第二讲-电子地图可视化ppt课件

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1、电子地图可视化工程主讲人：蔡忠亮主讲人：蔡忠亮武汉大学资源与环境科学学院电子地图可视化工程主讲人：蔡忠亮武汉大学资源与环境科学学院1第二讲 电子地图可视化第二讲 电子地图可视化2地图可视化实质地理实体可视化形式图解促进信息传输空间认知符号地图可视化实质地理可视化图解促进信息传输符号3地图可视化实质Posted on November 7,2011 by Andy Woodruff 地图可视化实质Posted on4第二讲-电子地图可视化ppt课件5第二讲-电子地图可视化ppt课件6第二讲-电子地图可视化ppt课件7GIScience,SRES,Wuhan UniversityGIScience

2、,SRES,Wuhan Univers8GIScience,SRES,Wuhan UniversityGIScience,SRES,Wuhan Univers9GIScience,SRES,Wuhan UniversityGIScience,SRES,Wuhan Univers102.1科学计算可视化的基本概念2.1.1科学计算可视化的概念可视化是一种计算方法，它将符号或数据转换为直观的几何图形，便于研究人员观察其模拟和计算过程。可视化是一个工具，用来解译输入到计算机中的图像数据和从复杂的多维数据中生成图像，它主要研究人和计算机怎样协调一致地感受、使用和传输视觉信息（McCormicketal

3、.，1987）。2.1 科学计算可视化的基本概念2.1.1 科学计算可视化的112.1科学计算可视化的基本概念2.1.2科学计算可视化的意义数据的处理速度快；实现人与人和人与机之间的图象通讯；对计算过程和结果进行控制；可提供多种可视化技术手段；2.1.3科学计算可视化的过程过滤过滤映射映射绘制绘制反馈反馈2.1 科学计算可视化的基本概念2.1.2 科学计算可视化的122.2.1空间信息及其表现方法空间信息可视化研究的内容包括空间实体信息的创建、组织、理解和表示的计算、认知和图形设计等几个主要部分，其结果可以被符号化、图形化、形象化，而且区别于那些文字和公式化的表达。2.2.2空间信息可视化2.

4、1科学计算可视化的基本概念2.2.1 空间信息及其表现方法 空间信息可视化研究的内132.2电子地图的可视化理论2.2.3地图可视化地图可视化成为GIS和地图学领域中被关注的主要焦点之一。ICA于1995年成立可视化委员会（CommissiononVisualization）；可视化成为1999年渥太华ICA会议的主要议题之一；Philbrick（1953）提出地图可视化的概念；DiBiase（1990）提出了地理可视化的框架；Taylor（1991）认为地图可视化是地图学重要理论基础；Buttenfield等（1991）从GIS的角度给出可视化的定义；MacEachren（1994）从地图应

5、用角度理解地图可视化；高俊院士（1996）从认知角度研究了地图可视化理论；Kraak，Wood，Palmer，地图可视化以计算机科学、地图学、认知科学与地理信息系统为基础，以屏幕地图形式，直观、形象与多维、动态地显示空间信息的方法与技术。2.2 电子地图的可视化理论2.2.3 地图可视化地图可视化142.2.3地图可视化（科学探究工具论）DiBiase认为可视化在研究过程的早期侧重于个人特征的视觉思维，后期侧重于研究结果的公众交流与视觉传输。2.2电子地图的可视化理论2.2.3 地图可视化（科学探究工具论）DiBiase152.2.3 2.2.3 地图可视化（现代地图学核心论）地图可视化（现代

6、地图学核心论）可视化是现代地图学的核心，处在这个等边三角形的中心，传输和认知模型是地图可视化的重要内容。可视化仍然是地图核心，交互性和动态性在制图可视化研究中也显得越来越重要。2.2电子地图的可视化理论2.2.3 地图可视化（现代地图学核心论）可视化是现代地162.2.3 2.2.3 地图可视化（地图应用论地图可视化（地图应用论 ）地图应用的对象包括个人和公众；人图交互水平有高有低；地图应用的目的是揭示未知与表达已知。信息传输（远角点）具有表达已知、面对大众、人图交互作用较低的特点；可视化（近角点）则具有揭示未知、面对个人、人图交互作用较高的特点。2.2电子地图的可视化理论2.2.3 地图可视

7、化（地图应用论）地图应用的对象包括个人172.2.4 2.2.4 地图认知论地图认知论对地图对象的认知。制图者认知模型读图者认知模型对表达事物和现象的认知，及内容表现形式的认知。地图认知指导选取地图信息指导地图载负量设计指导可视化界面设计2.2电子地图的可视化理论2.2.4 地图认知论对地图对象的认知。制图者读图者对表达事182.2.5 2.2.5 地图信息传输论地图信息传输论信息表现形式由单一化向多样化扩展；信息传输方式由静态向动态扩展；信息表现范围由二维向多维扩展；信息接收方式由被动向主动扩展；信息传输手段由常规向新技术扩展；信息传输途径由视觉向视、听、触等多种感觉形式扩展。传统的信息传输

8、模型传统的信息传输模型基于可视化的信息传输模型基于可视化的信息传输模型基于交互的信息传输模型基于交互的信息传输模型2.2电子地图的可视化理论2.2.5 地图信息传输论信息表现形式由单一化向多样化扩展；192.3电子地图的可视化研究框架2.3.1多媒体电子地图可视化特点直观性交互性动态性集成性多维性2.3 电子地图的可视化研究框架2.3.1 多媒体电子地图可202.3电子地图的可视化研究框架2.3.2 2.3.2 多媒体电子地图可视化研究框架多媒体电子地图可视化研究框架2.3 电子地图的可视化研究框架2.3.2 多媒体电子地图可21第二讲-电子地图可视化ppt课件22SRES,Wuhan Uni

9、versityCartographicInteractionSRES,Wuhan UniversityCartogra23Interactive Cartography and VisualizationCartographic interactionAnalog/digitalmapsOverview completely unfolding the map.Pan fold and unfold the map,hiding and revealing different subsections.Zoom closer or nearer to face.Link/relate/find

10、Reference legend symbol and index to find landmarks position.Annotate draw or write notes on the map.Collaborative environment multiple users.Select/highlight point at a location for another to view.Filter identify a subset of important topics to identify on the map.Re-do/re-visualize the user may f

11、orget the directions and try to recreate the wayfinding process.RobertE.Roth,DepartmentofGeography,PennStateUniversity,2009Interactive Cartography and Vi24Interactive Cartography and VisualizationCartographic interactionMacEachren,1995;RobertE.Roth,2009Interactive Cartography and Vi25Interactive Car

12、tography and VisualizationCartographic interactionRobertE.Roth,2009Levels of Cartographic Interaction.Cartographic Interaction can be conceptualized according to at least five levels:(1)goals,(2)objectives,(3)operators,(4)user inputs,and(5)operandsInteractive Cartography and Vi26Interactive Cartogra

13、phy and VisualizationCartographic interactionRobertE.Roth,2009In the context of exploratory geovisualization,initial user goals are often open-ended or poorly defined,and may emerge as the user is interacting with the map.Interactive Cartography and Vi27Interactive Cartography and VisualizationCarto

14、graphic interactionRobertE.Roth,2009Objectives are the clearly defined tasks that a user must complete in order to achieve a goal.Interactive Cartography and Vi28Interactive Cartography and VisualizationCartographic interactionRobertE.Roth,2009Operators are digital tools through which cartographic i

15、nteractions are made possible.Operators generally rely upon one of five interface styles:(1)direct manipulation,(2)menu selection,(3)form fill-in,(4)command language,and(5)natural language(Shneiderman and Plaisant,2010).Interactive Cartography and Vi29Interactive Cartography and VisualizationCartogr

16、aphic interactionRobertE.Roth,2009MacEachrens six operators:(1)assignment(changing the mapping of variables to graphic components),(2)brushing(highlighting a set of entities in one view and observing effects in linked views),(3)focusing(limiting the inclusion of data in the linked views to a specifi

17、ed value range),(4)colormap manipulation(assigning specific colors to individual observations or a subset of observations falling within a specified range of values),(5)viewpoint manipulation(changing the size,position,and orientation of the information graphic onscreen),and(6)sequencing(animating t

18、he views over time).Interactive Cartography and Vi30Interactive Cartography and VisualizationCartographic interactionRobertE.Roth,2009The lowest level of conceptualization cartographic interaction is in terms of the input device:text-entry(i.e.,the keyboard)and pointing(e.g.,mouse,multi-touch screen

19、,directional pad,graphics tablet,joystick,touchpad,touch point,touch screen,and track ball).Interactive Cartography and Vi31Interactive Cartography and VisualizationCartographic interactionRobertE.Roth,2009Operands:Information.Interactive Cartography and Vi32Interactive Cartography and Visualization

20、Cartographic interactionRobertE.Roth,2009Minimization of the gulf of execution and gulf of evaluation are of equal importance for ensuring successful cartographic interaction.Interactive Cartography and Vi33MapInteraction&TechniquesSRES,Wuhan UniversityMap Interaction&TechniquesSR34Interactive Carto

21、graphy and VisualizationMultiple,coordinated viewsInteractive Cartography and Vi35Interactive Cartography and VisualizationBrushingInteractive Cartography and Vi36Interactive Cartography and VisualizationHighlightingInteractive Cartography and Vi37Interactive Cartography and VisualizationData Probin

22、g and Info Window DesignInteractive Cartography and Vi38Interactive Cartography and VisualizationThe User InterfaceInteractive Cartography and Vi39Whatelementstoanimatedmap?SRES,Wuhan UniversityWhat elements to animated map?40ElementsTemporal Scale and PaceA good temporal legend has to communicate t

23、hree things:1)What is the current moment(e.g.,June 10),2)what is the total length of time in the animation (e.g.,June 1-22),and 3)where is this moment in relation to the animation as a whole(e.g.,about half way through).temporal legend ElementsTemporal Scale and Pac41ArcGISMaplexAutomaticPlacementIn

24、tuitive user interface and rule-based label engineElementsCartographic TextArcGIS Maplex Automatic Placem42ElementsReducing the Split Attention EffectAttention TunnelingSplit Attention EffectS Spatial contiguity effectpatial contiguity effectT Temporal contiguity effectemporal contiguity effectLegen

25、dLegendAnimationAnimationShiftEmbedded audio/visual cues Embedded audio/visual cues SolutionsElementsReducing the Split Att43ElementsTemporal Re-ExpressionTemporal re-expression is displaying the same dataset using different temporal units in which the data are aggregated to create composite frames(

26、or moments)in the animation.ElementsTemporal Re-Expression44ElementsTemporal Granularity and InterpolationMany animated maps employ temporal interpolation to“fill-in”missing time periods or to create a smoother looking animation.Aggregating our data together can be used to change how much time each

27、frame of the animation represents,also known as temporal granularity.Doing this allows viewers to create temporal slices of different thickness so that the smallest/finest moment that can be seen in the animation could be changed from hours to days or months.ElementsTemporal Granularity a45ElementsM

28、obile Annotation上海城市通-电子地图光盘（2004）ElementsMobile Annotation上海城市通46ElementsAutomatic Annotation Placement（ArcGIS Maplex）ElementsAutomatic Annotation 47ElementsAnnotation Size/Density/Tracking（TypeBrewser.org)ElementsAnnotation Size/Dens48SRES,Wuhan University电子地图可视化思维SRES,Wuhan University电子地图可视化思49电子

29、地图可视化思维电子地图可视化思维50电子地图可视化思维电子地图可视化思维51电子地图可视化思维Incartography,aestheticsisaboutthevisualeffectofamapitsparticular“look”whichisconstructedfromtheinterplayofthegraphicalelements.Aestheticsisahighlydebatedissue;opinionsarestrongandvariedandtherearenouniversalrules,eventhoughwhenwesayamapis“beautiful”web

30、elievethatothersoughttoagreewithus.(AlexanderJ.Kentetal.,2013)CartographicDesignandAesthetics“FAQ”电子地图可视化思维 In cartography,a52电子地图可视化思维电子地图可视化思维53电子地图可视化思维视觉美功能电子地图可视化思维视觉美功能54电子地图可视化思维Asmostmapsaremadetobeusedbypeopleotherthantheircreators,cartographersneedtobeconsciousoftheneedsofmapusers.Ifwewant

31、tocommunicateaparticularmessagethroughamap,itsoverallaestheticcanhelptoconveythismessagebyinfluencinghowusersinteractwiththemapandtheirperceptionoftheinformationitcontains.Understandinghowaestheticsinfluencesmapreadingandperceptioncanhelpustodesignmapsthataremoreeffectiveandengaging.Thisdoesnotmeant

32、hatmapshavetoberegardedasbeautifultheymayuseagrotesqueorevenrepugnantaesthetictocommunicateathemeeffectively.电子地图可视化思维 As most maps are 55电子地图可视化思维WellWellDesignDesign领域专家质询与帮助美术等相关领域专家咨询与帮助网络资源(CartoT)AestheticlanguageTechniquesemployedExpertsexperienceStartingatexamples电子地图可视化思维Well Design领域专家质询与帮助美56电子地图可视化思维mapdesign.icaci.org/map-examples电子地图可视化思维mapdesign.icaci.org/m57电子地图可视化思维mapdesign.icaci.org/map-examples电子地图可视化思维mapdesign.icaci.org/m58Referenceshttp:/