理解句子、段落之间的逻辑关系ppt课件

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1、理解句子、段落理解句子、段落之间的逻辑关系之间的逻辑关系理解句子、段落之间的逻辑关系 逻逻辑辑思思维维能能力力运运用用到到对对文文章章的的深深层层理理解解过过程程。这这需需要要对对种种种种逻逻辑辑概概念念有有一一定定的的知知识识积积累累。一一般般要要根根据据事事实实、现现象象或或常常识识，而而后后进进行行本本质质比比较较和和分分析析进进行行逻逻辑辑推推理理。要要搞搞清清常常见见的的逻逻辑辑关关系系。从从上上下下文文中中看看出出语语意意发发展展的的路路径径。逻逻辑辑思思维维的的方方向向主主要要指指：并并列列、递递进进、因因果果、转转折折、反反正正、比比较较、对对照照、例例证证、结结论论等等。文文

2、章章的的逻逻辑辑性性体体现现在在结结构构上上层层次次分分明明，语语意意上上连连贯贯通通顺顺，前前后呼应。后呼应。逻辑思维能力运用到对文章的深层理解过程。这需要对种种逻逻辑分析的细节逻辑分析的细节1 1主次关系与要义提炼主次关系与要义提炼2 2事事实实与与逻逻辑辑推推断断：因因果果、顺顺序序、正正反反、对对应应、并列、递进、转折、让步、例举、条件、。并列、递进、转折、让步、例举、条件、。3.3.立论与解释和说明立论与解释和说明4 4比较与对照比较与对照5 5例证与结论例证与结论6 6主题与支撑主题与支撑7 7包容与被包容包容与被包容8 8总体与具体总体与具体9 9前提与结论的呼应关系前提与结论的

3、呼应关系逻辑分析的细节1主次关系与要义提炼注意寻找逻辑衔接词语注意寻找逻辑衔接词语1 1。并列与递进：。并列与递进：also,in addition,whats more,moreover,likewise,similarly,2 2。转折：。转折：however,on the contrary,instead of,3 3。因果：。因果：due to,therefore,as a result,2 2。肯定和否定：。肯定和否定：certainly,never,instead,3 3。让步与条件：。让步与条件：although,unless,as long as,4 4。时间与空间：。时间与空

4、间：while,until,afterwards,5 5。顺序推展：。顺序推展：first of all,then,finally,6 6。列举说明：。列举说明：for instanced,for example,such as,8 8。总结概括：。总结概括：generally speaking,in conclusion,注意寻找逻辑衔接词语1。并列与递进：also,in add注意对句子概念的理解注意对句子概念的理解1。要搞清楚要搞清楚7 7句话所表达的方向：句话所表达的方向：哪个是核心句？哪个是核心句？哪个是上下文过渡句？哪个是上下文过渡句？哪个是总结性句子？哪个是总结性句子？句子所处什

5、么位置？句子所处什么位置？2 2。要在文中迅速找到对应部分。要在文中迅速找到对应部分3 3。要把握短文内容的整体理解。要把握短文内容的整体理解4 4。要积累不同文体表述特点。要积累不同文体表述特点5 5。要小心：搞错一个，等于错掉两个。要小心：搞错一个，等于错掉两个注意对句子概念的理解1。要搞清楚7句话所表达的方向：2009全国高考宁夏、海南试题全国高考宁夏、海南试题根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。Gettingyourchildrentostudycanbeal

6、ittlelikegettingthemtoeattheirvegetables.1Makeastudytimeandhaveitatthesametimeeveryday.Thiswillhelpyourkidstolearntoscheduletheirdayandwillgivethemasenseofcontroloverhowtheyspendtheirtime.Allowthemtostudyinblocksoftime,suchasforhalfanhourwithafive-minutebreakinthemiddle.2Ideal(理想的)studytimesareafter

7、dinnerorrightafterschoolbeforedinner.2009全国高考宁夏、海南试题根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中 Neverallowyourchildrentostudyinfrontofthetelevision,asthatwillencouragepassiveactivity.3.Youllalsoneedtohelpyourkidsfindtherightplacetostudy.Afteryouresetupagoodstudytimeforlittlelearners,setupagoodplacewheretheycangetthosecreativej

8、uicesflowing.4.Makesurethereisatableoradeskandacomfortablechair.5.Thisincludeshelpingthemoutwiththeirhomeworksometimesandbeingthereforthemwiththeanswertoanyquestions.Theinputyougiveyourchildrenduringstudyperiodswillhelpformabondandhelpmakestudyingenjoyable.Never allow your children tA.Pick a place w

9、here your children can study properly.B.Hold them to the schedule they create for themselves.C.Finally,spend time with your kids when theyre studying.D.Keep the atmosphere light and offer lots of encouragement,too.E.Instead,use TV as a treat or a reward when the homework is completed.F.Try to stop t

10、his bad habit by offering some sort or reward.G.One of the best ways to form good study habits for your kids is to design a schedule that they keep to.答案：答案：1.G 2.B 3.E 4.A 5.CPick a place where your childr判断方法：判断方法：下文一般都是对上文的解释和说明；或前后呼应。1.G 上句为题干：One of the best ways to form good study habits for y

11、our kids is to design a schedule that they keep to.养成孩子好的学习习惯最好的方法之一就是设计他们要坚持的时间表。接下来的一句：Make a study time and have it at the same time every day.做一个学习时间表，每天在同一时间学习。其中的关键词：schedule和makeastudytime判断方法：2.B 在题干中找上句：Hold them to the schedule they create for themselves.坚守他们自己创造的日程安排。与下句能连贯起来：Ideal study

12、times are after dinner or right after school before dinner.理想的学习时间是饭后或放学后。3.E 上句：Never allow your children to study in front of the television,as that will encourage passive activity.千万别让你的孩子在电视前学习，因为那会加剧消极活动。在题干中找到下句：Instead,use TV as a treat or a reward when the homework is completed.而是要把看电视作为做完功课

13、的奖励。其中关键词语是 Instead和Never。_ 2.B 在题干中找上句：Hold them to th4.A 看题干看题干：Pick a place where your children can study properly.选择一个适合孩子读书地方。与下句正好呼应的是：与下句正好呼应的是：Make sure there is a table or a desk and a comfortable chair.一定要有一张桌子和一把舒适的椅子。4.A 看题干：5.C 看题干：Finally,spend time with your kids when theyre studying.

14、孩子做功课时要和他们在一起。（作为最后一段的文字前，通常用Finally作为结束。）连贯下来：This includes helping them out with their homework sometimes and being there for them with the answer to any questions.The input you give your children during study periods will help form a bone and help make studying enjoyable.这包括有时要帮助孩子做作业，回答问题。在学习期间你

15、对孩子的倾注将有助于巩固情感并使学习有乐趣。5.C 看题干：Finally,spend timeGetting your children to study can be a little like getting them to eat their vegetables.1 Make a study time and have it at the same time every day.This will help your kids to learn to schedule their day and will give them a sense of control over how t

16、hey spend their time.One of the best ways to form good study habits for your kids is to design a schedule that they keep to Getting your children toAllow them to study in blocks of time,such as for half an hour with a five-minute break in the middle.2 Ideal(理想的)study times are after dinner or right

17、after school before dinner.Hold them to the schedule they create for themselves.Allow them to study in blocks Neverallowyourchildrentostudyinfrontofthetelevision,asthatwillencouragepassiveactivity.3:Instead,use TV as a treat or a reward when the homework is completed.Never allow your children to s4:

18、Makesurethereisatableoradeskandacomfortablechair.Pick a place where your children can study properly.4:Pick a place where your5.Thisincludeshelpingthemoutwiththeirhomeworksometimesandbeingthereforthemwiththeanswertoanyquestions.Theinputyougiveyourchildrenduringstudyperiodswillhelpformabondandhelpmak

19、estudyingenjoyable.Finally,spend time with your kids when theyre studying.5.Finally,spend time with yo20092009辽宁卷辽宁卷 71 Home can be a great place for children to study.Its important to provide a workspace of their own where they can read books or just write a letter to their friends.2009辽宁卷 Location

20、(位置)72 Kitchen and dining room are not so well suited for regular study,since books and pens get in the way of the day-to-day uses of those areas.Set up a place where a child can settle in and leave papers and pens at hand without having to clear everything away each night.For a child that likes bei

21、ng alone,set aside a corner of his bedroom,but keep it separate from things like games,music and other hobbies not related to studying.Location(位置)Keeping Things in Order Parents should encourage their child to spread out,but to leave it neat and orderly when it isnt using his workspace.Ownership is

22、 very important for self-respect.73 The workplace should be personal,but not another part of the playroom.Keeping Things in Order74 Encourage the whole family to help build a supportive environment that children need for success in school.Give them a good example of how to manage time and get things

23、 done in the right way.75 Study will be more enjoyable and effective when supported by the whole family.74 A.Attitude Is Everything.B.Bring Organization into Your Home.C.Here are several ways to choose a location.D.Building a Good Home Learning Environment.E.Hold a can-do attitude and your child wil

24、l follow your example.F.Setting up a space in a common area of your home can be a good idea for children.G.A child who learns to organize his space will carry organization into every corner of his life.Attitude Is Everything.71 Home can be a great place for children to study.Its important to provide

25、 a workspace of their own where they can read books or just write a letter to their friends.根据后文：根据后文：Home can be a great place for children to study.家园是孩子们学习的理想场所。家园是孩子们学习的理想场所。D D项：项：“建设一个好的家庭学习环境。建设一个好的家庭学习环境。”作为本文的标题，即主旨要义。作为本文的标题，即主旨要义。D:Building a Good Home Learning Environment.71 根据后文：Home ca

26、n be a great pLocation(位置)72 Kitchen and dining room are not so well suited for regular study,since books and pens get in the way of the day-to-day uses of those areas.Set up a place where a child can settle in and leave papers and pens at hand without having to clear everything away each night.For

27、a child that likes being alone,set aside a corner of his bedroom,but keep it separate from things like games,music and other hobbies not related to studying._安排一个固定的地方让孩子们可以手中拿纸笔不用每晚清理。安排一个固定的地方让孩子们可以手中拿纸笔不用每晚清理。F:Setting up a space in a common area of your home can be a good idea for children.安排一个共

28、用的地方给孩子是个好主意安排一个共用的地方给孩子是个好主意Location(位置)_Keeping Things in Order Parents should encourage their child to spread out,but to leave it neat and orderly when it isnt using his workspace.Ownership is very important for self-respect.73 The workplace should be personal,but not another part of the playroom

29、.上文：家长应鼓励孩子把东西铺开，还能在不用上文：家长应鼓励孩子把东西铺开，还能在不用的时候摆放有序。对于自尊来说所有权是很重要的时候摆放有序。对于自尊来说所有权是很重要的。接下来：的。接下来：一个学会安排空间的孩子必将把这一个学会安排空间的孩子必将把这种条理性带如他人生的每个角落。种条理性带如他人生的每个角落。G:A child who learns to organize his space will carry organization into every corner of his life._Keeping Things in Order上文：家长应74 Encourage the

30、 whole family to help build a supportive environment that children need for success in school.Give them a good example of how to manage time and get things done in the right way.75 Study will be more enjoyable and effective when supported by the whole family.从下文知道：态度的重要性。从上文知道：有从下文知道：态度的重要性。从上文知道：有“

31、能做到能做到”的态度，孩子会以你为榜样。的态度，孩子会以你为榜样。A.Attitude Is Everything.E.Hold a can-do attitude and your child will follow your example.74 从下文知道：态度的重要性。从上文知道：有“能做到”的20102010年北京卷考试说明样题年北京卷考试说明样题 Life Story of Dave Thomas Since 1989,Dave Thomas,who died of cancer at age 69 in his Fort Lauderdale home,was one of th

32、e most recognizable faces on TV.71 “As long as it works,”he said in 1991,“Ill continue to do those commercials.”72 “He still wont let anyone see his feet,which are out of shape because he never had proper-fitting shoes,”Wendy said in 1993.Born to a single mother,he was adopted as a baby By Rex and A

33、uleva Thomas of Kalamazoo in Michigan.After Auleva died when he was 5,Thomas spent years on the road as Rex traveled around seeking construction work.“He fed me,”Thomas said,“and if I got out of line,hed beat me.”2010年北京卷考试说明样题 Moving out on his own at 15,Thomas worked,first as a waiter,in many rest

34、aurants.73 “I thought if I owned a restaurant,”He said,“I could eat for free.”A 1956 meeting with Harland Sanders led Thomas to a career as a Kentucky Fried Chicken restaurant owner that made him a millionaire in 1968.In 1969,after breaking with Sanders,Thomas started the first Wendys Old Fashioned

35、Hamburgers,in Columbus,Ohio,which set itself apart by serving made-to-order burgers.74 Moving out on his own Although troubled by his own experience with adoption,Thomas,married since 1954 to Lorraine,66,and with four grown kids besides Wendy,felt it could offer a future for other children.He starte

36、d the Dave Thomas Foundation(基金会)for Adoption in 1992.In 1993,Thomas,who had left school at 15,graduated from Coconut Creek High School in Florida.75 The kids voted him Most Likely to Succeed.Although troubled by hi “The Dave you saw on TV,”says friend Pat Williams,senior vice president of the Orlan

37、do Magic,“was the real Dave.He wasnt a great actor or a great speaker.He was just Joe Everybody.”“The Dave you saw on TV,”A.But he had something much better in mind.B.He even took Lorraine to the graduation dance party.C.Even though he was successful,Thomas remained troubled by his childhood.D.By us

38、ing his experience and determination,Thomas turned the restaurants around.E.With 6,000 restaurants worldwide,the chain now makes$6 billion a year in sales.F.He appeared in more than 800 commercials for the hamburger chain named for his daughter,now 40.G.He dropped out of school to work full-time.Thi

39、s decision to drop out haunted him until he went back to school 45 years later.But he had something much bett补全后看连贯补全后看连贯 Since 1989,Dave Thomas,who died of cancer at age 69 in his Fort Lauderdale home,was one of the most recognizable faces on TV.71 “As long as it works,”he said in 1991,“Ill continu

40、e to do those commercials.”F:He appeared in more than 800 commercials for the hamburger chain named for his daughter,now 40.补全后看连贯 Since 1989,Dave Tho72:“He still wont let anyone see his feet,which are out of shape because he never had proper-fitting shoes,”Wendy said in 1993.Born to a single mother

41、,he was adopted as a baby By Rex and Auleva Thomas of Kalamazoo in Michigan.After Auleva died when he was 5,Thomas spent years on the road as Rex traveled around seeking construction work.“He fed me,”Thomas said,“and if I got out of line,hed beat me.”C:Even though he was successful,Thomas remained t

42、roubled by his childhood.:C:Even though he was successMoving out on his own at 15,Thomas worked,first as a waiter,in many restaurants.73 “I thought if I owned a restaurant,”He said,“I could eat for free.”A 1956 meeting with Harland Sanders led Thomas to a career as a Kentucky Fried Chicken restauran

43、t owner that made him a millionaire in 1968.A:But he had something much better in mind.Moving out on his own at 15,T In 1969,after breaking with Sanders,Thomas started the first Wendys Old Fashioned Hamburgers,in Columbus,Ohio,which set itself apart by serving made-to-order burgers.74 E:With 6,000 r

44、estaurants worldwide,the chain now makes$6 billion a year in sales.In 1969,after breakin In 1993,Thomas,who had left school at 15,graduated from Coconut Creek High School in Florida.75 The kids voted him Most Likely to Succeed.B:He even took Lorraine to the graduation dance party.In 1993,Thomas,who

45、ha（2010北京海淀区北京海淀区1月模拟题月模拟题-E篇）篇）Warren Buffett For someone who is such a successful investor,Warren Buffett comes off as a pretty ordinary guy.He was born on August 30,1930.71 He used to door-to-door and sell soda water.When his family moved to Washington,Buffett became a paperboy for The Washington

46、 Post.Buffett ran his five paper routes and even added magazines to round out his product offerings.While still in school,he was making$175 a month,a full-time wage for many men.（2010北京海淀区1月模拟题-E篇）72 He spent$1,200 on 40 acres of farmland in Nebraska.He and a friend also made$50 a week by placing pi

47、nball machines in barber shops.They called their venture(企业)Wilson Coin Operated Machine Co.72 He spent$1,200 on 40 ac Already a successful small-time businessman,Buffett wasnt interested in going to college but ended up at the university of Pennsylvania-his father encouraged him to go.73 But he was

48、 turned down in what had to be one of the worst admission decisions in Harvard history.The outcome affected Buffetts life,for he ended up attending Columbia Business School,where he studied under Professor Benjamin Graham,the father of securities analysis who provided the foundation(基础)for Buffetts

49、investment strategy.Already a successful sm From the beginning,Buffett made his fortune from inveting.He started with all the money he had made from selling soda water,delivering papers,and operating pinball machines.Between 1950 and 1956,he grew his$9,800 to$14,000.74 And then he gradually drew in

50、other investor through word of mouth and very attractive terms.From the beginning,B 75 He doesnt collect houses or cars or works of art,and he disdains(鄙视)companies that waste money on expensive cars,private dining rooms,and high-priced real villas.He is a creature of habit-same house,same office,sa

51、me city,same soda water.75 He doesnt collect hoA.Then Buffett applied to Harvard Business School.B.Buffett is more likely to be found in a four-star restaurant.C.When he was 14,Buffett still kept great interest in investment.D.Even as a young child,Buffett was serious about making money.E.One thing

52、is for sure about Buffett:he is happy doing what he is doing.F.Buffetts investment strategy mirrors his lifestyle and his overall philosophy.G.From there,he organized investment partnerships with his family and friends.Then Buffett applied to Harvar For someone who is such a successful investor,Warr

53、en Buffett comes off as a pretty ordinary guy.He was born on August 30,1930.71 He used to door-to-door and sell soda water.When his family moved to Washington,Buffett became a paperboy for The Washington Post.Buffett ran his five paper routes and even added magazines to round out his product offerin

54、gs.While still in school,he was making$175 a month,a full-time wage for many men.D.Even as a young child,Buffett was serious about making money.For someone who is such a72 He spent$1,200 on 40 acres of farmland in Nebraska.He and a friend also made$50 a week by placing pinball machines in barber sho

55、ps.They called their venture(企业)Wilson Coin Operated Machine Co.C:When he was 14,Buffett still kept great interest in investment.72 C:When he was 14,Buffett Already a successful small-time businessman,Buffett wasnt interested in going to college but ended up at the university of Pennsylvania-his fat

56、her encouraged him to go.73 But he was turned down in what had to be one of the worst admission decisions in Harvard history.A.Then Buffett applied to Harvard Business School.Already a successful smaFrom the beginning,Buffett made his fortune from inveting.He started with all the money he had made f

57、rom selling soda water,delivering papers,and operating pinball machines.Between 1950 and 1956,he grew his$9,800 to$14,000.74 And then he gradually drew in other investor through word of mouth and very attractive terms.G:From there,he organized investment partnerships with his family and friends.From

58、 the beginning,Buffett ma 75 He doesnt collect houses or cars or works of art,and he disdains(鄙视)companies that waste money on expensive cars,private dining rooms,and high-priced real villas.He is a creature of habit-same house,same office,same city,same soda water.F:Buffetts investment strategy mirrors his lifestyle and his overall philosophy.Buffett 的投资策略映照了他的生活方式和他总的投资策略映照了他的生活方式和他总的哲学思想。的哲学思想。哲学反映对生活的价值观哲学反映对生活的价值观 75F:Buffetts investment str