2021年高考英语二轮复习考点讲解：任务型阅读

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1、任务型阅读侧重考查语篇分析和文章脉络的剖析，即考查文章的结构和框架。考生要在分析了解文章篇章结构的基础上，认真对照图表上所要完成的任务，逐一对照原文进行信息的筛选。任务型阅读要求考生不但要掌握具体事实情节，又要理解其深层含义，包括作者的态度、观点、意图等，掌握所读材料的主旨大意、中心思想；既要理解文章的含义及逻辑关系，又要根据其含义及逻辑关系进行判断和推理，运用材料中的信息去理解、分析问题。一、常用阅读方法1扫读扫读图表，分析表格结构和内容，理清其显示的层次关系，明确任务要求。要特别注意表格前的小标题，它通常就是段落和表格的主题句。一般题目的结构是：(1)全文的标题：在标题中缺少一个关键词，根

2、据文章填出所缺的关键词。(2)各段大意：试题中给出各段大意，在给出的信息中缺少一些关键内容，学生把文章的各段对应起来，找准信息。(3)对各段大意的详细的阐述：从文章各段或分散在全文的对应的信息点出发，这要求学生有高度驾驭语篇的能力，在文章中找到准确的信息完成填空。2略读快速浏览全文，尤其是每段的第一句话，即主题句和首尾段落，理清文章的写作思路和基本框架结构，以便加深对文章内容的了解。同时文章的结构往往也是很重要的设题线索。表格项目可能就是根据文章的结构而设计的。3细读精读与空格中要填的信息有关的文段，寻找确定答案的关键词语，或从文中进行概括，同时仔细斟酌用词，确保填的是最恰当词的最恰当形式。如

3、填写时要注意所填单词的结构和形式，看是否与表格中所给的格式相同，同时注意单词的拼写、短语的搭配、所填词汇的词性、所填单词是否符合题目要求，还要注意字母的大小写。4复读填写表格后要通读所填内容，通观全篇，核对文章和任务，确保准确性。二、常用突破方法1阅读文章前观察图表(表格的结构和填空句的结构)认真阅读表格及其中的内容，注意其横向、纵向的类别规律和表达方式。(1)是否有标题/是否需要填标题(利用所给标题了解文章大意)。(2)浏览表格，大致了解文章结构(利用已给信息了解文章主线)。(3)是否需要统一的形式(短语类还是句子类)。2阅读文章后进行填词(1)通览全文，利用表格中的信息提示，准确地在文中找

4、到答案的信息来源。(2)选词要尽可能完整，准确地表达出文中信息(先确定词意，再确定词性，最后确定所选词的适当的词形变化)。动词要注意时态、语态和非谓语形式的变化。名词要注意数和格的变化。形容词、副词要注意各自不同的修饰功能和比较级、最高级。连词要注意行文的逻辑关系。注意字母的大小写。3填词后通读表格(1)再次确保答案与表格内容的一致性。(2)注意语意是否流畅，确保语意和语法两方面都正确。 典例请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填一个单词。Have you ever wondered why there are so many skin

5、 colors in the world? Do you know why people living in particular areas usually have a certain color? Biology and history are the two reasons for this.Skin contains something called melanin，which determines a persons skin color.The more melanin a person has，the darker his or her skin will be.The amo

6、unt of and the production of melanin are controlled by genetics，but can be affected by other things，such as sunlight.If a person lives in a place with less sunlight，a persons body will produce less melanin，making the skin lighter.Skin color is also affected by another sourcevitaminDHumans all need v

7、itamin D to build bones.People can get it by eating foods such as fish and milk，or from sunlight，so sunlight absorbed by melanin cannot be used for vitamin D production.Therefore，a darkskinned person will produce less vitamin D than a lightskinned person when they receive the same amount of sunlight

8、.The connection between vitamin D production and skin color is clear when we look at evolution.The earliest humans lived in Africa，and they produced less vitamin D because of their dark skin.As a result，their skin made less melanin，so they could get enough sunlight to produce vitaminDTheir skin grad

9、ually got lighter.Now，people living in areas with strong sunlight like Africa，have darker skin，while people living in other areas have lighter skin.The exception to this is the Inuit，who live in a place with little sunlight，but have dark skin because they eat a lot of fish and have enough vitaminDEv

10、olution has given us a rainbow of skin colors.Humans have always had melanin to determine our skin color.What has changed through history is the environment where we have lived.This has in turn changed our melanin production，and eventually，skin color.A World of Skin ColorBrief1_People living in a pa

11、rticular 2._usually have the same skin color and there are many different skin colors in the world.Reasons for skin colorsThe reasons for different skin colors mainly 3._in biology and history.BiologyreasonsThe amount of melanin，by which a persons skin color is 4._，varies from people to people.The m

12、ore melanin a person has，the 5._ his or her skin will be.Vitamin D is another source 6._ skin color.Vitamin D is necessary for humans to build bones.Sunlight contributes to vitamin D in the skin.HistoricalreasonsThe earliest people in Africa had dark skin.When they moved to places where they could n

13、ot get enough sunlight to 7._ vitamin D，their skin color became lighter.Generally speaking，people in areas with strong sunlight，have darker skin 8._ people in other areas have lighter skin.9._Melanin 10._ an important role in our skin color.With our living environment changing，melanin production is

14、changed，which leads to the changes in our skin color.1审题(1)审题目要求是否可用文中的词填写。弄清字数限制。此任务阅读限定每个空格只填一个词；对是否用文中的词填写没有限制，即可用文中的词。(2)审任务设置类型表格式。(结构常为对比陈述；通常分左右栏，左栏为文章提纲，右栏为文章细节。)此短文设置为表格任务型。左栏为文章提纲：brief introduction，reasons for skin colors，biology reasons, historical reasons，conclusion；右栏为支撑每一topic的细节。树状式。

15、(结构常为先总后分；通常分上下框，上框为topic sentences，下框为supporting sentences。)2阅读 (1)读图表(快速浏览，了解短文的写作提纲。)浏览图表，了解：topic sentence 1details；topic sentence 2details.(2)读短文快读：快速浏览全文，抓住文章主题，同时结合图表，洞悉文章结构。Paragraph 1Topic sentence 1.细读：仔细阅读，获取充分信息，查出答题的对应信息点。第一空Paragraph 1归纳结构类词；第二空对应信息点为why people living_in_particular_are

16、as usually have.。第三空对应信息点为Biology and history are the two reasons for this.要求学会同义转换。第四空对应信息点为which_determines_a persons skin color。第五空对应信息点为.the darker his or her skin will be.。第六空对应信息点为Skin color is also affected_by another sourcevitaminD。第七空对应信息点为.a darkskinned person will produce less.。第八空对应信息点为.

17、have darker skin，while people.。第九空对应信息点为Paragraph 5归纳结构类词。第十空对应信息点为.had melanin to determine our skin color.。3答题 (1)结构类的词：熟记常见结构类词汇。归纳掌握常见的表达文章结构的概括性词汇：introduction(导入)，cause/reason(原因)，advantage(优点)，disadvantage(不足)，attitude(态度)，result/effect/consequence(结果)，suggestion/advice/tip(建议)，dos和donts等。确定答

18、案。a联系图表左栏的上下栏，确定用词及词的形式。(大小写、单复数、动词ing等)b联系图表左栏与之相对应的右栏的细节，归纳结构类用词和词的形式。(大小写、单复数、动词ing等)(2)细节类的词：明确信息点。细读文章，明确答题的相应信息点在文中的具体位置，确定用词后归纳用词。联系上下前后。a对照短文中的信息点，联系图表右栏的上下栏目，确定用词。(文中原词或归纳的词的形式大小写、单复数、动词ing等)b对照短文中的信息点，联系所填词的前后，确定用词(文中原词或归纳的词)的形式。敲定答案。根据短文信息点，联系填空上下前后，敲定答案。第一空 introduction；第九空conclusion，联系图

19、表上下前后开头字母大写、单数。第二空信息点为areas，联系前后搭配a.故用area。第三空同义转换 arelie in。第四空信息点为.which determines.，联系前后搭配.color is.转换为determined。第五空信息点为.the darker his or her.，故用darker。第六空信息点为.is also affected by.，联系前后句子结构故用affecting作后置定语。第七空信息点为.will produce less vitamin.联系前后to.，故用原形produce。第八空信息点为.skin，while people living in

20、 other.，故用while。第十空信息点为.had melanin to determine our.联系前后搭配故用plays。4检查 检查单词的拼写、大小写、单复数、时态、语态等。答案1.introduction2.area3.lie4.determined5darker6.affecting7.produce8.while9Conclusion10.plays三、常用训练方法1信息查找题解题关键是根据问题查找定位信息。常用方法是带着问题有意识地在细节处和关键处做标记。如：(1)5W and 1H：who，what，when，where，why，how(2)时间先后：first，the

21、n，after that，next，finally(3)因果：because，thus，lead to，cause，as a result of(4)比较：similarly，differently，likeness，unlike，alike，common，just as，either.or(5)转折：but，while，however，instead，on the contrary2信息转换题解题关键是根据问题查找定位信息，加工分析并转换成另一种表达方式。常见的转换方式有：(1)词性转换。即练习将一种词类转换成另一种词类，主要包括动词与名词转换、形容词与副词转换、形容词与名词转换等。解题方法

22、很简单，只要在文中找到关键词即可。以2014年高考安徽卷为例：原文：Many young people listen to classical music without realising.转换成表格中：Many young people dont 78._some music they listen to is classical.分析：抓住关键词realising，将它转换为动词。答案为realise(realize)/know/recognise (recognize)。原文：Also，some people point out that young people produce ne

23、w music based on classical ideas：转换成表格中：Classical ideas provide a 79._for producing new music.分析：抓住关键词based，将它转换为名词。答案为basis。原文：.it is said that rap(说唱)music was invented by a classical musician in 1912，but it is now used by young people in pop music.转换成表格中：Young people now 80._ rap in popular music

24、.分析：抓住关键词used，将其被动形式转换为主动形式。答案为use。原文： Nowadays，you dont need to get aching arms from practising.A teenager can write and make music using a computer program in the comfort of their own bedroom.转换成表格中：A young man can write and make music on a computer 82._ in his bedroom.分析：抓住关键词comfort，将其名词形式转换为副词。

25、答案为comfortably。原文：.but when it comes to enjoying classical music，it depends on the piece of music.转换成表格中：Classical music may still be 85._ by young people today.分析：抓住关键词enjoying，将其转换为enjoyed。答案为enjoyed。(2)句子结构转换。做此类题首先要理解题意，其次仔细比较原句和题目，明白出题人的意图，只要找出题眼就不难得出答案。以2014年高考安徽卷为例：原文：.if you look at the audi

26、ence at a classical concert，the majority is over the age of fifty.转换成表格中：77._of the audience at a classical concert are over fifty.分析：句中the majoritymost of the audience。答案为Most。原文：A final point to bear in mind is that the term “classical music” is used to refer to a great variety of music，from jazz

27、to pieces for large orchestras(管弦乐队)转换成表格中：“Classical music”can refer to various 83._ of music.分析：根据原文句意可知：古典音乐可以被用来指各种各样的音乐。句中a great variety ofvarious kinds/types/sorts of。答案为kinds/types/sorts。原文：A final point to bear in mind is that the term “classical music” is used to refer to a great variety o

28、f music，from jazz to pieces for large orchestras(管弦乐队)转换成表格中： Classical music 84._ from jazz to pieces for large orchestras.分析：根据原文句意可知：古典音乐的范围包含爵士乐到大的管弦乐队。答案为ranges(范围从到变化)。(3)同义词和反义词转换。即练习将一词的反义词找出来。做此类题的技巧如下：以前缀和后缀来表示，例如happyunhappy，likedislike等。例如：原句：She thought her husband was faithful to her.B

29、ut the discovery shocked her.转换为：The discovery that her husband was_to her was a shocking to her.分析：由原句中的后半句可知Her husband was not faithful to her。因此需要找出一个词和not faithful意义相同的词。答案：unfaithful。有很多词并没有前缀和后缀形式标志，如oldyoung，longshort，differentsame等。例如：原句：He seldom visited his friend Tom after the quarrel la

30、st time.转换为：But for the quarrel last time，he would be a _visitor to his friend Tom.分析：仔细分析原句，可知本题关键是找出seldom的反义词，而且能修饰visitor。答案：frequent。以词组形式出现，如：be good atbe weak in，get intoget out of，turn onturn off，turn downturn up，be awakebe asleep，catch up withfall behind，both.and.neither.nor.等。例如：原句：Everyth

31、ing in the house was neat and tidy.But the naughty boy changed it thoroughly.转换为：The naughty boy left everything in the house in a _分析：本题关键是找出一个和in搭配的固定短语作为neat and tidy的反义短语。答案：mess。3信息归纳题(1)解题关键：根据问题查找定位信息，找出共性的东西。(2)归纳词的特征：概括性(在最大程度上覆盖栏内信息)针对性(量体裁衣，大小适度)准确性(简洁)(3)一般来说，左边一栏基本都是概括题型，有定义、标题概括，建议、方法概

32、括，结论概括。定义、标题概括，此类题一般在图表的第一空，可以在文章第一段找出信息，都是对本文title 的一个定义解释。如a.The definition of advertising Advertising is the business of drawing public attention to goods and services，and performed through various media.b.TopicLearning to understandc.IntroductionDestructive forces of nature refer to natural disa

33、sters like tsunamis and earthquakes.建议、方法概括。_Suggestions/Advice/TipsNod in agreement and make some sounds of understanding while a difficult person is speaking.Repeat some words that you have heard.Collect information about the persons expressions and find his intention.Give a summary of what the pe

34、rson has said.Confirm that the person gains satisfaction from speaking his thoughts.结论概括。把握文章的中心思想，抓住作者的写作意图，最终得出一个结论。a.ConclusionSunshine has both positive and negative effect on health and it determines the mood of people.Balance is needed in enjoying sunshine.b. ConclusionChildren should be taugh

35、t what life is and how to deal with it.c.CommentYou may unlock the doors to difficult peoples minds after you listen and understand.d.SummaryThese terrible disasters couldnt be avoided.e.ConsequencesWhen these terrible disasters occur in some parts of the world，they destroy properties and lives.Peop

36、le in these parts go through the suffering that only exists in our imagination. Some people out there have to stay where they are.They cant afford to move away，as jobs in other places might not be available.四、常用词汇及词组转换原因与结果：reason(for)，cause(of)；result，effect，consequence异同点与优缺点：difference，similarity

37、；advantage/benefit，disadvantage功能：function观点与态度：opinion，view(on/about)，viewpoint，idea；attitude to/towards评论、评价：comment(on)，remark(on/upon)，assessment表方式、方法：way(to do sth./of doing sth.)，means，method(of)；solution，approach(to doing sth.)；take measures to do sth.目的：purpose，aim，goal积极与消极：positive；negati

38、ve建议： advice，suggestion，tip概括、总结：summary，conclusion特点：feature，characteristic种类：kind，type，category，class精神上与身体上：mentally；physically 影响：influence，impact，effect(on)情形、状况：situation，condition建立：build，create，establish，found出现：appear，occur(red)实现、完成：reach，realize，accomplish必要与必需：necessity；must方面与项目、条款：aspe

39、ct；item材料：materials知识与消息：knowledge；information计划与日程：schedule；agenda百分比：percentage性别：sex年龄：age满意：satisfaction忧虑、担忧、焦急：concern(不)熟悉：familiar /unfamiliar个人，个人的：individual细节：description，detail文化：culture责任：(take)responsibility贡献：(make)contributions to 重要：value，importance，significance比较：contrast，compariso

40、n时期：period，time存在：existence，exist花费：cost，expense人口：population天气与气候：weather；climate位置：location主题：theme，topic背景：setting，background情节：plot高潮：climax结尾：ending，consequence反对者与支持者：opponent，supporter【转换类常用词汇】1100 years1 century10 decades2take advantage ofmake use of3parental attentionwith the help/aid/assis

41、tance of parents4oppose the movebe against the moveobject to the movedisagree with the move5consider.take.into consideration/account6at the beginningat first7be responsible fortake/shoulder/bear responsibility for8since the beginning of human evolutionthroughout human history 9in search of better jo

42、b opportunitiesseeking/searching/looking for better job opportunities10housingrelated reasonsreasons related/linked/relevant to/connected with housing11take an active part intake part in sth.actively12encourage participation in quiet activitiesencourage sb.to participate in/take part in/play a role

43、in quiet activities13be hooked on headphonesbe addicted to headphones14valuable informationinformation of great value15understand clearlyhave a clear understanding of sth.16affecthave an effect/influence/impact on sth.17mattercountbe very importantbe of importancemake sensemake a difference18kill sb

44、.claim ones life19make an apologyapologize to sb.20be overendput.to an end21despitein spite of22share less than 2%account for less than 2%make up less than 2%23onlineon the Internet24learn good citizenshiplearn to be good citizens25list the things that you are good atlist what/all you are good at26e

45、xplain sth.make an explanation27offer sth.to sb.provide/supply sth.for sb.28besideson top ofin addition toapart from29be better thanbe superior to30approve ofsubscribe tobe in favor/support offavor31have access tobe acceptable/accessible/available to32stopquitgive up33compensate formake up for34in p

46、artpartly35every yearyearlyannually36use uprun out of(主动)37run outgive outbe used up(被动)38be accused ofbe charged with39most of the peoplethe majority of the people40cater to/for ones needs/demands/requirementssatisfy/meet ones.41starve to deathdie of hunger/starvation42be tired outbe worn outbe exh

47、austed43socially responsiblesocial responsibility44sth.benefits sb.be beneficial to sb.be of benefit to sb.sb.benefits from sth.45commit oneself to doing sth.promise to do sth.46make full use ofmake the most/best ofA(2019江苏卷)请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填一个单词。The Cost of ThinkingDe

48、spite their many differences, all human beings share several defining characteristics, such as large brains and the ability to walk upright on two legs.The first unique human characteristic is that humans have extraordinarily large brains compared with other animals. It seems obvious that evolution

49、should select for larger brains. Mammals(哺乳动物) weighing sixty kilograms have an average brain size of 200 cm3. Modern man has a brain averaging 12001400 cm3. We are so fond of our high intelligence that we assume that when it comes to brain power, more must be better. Unfortunately, that is not the

50、case.The fact is that a huge brain is a huge drainconsumption of energyon the body. Its not easy to carry around, especially when boxed inside a massive skull(颅骨). Its even harder to provide energy. In modern man, the brain accounts for about 23% of total body weight, but it consumes 25% of the body

51、s energy when the body is at rest. By comparison, the brains of apes(类人猿) require only 8% of resttime energy. Early humans paid for their large brains in two ways. Firstly, they spent more time in search of food.Secondly, their muscles grew smaller and weaker. Its hardly an obvious conclusion that t

52、his is a good way to survive. A chimpanzee(黑猩猩) cant win an argument with a modern man, but it can tear the man apart like a rag doll.Another unique human characteristic is that we walk upright. Standing up, its easier to find food or enemies. In addition, their arms that are unnecessary for moving

53、around are freed for other purposes, like throwing stones or signaling. As a result, humans can perform very complex tasks with their hands.Yet walking upright has its disadvantage. The bone structure of our ancestors developed for millions of years to support a creature that walked on all fours and

54、 had a relatively small head. Adjusting to an upright position was quite a challenge, especially when the bones had to support an extralarge skull. Humankind paid for its broad vision and skillful hands with backaches and painful necks.We assume that a large brain makes huge advantages. It seems obv

55、ious that these have made humankind the most powerful animal on earth. But humans enjoyed all of these advantages for a full 2 million years during which they remained weak and marginal creatures. Thus humans who lived a million years ago, despite their big brains and sharp stone tools, lived in con

56、stant fear of meateating animals.The Cost of ThinkingIntroductionLarge brains for their bodies and the ability to walk upright are two 71._ of human beings.The 72._ of large human brainsThe larger brains may not be better because of the cost.The big brains make it harder for the body to move around

57、and consume more energy.The animal brain requires less 73._ when the body is at rest.Large human brains consume more food, and weaken muscles.The 74._ of walking uprightWalking upright makes it easy to find food or 75._ against enemies.Freed hands can serve some 76._ purposes and perform complex tas

58、ks.Walking upright challenges the human bone structure, and 77._ the size of brains.Walking upright results in 78._ sufferings.ConclusionWith a large brain, human beings 79._ other beings in terms of intelligence.Weak and marginal, human beings remained 80._ of meateating animals.【解题导语】脑子大与直立行走是人区别于

59、其他动物的主要特征，这两个特征都各有利弊。71characteristics解析：根据第一段中的“all human beings share several defining characteristics, such as large brains and the ability to walk upright on two legs”可知，本题答案为characteristics。72disadvantages解析：根据表格右栏内容可知，该部分主要阐述了脑子大的一些不利之处，故本题答案为disadvantages。73energy解析：根据第三段中的“the brain accounts

60、 for.the brains of apes(类人猿) require only 8% of resttime energy”可知，和人类相比，类人猿的大脑需要较少的能量，故本题答案为energy。74impact(s)解析：根据表格右栏中的内容可知，该部分从正反两方面论述了直立行走的影响，故本题答案为impact(s)。75guard解析：根据第四段中的“its easier to find food or enemies”可知，直立行走更有利于寻找食物和防范敌人，故本题答案为guard。76other解析：根据第四段中的“are freed for other purposes, lik

61、e throwing stones or signaling”可知，解放的双手可以有一些其他的用途。77limits解析：根据第五段中的“had a relatively small head.especially when the bones had to support an extralarge skull”可知，在进化过程中，直立行走对人的大脑的尺寸有限制。78physical解析：根据第五段最后一句可知，直立行走会导致身体上的一些痛苦，故本题答案为physical。79beat解析：根据最后一段内容可知，脑子大使我们在智力方面胜过其他动物，故本题答案为beat。80fearful/afraid解析：根据文章最后一句中的“lived in constant fear of meateating animals”可知，本题答案为fearful/afraid。B(2018江苏卷)请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。每个空格只填一个单词。How Arts Promote Our EconomyWhen most people think of the arts, they imagine the end product, the beautiful painting, a wonder