第一章 家畜生殖内分泌学课件

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1、 第一节第一节 内分泌学概述内分泌学概述Section 1 The Overview of Endocrinology 一、内分泌学的基本概念 一、Basic concepts of Endocrinology(一一)内分泌（内分泌（endocrine）：腺体或组织细胞分泌一种或多种生物活性物质，这）：腺体或组织细胞分泌一种或多种生物活性物质，这些物质在局部或通过血液运输，到达某一激素敏感的靶器官或靶组织，调节些物质在局部或通过血液运输，到达某一激素敏感的靶器官或靶组织，调节其分泌或代谢功能，这种现象称为内分泌。其分泌或代谢功能，这种现象称为内分泌。It s a phenomena that

2、one or more biologically active substances which released from endocrine tissue or glands into the bloodstream that attach to target tissue and regulate many functions of secretion or metabolism.n内分泌学（内分泌学（endocrinology）：研究内分泌现象及其本质的科学。）：研究内分泌现象及其本质的科学。nIts a science of studying the phenomena and es

3、sence of endocrine。第一章 家畜生殖内分泌学Chapter1 Reproductive endocrinology in domestic animals 第一节 内分泌学概述第一章 家畜生殖内分泌学1细胞外信息传递的方式共细胞外信息传递的方式共6类类There are six modes of Intercellular communication.(1)内分泌内分泌:经血液循环传递。大多数激素以这种方式传播。(1)Endocrine:The hormones transmit through the blood circulation.Most hormones spre

4、ad in this way.细胞外信息传递的方式共6类There are six mo2(2)旁分泌旁分泌：经组织液直接作用于邻近的细胞(2)Paracrine:The hormones directly act on the adjacent cells.(2)旁分泌：经组织液直接作用于邻近的细胞(2)Pa3（3）自分泌自分泌:作用于分泌细胞自身(3)Autocrine:The hormones are released and act on the cell that secreted them（3）自分泌:作用于分泌细胞自身(3)Autocr4(4)近分泌或并置分泌近分泌或并置分泌：需

5、要细胞与细胞的接触。膜结合细胞因子与邻近细胞（靶细胞）的受体相作用(4)Juxtacrine:Involving specific cell-to-cell contacts.The interaction of membrane-bound forms with their receptors on an adjacent cell(4)近分泌或并置分泌：需要细胞与细胞的接触。膜结合细胞因子5（5）胞内分泌胞内分泌：某些细胞因子分泌后很快内化，与其自身内部受体作用 (5)Intracrine:Steroid hormones act through intracellular recepto

6、rs,and hormones act within the cell that produces them（6）逆分泌逆分泌：可溶性受体与远端靶细胞上正常分泌的膜结合细胞因子相互作用 (6)Rertocrine:soluble forms of receptors that are normally a component of the cell surface membrane interact with distant target cells by binding to membrane-bound forms of cytokines（5）胞内分泌：某些细胞因子分泌后很快内化，与其自

7、身内部受体6自分泌、旁分泌与内分泌自分泌、旁分泌与内分泌Autocrine、Paracrine and Endocrine自分泌、旁分泌与内分泌Autocrine、Paracrin7内分泌与外分泌的比较内分泌与外分泌的比较The comparation of Endocrine and ExtrocrineEndocrine glandsExcrine glandshormonegland cellgland cellbloodstreamcatheter epidermis mammary glandsweat gland 内分泌与外分泌的比较The comparation of 8二、内分

8、泌系统的主要生理作用及其调节二、二、The main physiological action and regulation of endocrine systemn（一）内分泌系统的生理作用（一）内分泌系统的生理作用n (一)The physiological action of endocrine systemn1.保证机体内环境的相对稳定保证机体内环境的相对稳定n1.Maintenance of the internal environment in the body n(1)控制消化道运动及消化腺的分泌控制消化道运动及消化腺的分泌n(1)Regulate the digestive m

9、ovement and the secretion of digestive glands二、内分泌系统的主要生理作用及其调节二、The main 9n(2)控制能量产生控制能量产生n(2)Regulate the produce of energyn(3)控制细胞外液的组成和容量控制细胞外液的组成和容量n(3)Regulate the composition and capacity of extracellular fluid n2.调节机体与外界环境的相对平衡调节机体与外界环境的相对平衡n2.Regulate the relative balance of organism and ex

10、ternal environment n3.调节生殖功能调节生殖功能n3.Regulate the Reproductive functions(2)控制能量产生10n(二二)内分泌系统的调节作用内分泌系统的调节作用n(二二)The regulating action of endocrine systemn1.内分泌腺功能的相互调节内分泌腺功能的相互调节n1.The mutual regulate of Endocrine action n2.神经系统和内分泌系统的相互调节神经系统和内分泌系统的相互调节n2.The mutual regulate of nervous system and

11、endocrine systemn3.神经系统神经系统-内分泌系统内分泌系统-体液之间的相互调节体液之间的相互调节n3.The mutual regulate of nervous system、endocrine system and body fluidn4.神经神经-内分泌内分泌-免疫调节网络免疫调节网络n4.Nerve-endocrine-immune regulation network(二)内分泌系统的调节作用11三、激素作用的特点三、三、The characteristics of hormone action（一）激素作用的基本特点（一）激素作用的基本特点(一一)The bas

12、ic characteristics of hormone action n特异性特异性 Specificityn高效性高效性 High efficiencyn协同性与颉颃性协同性与颉颃性 Cooperativity and Antagonistic n复杂性复杂性 complexity n（1）一种激素多种作用；）一种激素多种作用；n (1)One hormone may trigger multiple responses （2）一种功能多种激素）一种功能多种激素 (2)One physiological process may be controlled by many differen

13、t hormones三、激素作用的特点三、The characteristic12（二）（二）受体与激素作用受体与激素作用 (二二)Hormone receptorsn1.受体的基本特性受体的基本特性 The basic characteristics of Receptorn识识别别和和结结合合 受受体体某某一一部部分分的的立立体体构构象象具具有有高高度度选选择择性性，能能准准确确识识别别并并特特异异性性结结合合某某些些立立体体特特异异性性配配体体，这这种种特特定定结结合合部部位位也也称称为为受受点点（receptor site）。单单一一细细胞胞可可能能存存在在不不同同类类型型的的受受体体

14、。配配体体指指细细胞胞外外信信息息物物质质或或称称为为第第一一信信使使，如如激激素素。能能激激活活受受体体的的配配体体称称为为激激动动剂剂（agonist），能抑制受体活性的配体称为颉颃剂（），能抑制受体活性的配体称为颉颃剂（antagonist）。）。nRecognition and combine:A certain part of the three-dimensional conformation of receptors have highly selective,which can help accurately identify and specificity combined

15、ligands,those particular combine part called receptor site.Single cell may exist different types of receptors.Ligands are the extracellular information substances or called first messenger,such as hormones.Ligands which can activate the receptor called agonists,can restrain receptors activity called

16、 antagonist.（二）受体与激素作用 (二)Hormone rece13n传传导导信信号号 第第一一信信使使与与受受体体相相互互作作用用产产生生的的信信号号，通通过过第第二二信信使使将将获获得的信息增强、分化、整合并传递给后续的效应机制。得的信息增强、分化、整合并传递给后续的效应机制。nConduct signals:The signals produced from the interaction of first messenger and receptors,through the second messenger will be enhanced,differentiation

17、,integrated and passed to the subsequent effect mechanism.n产生相应的生理效应产生相应的生理效应 依每种激素的不同，产生的生理效应也不相同依每种激素的不同，产生的生理效应也不相同n Produce the corresponding physiological effect:n Different hormones will produce different physiological effects.n特异性特异性 一种特定的受体，只与其特定配体结合而产生特定效应。一种特定的受体，只与其特定配体结合而产生特定效应。nspecific

18、ity:A specific receptor,only combining with a particular ligand can produce certain effect.传导信号 第一信使与受体相互作用产生的信号，通过第二信使14n饱和性饱和性 配体与受体达到最大结合后，不再随配体浓度增高而加大。配体与受体达到最大结合后，不再随配体浓度增高而加大。nsaturability:When the combination of ligands and receptors reach maximum,it will not increasing with the density of li

19、gands.n组织特异性特异性 以不同密度存在于靶以不同密度存在于靶细胞的不同区域。胞的不同区域。nOrganization specificity:With different density exists in different areas of the target cells.n高亲和性高亲和性 配体的表观解离常数配体的表观解离常数KdKd值应在值应在1010-9-91010-12-12 mol mol之间。之间。nHigh affinity:The Kd of ligands ranges from 10-9 to 10-12 Molar n结合可逆性结合可逆性 配体与受体的复合物

20、可以解离，也可被其他配体置换。配体与受体的复合物可以解离，也可被其他配体置换。nCombining reversibility:The interaction is reversible and how easily the hormone is displaced from the receptor is a quantitation of its affinity.饱和性 配体与受体达到最大结合后，不再随配体浓度增高而加大152.激素及其受体激素及其受体2.Hormones and their receptorsHormoneClass of hormoneLocation ofrecep

21、torAmine(epinephrine)肾上腺素Water-solubleCell surfaceAmine(thyroid hormone)Lipid solubleIntracellularPeptide/proteinWater solubleCell surfaceSteroids and Vitamin DLipid SolubleIntracellular2.激素及其受体2.Hormones and thei16四、激素的分类及转运方式四、四、The classification and transfer mode of hormones n（一）激素的分类（一）激素的分类n (

22、一一)The classification of hormones 根据化学性质不同可分为根据化学性质不同可分为3类：类：含氮激素（蛋白质、多肽含氮激素（蛋白质、多肽、胺类激素、胺类激素）；类）；类固醇激素（甾体激素）；脂肪酸激素固醇激素（甾体激素）；脂肪酸激素。nAccording to the chemical properties,hormones can be divided into three groups:Nitrogen hormone(protein、polypeptide、Amines);Steroid hormones;Fatty acid hormone.根据产生部位不

23、同可分为根据产生部位不同可分为8类：类：松果腺激素；丘脑下部激素；垂体前叶激素；松果腺激素；丘脑下部激素；垂体前叶激素；胎盘激素；性腺激素；神经垂体（垂体后叶）激素；局部激素；外激素胎盘激素；性腺激素；神经垂体（垂体后叶）激素；局部激素；外激素According to generate position,hormones can be divided into eight groups:Pineal hormone;Hypothalamic Hormones;Anterior pituitary hormone;Placental hormones;Gonadal hormones;Neuro

24、hypophysis(posterior pituitary)hormones;Topical hormones;Pheromone 四、激素的分类及转运方式四、The classificat17Cholesterol胆固醇Pregnenolone孕烯醇酮Cholesterol胆固醇Pregnenolone18n（二）激素的转运方式（二）激素的转运方式n (二二)The transfer mode of hormones1.含氮激素：含氮激素：产生后常贮存于该腺体内产生后常贮存于该腺体内,当机体需要时，分泌到邻近的毛细血管中。当机体需要时，分泌到邻近的毛细血管中。1.Nitrogen horm

25、ones:The hormones stored in the glands which produced them.When the body is needed,the hormones will secrete into neighboring capillaries.2.类固醇激素：类固醇激素：产生后立即释放产生后立即释放,并不贮存。并不贮存。2.Steroid hormones:The hormones released immediately after produce,and didnt stored in the glands.3.脂肪酸类激素：脂肪酸类激素：只有前列腺素。当机

26、体需要时只有前列腺素。当机体需要时,边分泌边应用，并不贮存。边分泌边应用，并不贮存。3.Fatty acid hormone:Only including Prostaglandin.When the body is needed,the hormones will be used along of its produce,and didnt stored in the glands.（二）激素的转运方式19生殖激素概念生殖激素概念The concept of Reproductive Hormone n直接影响动物生殖机能的激素称为生殖激素直接影响动物生殖机能的激素称为生殖激素。nHormo

27、nes which directly affects the function of animal reproductive called reproductive hormone.n调节调节(regulation)：母母畜畜：发发情情、排排卵卵、生生殖殖细细胞胞在在生生殖殖道道内内的的运运行行、胚胚胎胎附附植植、怀怀孕孕、分分娩、泌乳、母性、以及生殖器官发育；娩、泌乳、母性、以及生殖器官发育；In female animals:it can regulate estrus,ovulation,the running of germ cells in genital meatus,embryo

28、 implantation,pregnancy,parturition,lactation,maternal,and the development of reproductive organs;公畜：精子的生成、副性腺分泌、性欲、生殖器官发育。公畜：精子的生成、副性腺分泌、性欲、生殖器官发育。In male animals:it can regulate sperm production,vice gonad secretion,libido and the development of reproductive organs.第二节第二节 生殖激素生殖激素 Section 2 Reprod

29、uctive Hormone 生殖激素概念第二节 生殖激素 Section 2 R20一、松果体激素一、松果体激素一、Pineal hormonen松果腺内存在三类激素：松果腺内存在三类激素：nIn the pineal,exist three types of hormone n第一类为吲哚类，主要有第一类为吲哚类，主要有MLTMLT、5-HT5-HT和和5-5-甲氧色胺等；甲氧色胺等；nThe first type of hormone is indole,including MLT,5-HT and 5-Methoxytryptamine.n第第二二类类为为肽肽类类，如如8-8-精精加加

30、催催产产素素（AVTAVT）、8-8-赖赖加加催催产产素素（LVTLVT）、）、GnRHGnRH及及TRHTRH等；等；nThe second type of hormone is peptide,including AVT,LVT,GnRH and TRH.n第三类为第三类为PGsPGsnThe third type of hormone is PGs.一、松果体激素一、Pineal hormone松果腺内存在21褪黑素褪黑素(melatonin)MLT(melatonin)MLTn19581958年年由由利利勒勒尔尔（LernerLerner）首首次次从从牛牛松松果果腺腺中中分分离离出出来

31、来，其其结结构构为：为：5-5-甲氧基甲氧基-N-N-乙酰色胺，属吲哚类。乙酰色胺，属吲哚类。nMelatonin first isolated from cattle pineal in 1958,its chemically structure is:N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine,belonging to indole.n生理作用：生理作用：physiological action:n（1 1）可使皮肤褪色；）可使皮肤褪色；n(1)(1)Melatonin can make skin fade n（2 2）抗性腺、抗甲状腺、抗肿瘤；）抗性腺、抗甲状腺、抗肿瘤；n

32、 (2)Melatonin have functions of anti gonad,anti thyroid and antitumor.n（3 3）镇静、镇痛、应激、睡眠、调节生物节律、增强免疫力。）镇静、镇痛、应激、睡眠、调节生物节律、增强免疫力。n (3)(3)Melatonin have functions of calm,analgesic,stress,sleep,adjust biothythm and enhance immunity.褪黑素(melatonin)MLT1958年由利勒尔（Le22n分分泌泌调调节节：黑黑暗暗刺刺激激合合成成，光光照照抑抑制制释释放放。因因此此

33、，随随光光照照条条件件昼昼夜波动，黑暗高、白天低。夜波动，黑暗高、白天低。nSecretion regulation:darkness can stimulating the synthesis of melatonin,but illumination restrained its release.Therefore,with the fluctuation of Illumination condition day and night,the content of melatonin is high in darkness,low in daytime.n靶细胞：靶细胞：垂体促性腺细胞。垂

34、体促性腺细胞。nTarget cells:Pituitary gonadotrophic cells n作作用用机机理理：对对抗抗性性腺腺的的作作用用就就是是通通过过抑抑制制垂垂体体促促性性腺腺细细胞胞对对促促性性腺激素释放的应答来实现。腺激素释放的应答来实现。nMechanism:The function of against gonad is realized by restraining the response of pituitary gonadotrophic cells to gonadotrophic.分泌调节：黑暗刺激合成，光照抑制释放。因此，随光照条件昼夜波23n松果腺激素

35、的临床意义松果腺激素的临床意义nClinical significance of Pineal hormonen1.1.调调节节繁繁殖殖季季节节：这这与与日日照照的的长长度度有有关关-表表现现松松果果体体对对性性腺腺功功能能的的季季节节性性抑抑制制作作用用。人人类类可可以以通通过过控控制制光光照照，来来调调节节动动物物的的性性活活动动周周期期，引引发母畜发情。发母畜发情。n1.Ragulate breeding season:This relate to the length of sunshine,displaying in the seasonal restrain of pineal g

36、land to the gonad.Humans can through controlling the illumination,to adjust the animals sexual activity cycle and trigger dams estrus.n2.2.治治疗疗神神经经系系统统疾疾病病：MLTMLT可可加加强强中中枢枢抑抑制制过过程程，来来治治疗疗神神经经兴兴奋奋性性疾疾病。病。n2.Cure diseases of nervous system:MLT can strengthen the central inhibition process,to cure nerv

37、ous excitatory disease 松果腺激素的临床意义24二、丘脑下部激素二、Hypothalamic Hormonesn丘脑下部是间脑的一部分，位于间脑之下，并构成第三脑室的一部分丘脑下部是间脑的一部分，位于间脑之下，并构成第三脑室的一部分及其底及其底部。主要包括部。主要包括视交叉、灰结节、乳头体、正中隆起、漏斗及垂视交叉、灰结节、乳头体、正中隆起、漏斗及垂体神经部体神经部6部分。部分。nThe hypothalamus occupies only a very small portion of the brain.It consists of the region of the

38、 third ventricle,extending from the optic chiasma to the mammillary bodies.n丘脑下部与垂体前叶（腺垂体）的激素传递是通过丘脑下部丘脑下部与垂体前叶（腺垂体）的激素传递是通过丘脑下部-垂体门垂体门脉系统进行的。脉系统进行的。nthe hormone delivery of Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary(adenohypophysis),is accomplished through the hypothalamus-pituitary portal system.n丘脑下部激素有

39、：丘脑下部激素有：GnRH、PRF及及PIF等。等。nThe Hypothalamic Hormones including GnRH、PRF and PIF.二、丘脑下部激素二、Hypothalamic Hormon25GnRHn英文：英文：Gonadotropin releasing hormoneGonadotropin releasing hormonen包括包括：includingincludingn促黄体素释放激素（促黄体素释放激素（LRHLRH），促卵泡素释放激素（），促卵泡素释放激素（FSHRHFSHRH）因因此此，在在生生理理功功能能上上既既有有LRHLRH样样作作用用，又又

40、有有FSHRHFSHRH样样作作用用，但但以以LRHLRH样作用为主。样作用为主。Thus,GnRH have the function of both LRH and FSHRH,mainly is LRH.1.1.化学结构化学结构 10 10肽：焦谷肽：焦谷-组组色色丝丝-酪酪-甘甘-亮亮-精精-脯脯-甘氨酰胺甘氨酰胺1.Chemical structure GnRH is a decapeptide(10 amino acids)：pGlu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-NHGnRH英文：Gonadotropin releasing 262.生理

41、作用及临床应用2.Physiological action and its clinical application n刺激垂体前叶释放促黄体素和促卵泡素，主要为促黄体素。刺激垂体前叶释放促黄体素和促卵泡素，主要为促黄体素。nStimulating anterior pituitary to release luteinizing hormone(LH)and follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH),mainly is luteinizing hormone(LH).n促进排卵促进排卵 Promote ovulation n对雄性，促进精子的形成对雄性，促进精子的形

42、成nTo male,can promote the formation of sperm n对家禽可提高产蛋率对家禽可提高产蛋率nTo poultry,Can improve the rate egg laying.2.生理作用及临床应用2.Physiological a273.分泌调节 Secretion regulation 既受高级神经中枢的控制，又受生殖激素的反馈调节。既受高级神经中枢的控制，又受生殖激素的反馈调节。GnRH is affected by the advanced nerve system and the feedback regulation of reproduct

43、ive hormone.n神经调节：神经调节：去甲肾上腺素能促进去甲肾上腺素能促进LRH释放释放,5-羟色胺抑制羟色胺抑制LRH的释放。的释放。nnervous regulation:Phenylephrine can promote the release of LRH,serotonin inhibit the release of LRH.n反馈调节：反馈调节：长反馈、短反馈和超短反馈三套反馈调节机理。长反馈、短反馈和超短反馈三套反馈调节机理。nfeedback regulation:including long feedback,short feedback and ultra-sho

44、rt feedback.n临床制品：临床制品：促排卵素促排卵素3号号、促排卵素、促排卵素2号号nClinical Products:LRH-A3、LRH-A2.3.分泌调节 Secretion regulation 28三、促性腺激素三、Gonadotropic hormone n垂体包括：垂体包括：垂体前叶（腺垂体）和垂体后叶（神经垂体）垂体前叶（腺垂体）和垂体后叶（神经垂体）nPituitary including anterior pituitary(adenohypophysis)and posterior pituitary(neurohypophysis)n垂体前叶分泌：垂体前叶分

45、泌：Anterior pituitary can release:Prolactin(PRL),Growth hormone(GH),Thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH),Adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH)肾上腺皮质激素肾上腺皮质激素,Follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH),Luteinizing hormone/Interstitial cell stimulating hormone 间质细胞剌激素间质细胞剌激素(LH/ICSH).三、促性腺激素三、Gonadotropic hormone29n垂体后叶

46、分泌：垂体后叶分泌：OT nPosterior pituitary can relesse:OT（一）垂体前叶促性腺激素（一）垂体前叶促性腺激素 (一一)Anterior pituitary gonadotropic hormone 1.1.促卵泡素促卵泡素 FSH FSHn英文：英文：Follicle stimulating hormoneFollicle stimulating hormone（1 1）化学性质：）化学性质：糖蛋白糖蛋白 (1)Chemical Properties:glycoprotein（2 2）半衰期：）半衰期：血浆中半衰期为血浆中半衰期为6 6小时小时 (2)hal

47、f-life period:in plasma,the half-life period is six hours.垂体后叶分泌：OT 30（3）主要生理作用 (3)The main physiological action n剌激卵泡的生长发育剌激卵泡的生长发育:H+R:H+R作用作用nStimulating the growth of follicles.n当当卵卵泡泡生生长长出出现现一一个个空空腔腔时时，能能刺刺激激它它继继续续发发育育至至接接近近成成熟，并刺激分泌雌激素；熟，并刺激分泌雌激素；nWhen follicular growing emerge a cavity,can st

48、imulate the growth of follicles to maturity and release estrogen.n当当血血液液中中FSHFSH和和LHLH达达到到一一定定浓浓度度，且且成成一一定定比比例例时时，引引起起排卵；排卵；nWhen the blood FSH and LH reaches a certain concentration,and a certain proportion,can induces ovulation.（3）主要生理作用 (3)The main phy31n剌激卵巢生长剌激卵巢生长,增加卵巢重量增加卵巢重量nStimulating the

49、growth of ovarian and increasing the weight of ovariann在在公公畜畜,刺刺激激细细精精管管上上皮皮和和次次级级精精母母细细胞胞发发育育，并并在在促促间间质质细细胞胞素素的协同下，使精子发育完成。的协同下，使精子发育完成。nIn male animals,it can stimulating the development of seminiferous epithelium and secondary spermatocyte,and completing the development of sperm with the synergy

50、of inter-stitial cell-stimulating hormone.n在在LHLH和雄激素的协同作用下和雄激素的协同作用下,使精子发育成熟。使精子发育成熟。nWith the synergy of LH and androgen,can made sperm maturation.n能促使足细胞中精细胞的释放。能促使足细胞中精细胞的释放。nCan prompt the release of sperm cells in podocyte剌激卵巢生长,增加卵巢重量32（4）分泌调节(4)Secretion regulationn上上级级激激素素的的调调节节：丘丘脑脑下下部部激激素

51、素GnRH的的调调节节FSHnSuperior hormone regulation:the regulation of hypothalamic hormones(GnRH)FSHn受受性性腺腺激激素素的的反反馈馈调调节节：雌雌激激素素和和孕孕激激素素的的反反馈馈抑制。抑制。nThe feedback regulation of gonadal hormone:the feedback inhibition of estrogen and progestin.（4）分泌调节(4)Secretion regulat33第一章 家畜生殖内分泌学课件342.2.促黄体素促黄体素 LH LHn英文：

52、英文：Luteinizing hormoneLuteinizing hormonen别别名名：公公畜畜称称促促间间质质细细胞胞素素(Inter-stitial cell-stimulating hormone,ICSH)(1)(1)化学结构：化学结构：糖蛋白糖蛋白(2)(1)Chemical structure:glycoprotein(2)(2)半衰期：半衰期：约约7070分钟分钟(2)half-life period:the half-life period is 70 min.2.促黄体素 LH英文：Luteinizing horm35(3)生理作用 Physiological acti

53、on n对对母母畜畜：协协同同FSHFSH促促使使卵卵泡泡发发育育、并并最最后后成成熟熟；在在FSHFSH和和LHLH达达到到一定比例时，导致排卵，对排卵起主要作用；一定比例时，导致排卵，对排卵起主要作用；nIn female animals，with the synergy of FSH，LH can prompted the development and mature of follicles;when the FSH and LH reaches a certain proportion,can induces ovulation.n对公畜：对公畜：刺激睾丸间质细胞，使其产生并释放雄激

54、素；刺激睾丸间质细胞，使其产生并释放雄激素；nIn male animals，LH can stimulate testis mesenchymal cells,make it produce and release androgens.n与与FSHFSH及雄激素协同，使精子生成充分完成。及雄激素协同，使精子生成充分完成。nWith the synergy of FSH and androgens,LH can made the production of sperm fully completed.(3)生理作用 Physiological action 36(4)分泌调节 Secretio

55、n regulationn受上级激素的调节：受上级激素的调节：丘脑下部激素丘脑下部激素GnRH的调节的调节LHnSuperior hormone regulation:the regulation of hypothalamic hormones(GnRH)LHn受受性性腺腺激激素素的的反反馈馈调调节节：在在排排卵卵前前，成成熟熟卵卵泡泡分分泌泌大大量量雌雌激激素素，它它能能使使LHLH大大量量分分泌泌，从从而而导导致致排排卵卵；当当雌雌雄雄激激素素和和孕孕激激素素一一起起作作用用时时，则则能抑制能抑制FSHFSH和和LHLH的分泌的分泌.nThe feedback regulation of

56、 gonadal hormone:Before ovulation,the mature follicle can secrete plenty of estrogen,which can make LH secretion,causing ovulation.When estrogen、androgen and progestational hormone have effects together,can inhibit the secretion of FSH and LH.(4)分泌调节 Secretion regulation373.3.促黄体分泌素促黄体分泌素 LTH LTHn英文

57、：Luteotropic hormonen别名：促乳素或催乳素（Prolactin，PRL）(1)化学结构(1)Chemical structure:由200个左右氨基酸组成的蛋白质。It is a protein contains about 200 amino acid.(2)半衰期 15-30分钟；(2)half-life period:15 to 30 min.3.促黄体分泌素 LTH英文：Luteotropic hor38(3)生理作用 Physiological action n刺激和维持黄体分泌孕酮刺激和维持黄体分泌孕酮nStimulate and maintain corpus

58、,which can secrete progesterone.n是是刺刺激激阴阴道道分分泌泌粘粘液液的的主主要要激激素素，并并能能使使子子宫宫颈颈松松弛弛，以排出子宫的分泌物；以排出子宫的分泌物；nLTH is the main hormones which can stimulate the vaginal secreting mucus,and make the uterine flabby,to exhause the secretion of uterus.n刺激乳腺发育，促进乳汁的分泌释放；刺激乳腺发育，促进乳汁的分泌释放；nStimulate the development of

59、 mammary gland,and promote the secretion and release of mammary gland(3)生理作用 Physiological action 39能增强母性；能增强母性；Enhance maternal instinct由于能使黄体功能加强，因此可以抑制由于能使黄体功能加强，因此可以抑制FSH的分泌。的分泌。As LTH can strengthened the functions of corpus luteum,so it can inhibit the secretion of FSH在雄性，维持睾酮分泌，并协同雄激素刺激副性腺的分泌

60、。在雄性，维持睾酮分泌，并协同雄激素刺激副性腺的分泌。In male animals,LTH can maintain the secretion of testosterone,and stimulate the secretion of vice gonad with the synergy of androgen(4)(4)分泌调节分泌调节 Secretion regulation 主要通过丘脑下部激素对它的调节主要通过丘脑下部激素对它的调节Mainly through the regulation of hypothalamus hormone能增强母性；(4)分泌调节 Secreti

61、on reg40nPRFPRF：能促进能促进LTHLTH（PRLPRL）的释放；）的释放；nPRF can promote the release of LTH(PRL)nPIFPIF：抑制抑制LTHLTH（PRLPRL）的释放；）的释放；nPIF can restrain the release of LTH(PRL)n其它物质的调节作用：其它物质的调节作用：nThe regulation of other substance多巴胺多巴胺：抑制：抑制LTHLTH（PRLPRL）的释放；）的释放；Dopamine can restrain the release of LTH(PRL)去甲肾上

62、腺素、利血平、甲基多巴去甲肾上腺素、利血平、甲基多巴：能促进：能促进LTHLTH（PRLPRL）的释放。）的释放。Norepinephrine,reserpine and methyl dopamine can promote the release of LTH(PRL)PRF：能促进LTH（PRL）的释放；411.1.马马绒绒毛毛膜膜促促性性腺腺激激素素（equine equine chorionic chorionic gonadotropin,gonadotropin,eCGeCG），又又称称孕孕马马血血清清促促性性腺腺激激素素（pregnant mares serum gonadot

63、ropinpregnant mares serum gonadotropin，PMSGPMSG）(1)(1)来源与性质来源与性质 Source and nature 孕孕马马子子宫宫内内膜膜杯杯产产生生，在在妊妊娠娠40d-120d40d-120d的的血血液液中中含含量量最最高高，是是一一种种糖糖蛋蛋白激素。白激素。PMSG is a glycoprotein hormone,produced by endometrial cup of pregnant mares,and in day 40 of pregnancy persist until day 120 when reach the

64、highest levels in the blood.（2 2）半衰期）半衰期:可达几天可达几天 half-life period:Can reach a few days(二）胎盘促性腺激 Placental Gonadotropin 1.马绒毛膜促性腺激素（equine chorionic 42（3 3）生理作用）生理作用 Physiological action n既有既有FSHFSH样作用，又有样作用，又有LHLH样作用，但以样作用，但以FSHFSH样作用为主。样作用为主。Has both FSH and LH-like activity with higher degree of

65、FSH-like activityn对孕马对孕马:主要显示主要显示LHLH的作用的作用,只引起排卵和促使成熟的卵泡黄体化只引起排卵和促使成熟的卵泡黄体化；nIn pregnant mares,PMSG mainly showing the function of LH,thus it can cause ovulation and prompte the luteinization of mature follicles.n对对其其它它动动物物：刺刺激激卵卵泡泡生生长长发发育育，常常用用于于诱诱导导发发情情和和超超数数排排卵卵；对雄性动物，能促进细精管发育及精子形成。对雄性动物，能促进细精管发

66、育及精子形成。nTo other animals,PMSG can stimulate the growth of follicular and often use to estrus induction and superovulation.nTo male animals,PMSG Can promote the development of seminiferous tubule and spermatogenesis.（3）生理作用 Physiological action 432.2.人绒毛膜促性腺激素人绒毛膜促性腺激素 hCG hCGn英文：英文：human chorionic gonadotropinhuman chorionic gonadotropin（1 1）来源与性质）来源与性质 Source and nature 是是由由孕孕妇妇早早期期绒绒毛毛膜膜滋滋养养层层的的合合胞胞体体细细胞胞产产生生，由由尿尿中中排排出出。人人在在胚胚胎胎附附植植的的第第一一天天（受受孕孕第第八八天天）即即开开始始分分泌泌hCGhCG，是一种糖蛋白。，是一种糖蛋白。hCG is a g