。,,But efficiency is no,substitute,for pleasure.,,但效率是不快乐的替代品。,,It's okay to,substitute,vegetable oil for butter.,,用植物油代替黄油也一样。,,,Phrase,,substitute for,代替，取代,,substitute fuel,代用燃料,,substitute material,代用材料，代用品,,substitute teacher,代课老师,,blood substitute [,医,],血液代用品,,,intensity,,n. 强度；强烈；[

23、电子] 亮度；紧张,,例：When a surface is perpendicular to the rays, their intensity is at its maximum.,,当外表与射线垂直时，射线的强度最大。,,Now at any point in the day starting at 5 in the morning, there can be that same level of intensity and pressure to get something out.,,现在，在一天中从早晨5天开始的的任何时刻，找出一些有意义的事物那种强度和压力的程度可能是相同的。,,

24、And they can help us understand more about the frequency, intensity and duration of storms.,,它能帮助我们更好的了解暴风雨天气的频率、强度和持续时间。,,,Phrase,,high intensity adj. 高强度的 n. 高强度,,labor intensity 劳动强度，劳力投入密集度,,light intensity 光强度,,stress intensity 应力强度,,intensity distribution 强度分布；强度分析；亮度分布,Text analysis,3. This i

25、s caused by the assets and financial capital that aid in the day-to-day business operations.,,这是由日常贸易操作中的资产和金融资本造成的。,,,asset,,n.,资产；优点；有用的东西；有利条件,,例：,You then need to categorize the,asset,in the next screen.,,然后在下一个屏幕中，需要对资产进行分类。,,On the other hand, your debt is an,asset,to the bank, but it is your

26、liability.,,在另一方面，你的债务是银行的一种资产，但它却是你的债务。,,You could prefix the configuration names with abbreviations for the,asset,registry to which they belong.,,您可以将这些配置的名称的前缀设定为它们所属的资产注册的缩写。,,,,Phrase,,asset management,资产管理,,fixed asset [,经,],固定资产,,intangible asset n.,无形资产,,asset value [,经,],资产价值,,fixed asset i

27、nvestment,固定资产投资,,financial asset,金融资产,,net asset,净资产,,capital asset,资本资产；固定资产,,asset class,资产类别；资产种类,,net asset value,资产净值，财产净价值,,asset valuation,资产估价，资产估值,,,aid,,n. 援助；帮助；助手；帮助者,,vt. 援助；帮助；有助于,,vi. 帮助,,例：We had to berth our ship without the aid of tugboats.,,我们只好在没有拖船帮助的情况下使我们的船停到泊位。,,We will aid

28、their struggle against violent repression.,,我们将帮助他们对抗残暴的压迫。,,While in the past we stressed aid, now we stress economic cooperation.,,我们过去侧重提供援助， 现在强调经济合作。,,,Phrase,,with the aid of 在…的帮助下，在…援助下,,give aid to 给…予帮助,,first aid 急救；急救护理,,aid in 帮助；帮助〔在...给予帮助〕,,financial aid 经济援助；助学金；财政补助,Text analysis,4

29、. The breakdown of machineries, supply and demand of the resources and products, shortfall of the goods and services, lack of perfect logistic and inventory will lead to inefficiency of production.,,机械故障、原材料和产品的供给与需求、产品和效劳的短缺、库存短缺都会导致低效生产。,,,breakdown,,n. 故障；崩溃；分解；分类；衰弱；跺脚曳步舞,,例：This shows you the r

30、esponse time breakdown for each page element.,,这将针对每个页面元素显示响应时间分解。,,Small shippers are most often disserviced by transportation breakdown.,,小件托运者往往因运输故障而受损。,,To capture response time breakdown data, you must enable it in a test or schedule, and configure the amount of data to be captured.,,为了捕获响应时间分

31、解数据，您必须在一个测试或者调度中启动它，然后配置将要捕获的数据的信息。,,Phrase,,breakdown voltage [,电,],击穿电压,,work breakdown,工作分解,,work breakdown structure,工作分解结构,,nervous breakdown,精神崩溃,,breakdown strength,破坏强度；击穿强度,,,machinery,,n.,机械；机器；机构；机械装置,,例：,We should send a man to superintend the erection of,machinery,.,,我们应派一个人去监督机器的安装。,,

32、China will host an exhibition of international garment,machinery,.,,中国将主办国际服装机械展览会。,,This factory has phased in new,machinery,for increased automation.,,这家工厂已开始逐渐使用新机器以提高自动化程度。,,,Phrase,,machinery and equipment,机器及设备,,construction machinery,建筑机械；施工机械,,agricultural machinery,农业机械,,textile machinery,纺

33、织机械,,machinery parts,机件，零件,,processing machinery,加工机械,,machinery plant,机器制造厂,,machinery equipment,机器设备,,electrical machinery,电力机械,,,,,,shortfall,,n. 差额；缺少,,例：A list is generated for each region that identifies the endangered parts, the names of the suppliers in that region that supply them, and the

34、size of the likely shortfall.,,对于存在上述有危险的零件的每个地区，该作业生成一个列表，其中包括那个地区提供这些零件的供给商的名称和预计短缺的数量。,,,,Phrase,,Expected Shortfall期望损失；期望亏空；预期损失；望的尾部损失,,Power shortfall电力短缺,,Capability shortfall能力缺乏处理,,shortfall freight亏舱运费；亏舱运,,Mean Shortfall平均短缺,,market shortfall市场供给缺乏,,Shortfall Constraint损失下限,,average shor

35、tfall平均欠额,,funding shortfall资金缺乏,,logistic,,adj. 后勤学的；[数] 符号逻辑的,,例：Increased field coordination of technical, operational and logistic support is likewise needed.,,同样需要增加对技术、业务和后勤支持的现场协调。,,UNICEF is carrying out social mobilization activities, raising awareness of the disease in the community and al

36、so providing additional logistic support and equipment.,,联合国儿童基金会正在开展社会发动活动，提高社区对该病的认识，并且还提供补充后勤支持和设备。,,The strategy of ring vaccination emerged and was validated, vastly simplifying operational and logistic demands.,,环带免疫战略的产生和验证，极大地简化了操作和物流需求。,,,Phrase,,logistic management 物流管理；后勤管理；运筹管理,,logistic

37、 regression 逻辑回归；罗吉斯回归,,,inventory,,n. 存货，存货清单；详细目录；财产清册,,例：This concept appears in manufacturing where they count both scrap and inventory.,,此概念会出现在制造业，在其中会计算废料和存货。,,Some of the information in these rows is either duplicate or irrelevant for inventory projection.,,在这些行中，有些信息是重复的，或者与库存反映无关。,,If one

38、of the manufacturing points operates too quickly, it will build up an inventory for the next station to consume.,,如果其中一个制造点运作的太快，那么就将生成需要下一个岗位来消耗的存货。,,,Phrase,,inventory management 存货管理,,inventory control 存货控制；存货管理,,take inventory 实地清点盘存；编制...清单,,inventory cost 存货本钱,,inventory system 库存系统；盘存制度；存储系统,

39、,inventory level 库存量；存货水准,,inventory accounting 存货会计；存货核算,,inventory turnover 存货周转,,physical inventory 实际库存；实地盘存；盘点数量,,,Exercise:,,I. Answer the following questions according to the text:,1. What is the main topic of the passage?,,The topic of the passage is Risks in International Business.,,2. What

40、 do you know about the international risks?,,,,Just as there are reasons to get into global markets, and benefits from global markets, there are also risks involved in locating companies in certain countries. Each country may have its potentials; it also has its woes that are associated with doing b

41、usiness with major companies. Some of the rogue countries may have all the natural minerals but the risks involved in doing business in those countries exceed the benefits.,,3. Can you give some examples of international risks?,,1) Strategic Risk 2) Operational Risk 3) Political Risk 4) Country R

42、isk 5) Technological Risk 6) Environmental Risk 7) Economic Risk 8) Financial Risk 9) Terrorism Risk,,4. What is strategic risk?,,,Strategic risk is the ability of a firm to make a strategic decision in order to respond to the forces that are a source of risk.,,,5,. What are the reasons for op

43、erational risk?,,,This is caused by the assets and financial capital that aid in the day-to-day business operations. The breakdown of machineries, supply and demand of the resources and products, shortfall of the goods and services, lack of perfect logistic and inventory will lead to inefficiency of

44、 production.,,6. What,’,s the relationship between political actions and instability and operation of a company?,,The political actions and instability may make it difficult for companies to operate efficiently in these countries due to negative publicity and impact created by individuals in the top

45、 government.,,7. What,’,s the influence of culture and instability of a country on operating a company?,,The culture or the instability of a country may create risks that may make it difficult for multinational companies to operate safely, effectively, and efficiently.,,8. How to manage internationa

46、l risks?,,Do your homework before entering a foreign market. Do not enter any nation without being fully aware of the unique risks and issues presented by that nation. Asses political risks and the legal environment as well as the business and competitive environment, and develop strategies to minim

47、ize or circumvent these risks. Study the histories of local and international companies in the specific country and industry to gain deeper insight into what your own experience may be like. Pay careful attention to exchange rates, including their histories and expected future actions. Utilize the s

48、ervices of local consulting firms specializing in international investment. These firms will have thorough knowledge of the challenges and opportunities presented to international businesses in their specific country. Accept only letters of credit from trusted banks.,,9. What does effective cooperat

49、ion strategies include?,,Effective cooperation strategies include joint ventures, licensing agreements, and contracts with local suppliers or customers.,,10. What’s the effect of international business insurance policy?,,Insurance policies covering political risk, terrorism risk, global property dam

50、age and liability, and international credit transactions are available to companies with exposure to international markets. According to castlerockinternational , international coverage for additional issues such as auto insurance, medical expenses, and workers’ compensation can be included as we

51、ll.,Word Practice,,Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the text. The initial letter of each word has been supplied for you,.,1. The new government e________ his estate for military purposes.,,2. They opened an office abroad in order to c________ the tax laws.,,3. She has cried the blues a

52、bout its financial w________.,,4. Ancient artworks were r________ from the US to Greece.,,5. There will soon be a s________ in supply of qualified young people.,1. expropriated 2. circumvent 3. woes 4. repatriated 5. shortfall,6. The t________ in his life has come from accidents and illness.,,7. H

53、e carefully drew a bead on the r________ elephant and shot it dead.,,8. The fire at the factory was caused by s________.,,9. Their h________ looks showed that he was unwelcome.,,10. He applied for e________ to university 3 years ago.,6. turbulence 7. rogue 8. sabotage 9. hostile 10. entrant,,Fil

54、l in the blanks with the appropriate words or phrases given in the box. Change the forms where necessary.,,associate with lack of due to lead to stem from pay attention to specialize in pull out of deal with couple... with,,,1,. All our achievements are ________ his support.,,2. We

55、 should ________ every case on its merits.,,3. In given conditions, a bad thing can ________ good results.,1. due to 2. deal with 3. lead to,4. From the ground, we could see the plane ________ its steep descent.,,5. Her interest in flowers ________ her childhood in the country.,,6. Many students _

56、_______ engineering.,,7. Mother warned the boys not to ________ bad companions.,,8. No ________ his advice.,,9. We ________ the pump ________ the engine.,,10. The flowers are wilting for ________ water.,4. pull out of 5. stem from 6. specialize in 7. associate with 8. pay attention to 9. coupl

57、ed…with 10. lack of,Translation,,Translate the following sentences into English:,1.,我们达成了增加工资的新协议。,,2.,组织饥荒救济工作涉及繁重的安排协调问题。,,3.,在犯罪侦查中,,,刑事警察主要的策略有主动干预侦查与被动干预侦查两种。,,4.,希望在她的新岗位上，她的才干能够比以往得到更好的发挥。,,5.,她的许多烦恼使她受到压抑。,,1. We bargained a new wage increase.,,2. Organizing famine relief presents huge lo

58、gistic problems.,,3. When investigating crime, the main choice of strategies has been presented as between reactive and,proactive,policing.,,4. It is to be hoped that in her new job her talents will be better utilized than before.,,5. She was oppressed by her many woes.,V. Reading comprehension,,Rea

59、d the text carefully, and choose the best answer.,As concern about swine flu sweeps the globe, the best way to protect yourself from contracting it or other infectious diseases is with a dose of common sense: Wash your hands frequently, cover your coughs and sneezes and stay home from work or school

60、 if you feel ill.,,These guidelines may seem basic, but they’re effective in warding off the spread of infections. Richard Besser, acting director of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), said, “Control of an outbreak of infectious disease is a shared responsibility. It’s importan

61、t that individuals realize they have a key role to play in reducing their own likelihood of getting infected.〞,,Specifically, people are wise to wash their hands often with soap and warm water for 15 to 20 seconds at a time or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer if water isn’t accessible. The CDC al

62、so recommends avoiding touching your eyes, nose and mouth to prevent the spread of germs.,,Symptoms of swine flu are similar to those of regular seasonal influenza. People with swine flu often get a fever, headache, cough, sore throat, body aches, chills and fatigue. Some also have gastrointestinal

63、symptoms such as diarrhea or vomiting.,,Swine flu is a virus that usually affects pigs but appears to have acquired the ability to pass from person to person, though it’s unclear how easily it can be transmitted this way.,,If you become sick, stay home for the period of infection, which is typically

64、 seven days, although children may be contagious for longer. Once on the mend, don’t return to work or school until at least a day after symptoms have disappeared, Besser said.,,“Wearing a face mask when out in public isn’t warranted in most cases,〞 he said. “I know some people feel more comfortable

65、 having a mask, and there are certain circumstances where that may be of value, but I would rather people really focus on hand-washing, as well as covering coughs and sneezes.〞,,Other social practices may need to be adjusted, such as the salutary kiss that’s customary in some regions.,,“If you’re in

66、 an affected area or you have the swine flu, it’s probably best not to give a kiss,〞 Besser said. “But we’re not recommending the end of affection during the period.〞,1. To protect yourself from swine flu, it is a good idea to __________.A) have baths frequently B) cover your coughs and sneezesC) stay home from work or school if you feel tired D) eat an apple every day,,2. The underlined phrase “warding off〞 in the second paragraph can be replaced by “_______〞.A) investigating B) increa