中国文化概况英文版（周仪）——Chapter 6

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1、I.ChinasTeaCultureII.ChinasWineCultureIII.ChinasFoodCultureIV.TraditionalFestivalsI.ChinasTeaCultureInmanylanguagesthewordforteaoriginatedfromChinese,becauseChinaisthehomeofteaandoneoftheoldestteagrowingandproducingcountriesintheworld.Chineseknowledgeoftea-shrubsgoesbacknearly6,000yearsandteacultiva

2、tiondatesback2,000years.ThebookTeaClassicswrotebyLuYuandotherbooksonteafocusonexplainingtheartofenjoyingtea(whichiscalledTeaArt).Chinesescholarsdevelopedteadrinkingasanartinlife.Thisartformcomprisesofmanyaspects.Themostnoticeableonesarethemakingoftea,thewayofbrewing,andthedrinkingutensilssuchasteapo

3、t.Chineseteafallsintodifferentkindsbecauseofthedifferenttastesandmethodsbywhichtealeavesareprocessed.Therearemainlyfivekinds.FiveKindsofChineseTeaGreenTea(Keepingoriginalcolorofthetealeaveswithoutfermentationduringprocessing)BlackTea(knownasredtea/“hongcha”inChina-fullyfermentedbeforebaking)OolongTe

4、a(semi-fermented,representingavarietyhalfwaybetweengreenandblackteas)ScentedTea(beingmadebymixingfragrantflowersinthetealeavesinthecourseofprocessing)Compressedtea(compressedandhardenedintoacertainshape,convenientfortransportandstorage)White teaisaslightlyfermentedteawithitsbodycoveredwithfluffywhit

5、ehair.Thegeneralprocessingincludestwosteps:witheringanddrying.Itbrewstoapaleyellow/lightredcolor,andhasaslightlysweetflavorwithno“grassy”undertoneswhichsometimesassociatedwithgreentea.Chinaiswellknownforhergreatvarietiesofteaandtheirfinequality.ThemostconspicuouscontentinChinasteacultureisthepopular

6、phrase-KeLaiJingCha-whenaguestarrives,acupofteawillbebrewedforhim.SippingteaispartofthedailylifeofmostChinese.ApopularproverbinChinasays:Bettertogowithoutsaltforthreedaysthanwithoutteaforasingleday.SippingCulturefromTeacupsItwas9am,halfanhouraftertheYuelaiTeahouseintheHuaxingStreetinthecenterofCheng

7、du,capitalofSouthwestChinasSichuanProvince,openeditsdoors.ButWangLuanhadalreadybeenthereforalmost20minutes.Sittingaloneinacorner,the81-year-oldretiredworker,quietlysippedacupofjasminetea.II.Chinas Wine Culture Wine has a close connection with culture in China both in ancient and modern times.Inthebo

8、okThe Spring and Autumn in the Cup,(杯里春秋)theauthor,LinChao（林超）haswrittenhisfamousline:“Winedrinkingissomethingoflearningratherthaneatinganddrinking.”饮酒者，乃学问之事，非饮食之事也。Wine has a history as long as that of mankind.Accordingtolegend,theChinesepeoplebegantomakewinewithgrainsseventhousandyearsago;withani

9、malmilk,tenthousandyearsago.Wine permeates into every field of life.Winepermeatesintolaw,philosophy,ethics,moralityandsocialcustoms.Infactadropofwinecanreflecttheconceptofreligionandlaw,therelationsofethicsandmorality,thesystemofgradesofdifferentnations.Wine played an important part in political lif

10、e.BecausemostofemperorsandministersinancientChinawerefondofwine,winebecameapartofpoliticallife,playinganimportantpartofmoderationanddestruction.Accordingtolegend,EmperorsYaoandShuncoulddrinkathousandcupsofwineatatime(尧舜千钟).Wine appealed to men of letters and many anecdotes about their drinking.LiBai

11、,themostfamouspoetofTangDynasty(618-907),isalsocalled“thesageofwine”.Aboutone-sixthofhispoemsareconnectedwithwine.Wine also has close connection with social customs in China.Therearefifty-sixnationalitiesinChinaanddrinkingcustomsvaryfromnationalitytonationality.Forinstance:TheMongolianswillpresentth

12、reecupsofwinetoaguestandgoonsingingsongsofwineuntiltheguestfinishesthem.AttheZhuangmealtable,thefirstcupofwinetogetherwiththechickenheadwillbepresentedtotheeldest.Wine-drinking has permeated Chinese culture.AlcoholicBeveragesForeignvisitorscanfindhundredsofrestaurantsandeatinghousesineverycityofChin

13、a.Ontheshowwindowofeveryrestaurantthereisavarietyofalcoholicbeveragesonsale.Indeed,Chinausedabilliontonsofgraininbrewingwines.Chinesedrinksareclassifiedintothefollowingfour groupsaccordingtotheprocessbywhichtheyaremade:Huangjiu,Baijiu,PijiuandTianjiu.1.“Huangjiu”(alsoknownas“Laojiu”),whichisbrewedfr

14、omgrain.HuangJiupresentsalltheotherliquors,withahistoryseveralthousandyears.Thealcoholcontentismild,ataround15%,anditisusedasthebaseof“yaojiu”(“yao”meansmedicineinChinese).Itisalsoanexcellentcondimentforcooking.AmongtheseliquorstheShaoxingRiceWineisthemostfamous.2.“Baijiu”Itincludesspirits.Itismadef

15、romsorghum,corn,barleyorwheat,whichareeasytoferment.Colorlessandtransparent,itusuallycontains50%alcohol.Asmallquantitycanmakeonetipsyinamoment.OfthemostfamousofBaijiuareGuizhouMaotai,Wuliangye,ShanxiFenjiuandLuzhouDaqu.3.“Pijiu”(beer)Chinesebeerhasaveryshorthistory,yet,ithasbecomeverypopular,andprod

16、uctionisbooming.Beerisavailableinbarrelsandbottles.Qingdaobeeristhemostfamous.4.“Tianjiu”Grapewineandwinesmadefromotherfruitjuices,arecollectivelycalled“tianjiu”(“tian”meanssweetinChinese).“Yaojiu”isalsoincludedinthisgroup,whichismadefromChineseherbalmedicinesmixedintoabaseof“huangjiu”or“baijiu”.Not

17、hingcouldbemorevariedthanChinese“yaojiu”.Therearecountlesstypesofalcoholicdrinkscontainingsecretpotions,species,snakes,softshelledturtles,tigerbonesandantler,allofwhichareassociatedwithChineseorherbalmedicine.Theyhaveperspectivehealtheffectsincuringsomediseases,strengtheningtheconstitution,improving

18、sleepqualityandrelievingfatigue.DozensofwineadvertisementsappearontheTVeverydayinChina,makinganimpressionthatwine-drinkingconstitutesapartofthevirilityofman.Andthereisasayingamongthedrinkers,“Thosewhocannotdrinkwinearenomen.”Asthecurrentcustomgoes,muchbusinessisdoneandmanyimportantproblemsaresettled

19、atthemealtablewhensomecupsofwinearedrunk.MaotaiMaotaiisregardedthenationalwineandkingoftheChinesespirits.AfewcupsofMaotaiwouldrelieveyoufromyearsofsorrow.NobanquetinChinaiscompletewithouttoastsonthisfieryliquor.MadeinthetownofMaotai,GuizhouProvince,ithasahistoryof2,100years.ItwasfavoredbyEmperorWudi

20、oftheWesternHanDynasty(206B.C.24A.D.)Legendhasitthattherelivedanindustrious,honestoldman.Onepiercingwinterday,apoordressedgirlpassedbyhisdoor.Outofsympathyheinvitedherintohishomeandgaveheracupofwinetowarmher.Atnight,theoldmandreamtofseeingafairyarriveathishome,whoboreastrikingresemblancetothegirl.Sh

21、epouredacupoffairyliquorunderthewillowtreeinfrontofhishouse.Thefollowingday,theoldmanfoundawellunderthewillowcontainingfreshandsweetliquor.Thedrinkdistilledfromthathadanunparalleledfragrance.TodaytheLiquorsbandmarkstilldepictsthefairymaidenholdingacup.Thetwosilkribbonstiedaroundthebottlearederivedfr

22、omthestreamersaroundherwaist.In1915theU.S.governmentheldanexhibitiontocelebratethePanamaCanalsopeningtonavigation.TheChinesegovernmentsentadelegationandbroughtsomeMaotailiquortotheexhibition.OneofthedelegatesaccidentallydroppedabottleofMaotaiontotheflooroftheexhibitionhall.Itbrokeandthefragrantsmell

23、filledthehallandattractedalltheparticipants.Maotaiwonagoldmedal.In1985,itwonanothergoldmedalinacompetitioninFrance.ShaoxingWineShaoxingWine,alsocalledLaoJiu(oldwine),HuangJiu(Yellowwine),producedinthetownofShaoxing,ZhejiangProvince,isoneofthebestandmildestintoxicantsmadefromgluttonousriceandwheat.Am

24、ountitsvarieties,JiaFanHuangJIuisthemostfamous.Ithasbeenknownforitsflavorandgoldencolor.ShaoxingWinehasahistoryofover2,000years.Manystoriesarestilltoldaboutthewineacrossthecountry.ShaoxingWinewontwogoldmedalsininternationalcompetitionsin1985oneinParis,theotherinMadrid.Processedatalowtemperatureusing

25、prolongedfermentation,thewineresemblesdrysherryandispopularalloverChina.QingdaoBeerAmongthehundredsofbeerproducedinChina,QingdaoBeeristheoldest.EstablishedbytheGermansinthe1930s,Qingdaobreweryproducedmorethan4,600tonsofbeereachyear.In1950sQingdaoBeertookoverthetoppositionintheHongKongbeermarket.Inre

26、centyearsthefactoryincreaseditsproductionandimprovedthequalitybyinstallingnewequipmentfromGermanyandJapan.StatisticsshowthatQingdaoBeerhasheld20percentoftheHongKongbeermarketsince1990s.QingdaoBeerisexportedtomanycountriesandregionsintheworld.III.Chinas FoodCultureThemostthrivingenterpriseintheworldi

27、srestauranting.AmongthemostprosperousareChineserestaurants.Asthecommonsayinggoes,therearethreeluxuriesinoneslife:anAmericanhouse,aJapanesewifeandChinesefood.Chinesefoodisknownforitsvarietyandabundance.Accordingtodataonthesubject,thenumberofwell-knownancientandmodernChinesedishesamountsto8,000.Theing

28、redientsmayberoughlyclassifiedinto600categories.Thereare48differentbasicwaysofcooking,includingroasting,fryingandboiling,allofwhichbringoutthebestoftheingredients.Besides,Chinesecookinglaysemphasisonthethreeessentials:color,flavorandtaste.ThuseverydishontheChinesemealtablelookslikeapieceofart,good-l

29、ookinganddelicious.Chinaisavastcountry.Eachareahasawealthoflocalspecialtiesinitscooking.Thismeansthattherangeofingredientsandcookingstylesisincrediblywideandvaried.Nevertheless,cookinginChinamaybegroupedintothefollowingfourmajorschools.1.NorthernSchool2.SichuanSchool3.JiangZheschool4.SouthernSchoolN

30、orthernSchoolItincludesBeijing,Shandong,TianjingandHenancooking,alsocalled“JingCai”(京菜BeijingDishes）inChinese.MostoftheJingCaihaveahighcalorievalueansweringthedemandsofthecoldnorthernclimate.Well-knownBeijingdishesincludeWholeRoastDuckor“PekingDuck”,ShuanYangRou(slicesoflambwhichyoudipinboilingwater

31、andtheninado-it-yourselfsauce),roastedlambandcrab.SichuanSchoolThisisthemainstyleintheSichuanprovinceandiscalled“ChuanCai”inChinese.Theingredientsofitsdishesaremainlymountainproduceandriverfishsimplybecausetheregionhasnoseacoast.Sichuandishesaredistinguishedforbeing“Spicyandhot”.Theiruniquelyhot,pun

32、gentflavoriscreatedbyamixtureofspicesandcondiments,includingredpepper,garlicandginger.JiangZheschoolThisstyleprevailsinShanghai,Hangzhou,NingboandSuzhou,andisalsoknownastheShanghaiSchool,or“HuaiCai”(淮菜)inChinese.Shanghaidishesarecharacterizedbytheadditionofarelativelyhighproportionofsoysauce.Theinfi

33、nitevarietyofShanghaidishesincludessuchuniquelocaltreatsas“Yangzhou”and“Ningbo”.SouthernSchoolThisisknownastheCantonSchoolor“YueCai”inChinese.ItincludesGuangdong,ChaozhouandGuangxicooking.AChinesesayinggoeslikethis:Aluckypersonis“TobeborninSuzhou;toliveinHangzhou;tobefedinCanton”.Guangdongmaybesaidtohaveagreatervarietyoffoodthananyotherplaceintheworld.