ESTWriting12科技英语写作课件

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1、EST WritingXII.Thesis Writing.Introduction A research paper may be a term paper for a university course,a published article in a journal,and a thesis or a dissertation as a partial requirement for a university degree.It is usually a lengthy documented report that focuses upon an academic topic and i

2、t is intended to inform the audience in the relevant field about the research topic,purpose,methods,results(findings),conclusions,and recommendations.Introduction A research paper expresses the authors understanding of the topic based on experiments,facts,data,and analyses.It is objective rather tha

3、n subjective although the authors personal values,insights,and experiences have a great influence on the whole process.Introduction A research paper is usually made up of the following parts:1.Title page2.Acknowledgements(optional)3.Outline(optional)4.Abstract 5.The text of the paper(introduction,bo

4、dy,and conclusion)6.Notes(optional)7.Works cited 8.Appendix(optional).Introduction In the process of accomplishing a research paper,five necessary steps are usually taken:1.Selecting a Research Topic2.Collecting Literatures,Evaluating the Sources and Taking Notes3.Working Out an Outline4.Producing a

5、 First Draft5.Revising and Prepare the Final Draft.Selecting a Research TopicNegotiating a Topic 1.Locate a good research subject 2.resort to one or a combination of the following exercises:a)following personal interests b)talking with other people c)brainstorming d)reading source materials.Selectin

6、g a Research TopicFollowing personal interests Focus on what you are interested in and you would like to make a further study on when deciding on a research topic.When you do not even know what you are interested in,you should choose something that seems to promise you real value,something that you

7、have always wanted to learn more about.The more you probe into the topic,the more you will find the topic interesting,the deeper understanding you will gain,and the better you will write.Selecting a Research TopicTalking with Other People As the Chinese saying goes,“One evenings conversation with a

8、gentlemen is worth more than ten years study.”A good research topic may come from a talk with fellow students,instructors or friends.Something said might trigger an idea for a promising research topic.Students often influence each other.They can share their ideas both inside and outside the class.Th

9、is kind of peer influence often gives the students facilitative feedback.As they talk with each other,ideas are given and questions are asked,which results in elaboration and collaboration through interaction.Selecting a Research TopicBrainstorming Brainstorming is a state of mind when one is hit wi

10、th some inspiration or ideas.It is usually unrestrained and spontaneous.It is a process of free association,a way of developing ideas by listing everything one can think of about a subject.Students may brainstorm by themselves,or with their advisors,teachers or friends.While brainstorming,they need

11、only to jot down the ideas that pop into their minds even if some may look like junk.At this stage,it is unnecessary to consider linguistic aspects such as spelling,diction and grammar.Selecting a Research TopicReading Source Materials A good library usually contains excellent sources for finding a

12、topic.Students may turn to the following for ideas.1.Encyclopedias 2.An encyclopedia articleis useful in selecting a subject and a topic,suggests possible bibliography sources and examples;Lis only broad introductions,Lserves only to familiarize students with fundamental facts and basic concepts.Sel

13、ecting a Research TopicBooks Books are among the best sources in which to discover a topic for research.What the students need to do with a book is to skim its introduction contents index and a few chapters in order to see whether this book is appropriate to their own interests.Selecting a Research

14、TopicBooks Table of contents The table of contents of a book outlines the major subject areas and enables the readers to find under what headings a certain topic is discussed.Usually,only a particular chapter is useful to the students research.Selecting a Research TopicBooks Branching Branching is a

15、 visual way of generating ideas that can show logical relations between and among ideas.One can draw a tree with the stems,limbs,and twigs and put the topic in the stem,then put the ideas to the limbs or twigs according to their relations.Psychology Processing&IngredientsMcDonalds Selecting a Resear

16、ch TopicPopularity of American Fast foodDemographics Reasons for PopularityEffects&ImpactKind of Fast FoodSocial Economic Cultural Health Kentucky Fried ChickenBurger KingPizza HutService Taste Packaging Promotions Preservatives Deep-friedGreasy Pre-manufactured Age City Vs.RuralFamily IncomeGender.

17、Selecting a Research TopicBooks Index An index is usually located at the end of a book.It lists alphabetically the books major subjects,contents,topics,subtopics,ideas,events,places and people mentioned in the book.The page numbers after the index entry tell where exactly to locate the listed item.T

18、hey provide quick access to locating what the reader wants to find.Some academic publications consist of more than one index,for instance,a subject index and an author index.Thus one can easily locate the useful information.If a student is interested in a certain subject,he or she can locate it from

19、 the subject index;if he or she is looking for a particular author,he or she can quickly find the pages where that author is referred to.Selecting a Research TopicBooks Index Periodical Indexes Internet Resources.Questions What is the advantage of a periodical article compared with an encyclopedia a

20、rticle?With whom do you usually discuss your topic?What do you often get from them?Besides the ways discussed above,what other ways do you use to negotiate a topic?.Narrowing Down the Research Topic Considering the Audience The following questions are helpful when considering the readers:Who are my

21、readers?What do my readers know about the subject?How much do they know?Could I add something new to what the readers know?Why is the concept important?Are there any new ideas in my paper?What can I discuss to enlighten the readers further about the topic?What is the practical or theoretical signifi

22、cance?Is it feasible or possible to enlarge the readers knowledge about the current subject?.Narrowing Down the Research TopicWorking Out a Preliminary ThesisThesis Statement A thesis statement declares the main point or controlling idea of an essay.It is a scholarly statement that needs to be prove

23、n or maintained against argument.Narrowing Down the Research TopicJean Wyrick formulates the following guidelines for preparing a good thesis statement:1.A good thesis states the writers clearly defined opinion on some subject.2.A good thesis asserts one main idea.3.A good thesis has something worth

24、while to say.4.A good thesis is limited to fit the assignment.5.A good thesis is clearly stated in specific terms.6.A good thesis is clearly located,often in the first or second paragraph.Narrowing Down the Research TopicConsidering the Available Source Materials Robert Dees formulates the following

25、 checklist for selecting and narrowing down a topic:1.Be sure the topic meets the requirements of your research assignment.2.Focus on a topic that you want to learn more about.3.Pick a topic for which you can meet an audiences needs and expectations.4.Check to see that sufficient resources are avail

26、able.Depending upon the materials involved,using interlibrary loan or trusting the mail may take more time than you have.Narrowing Down the Research Topic5.Avoid philosophical topics or those based on personal belief.6.Avoid strictly biographical topics Abraham Lincoln as a Father that are already d

27、iscussed fully in book-length studies.7.Avoid describing processes such as how cocaine is sold on the street or why getting suntan may be dangerous.Such information will not allow for original insight and judgment on your part.8.Avoid topics too narrow or too recent for discussion.9.Avoid standard,p

28、opular topics commonly chosen for student research papers.10.Cease consideration of any topic that you cannot get very far with in terms of an approach or finding resources.Taking NotesEvaluation of Sources The following tips are helpful in evaluating sources:1.Pay attention to the authors name,the

29、title of the book,the publication information such as publisher,publication date and so on.2.Pay attention to information which leads to the authors attitude.3.Pay attention to the sources.4.Pay attention to the objectivity of the sources.Taking NotesEvaluation of Sources Robert Dees sets the follow

30、ing criteria for evaluating sources:1.It was written by a reliable authority whose methods and reasoning appear valid.2.It offers facts and ideas other sources do not.3.It sets forth facts and ideas that do not contradict known concepts or other works without good evidence.4.It demonstrates knowledg

31、e and consideration of other viewpoints and research in the field.5.It is current in terms of both its publication date and its information.Taking NotesTips on Note-takingDocumenting SourcesBeing Thorough and ConcisePutting One Item on One Card.Taking NotesDefinition of learning strategies“Learning

32、strategies are particular approaches or techniques that learners employ to try to learn an L2.”Ellis,Rod.Second Language Acquisition.Oxford:Oxford UP,1997:76-77the body of the card with ideas,information or quotationsdocumentationhead of the note.Taking NotesTypes of Notes1.Direct Quotation Notes2.U

33、se direct quotations only when other words,phrases,structures fail to express the information better than those in the original source.3.However,direct quotations must be used discriminately because it generally accounts for only ten to twenty percent of a paper.Taking Notese.g.Sociolinguistics “Soc

34、iolinguistics is the field that studies the relation between language and society,between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.”Spolsky,Bernard.Sociolinguistics.Oxford:Oxford UP,1998:3.Taking NotesParaphrase Notes Paraphrase means accurately restating th

35、e original information in ones own words and phrasing,without any additional comments or elaborations.A paraphrase note is usually of the same length with the original.Although quotation marks are not used in paraphrase notes,proper documentation is necessary.Taking NotesThe Third Wave According to

36、Alvin Toffler,there have been two revolutionary periods of change in history:the agricultural revolution and the industrial revolution.The industrial revolution determined the course of history for thousands of years;the industrial civilization lasted about a century.We are now on the threshold of a

37、 new period of revolutionary change,but this one may last for only a few decades(10).Gibaldi,Joseph.MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers.New York:MLA:32 33.e.g.Taking NotesSummary Notes A summary note summarizes the major points of the original by restating them in the writers own words.Some

38、key words of the original may be used but they must be put in quotation marks.Again a summary note must be proper documented.Taking NotesClassification of Learning Strategies Second language learning strategies consist of two categories.They are language learning strategies and language use strategi

39、es.The latter can be further divided into retrieval strategies,rehearsal strategies,cover strategies and communicative strategies.Cohen,Andrew D.Strategies in Learning and Using a Second Language.London:Longman,1998:5 7.e.g.Taking NotesCombination Notes A combination note,as the name implies,is one

40、that combines direct quotation,paraphrase and summary.Its advantage lies in the fact that it adopts flexible note-taking methods.Taking Notese.g.Research on language learning strategies began in the 1960s.Scholars such as Oxford(1990),OMalley&Chamot(1990),Ellis(1994),and Cohen(1998)have been working

41、 on definitions and classifications of learning strategies(LLS),investigation of LLS used by good learners,experimental study on the impact of LLS training on language skill improvement.According to Cohen(1998),foreign language learning strategies(FLLS)training has been conducted,but mostly through

42、lectures or intensive training.Besides,fewer studies have immersed the training in language instruction.Or as OMalley Chamot put it(1990),“research on training second language learners to use learning strategies has been limited almost exclusively to applications with vocabulary task.Dramatic improv

43、ements in vocabulary learning tasks presented in one-to-one training have been reported in these studies.There were no instances in which training in learning strategies in second language acquisition was performed in a natural classroom instructional setting or by the teacher of the students who se

44、rves as subjects”(7).Taking NotesTaking Notes on Computers Notes can be easily stored and retrieved.Computers enables users to revise and reorganize notes at will;to integrate the notes into the research paper when it comes to the writing stage;or to file the notes for later projects.Taking NotesAvo

45、iding Plagiarism Plagiarism Plagiarism is“the use of facts,opinions,and language taken from another writer without acknowledgement”.In other words,plagiarism is to steal from the writings or ideas of another person.Taking NotesPlagiarism happens when one uses other peoples words and phrases but does

46、 not acknowledge it or does not acknowledge it properly;or when one restate or copies others opinion as though it were his or her own.Plagiarism is a grave offence and a serious breach of ethics in higher education.Neither lack of intent nor claiming that one does it accidentally can protect him or

47、her from severe penalty,which might be the failure of a course,the deprival of his or her diploma,or permanent expulsion.Taking NotesForms of PlagiarismPlagiarism Deliberate PlagiarismAccidental/Unconscious PlagiarismParaphrase with no CitationMisplaced Citation.Taking NotesTips on Avoiding Plagiari

48、sm1.Always put quotation marks around any direct statement from someone elses work;2.Give credit to the author for any paraphrase of his or her ideas or statement,even though quotation marks are not used,because these ideas are clearly not your own;3.Reference any materials,ideas,or thoughts you fou

49、nd in a specific source if it is evident that they came from your reading and are not common knowledge;4.Do not reference material that is common knowledge.This refers to biographical material such as birthday place,date of birth,death,and other general knowledge that people know without having to l

50、ook up the information;.Taking Notes5.Reference any summary even if it is in your own words of a discussion from one of your sources;6.Reference any charts,graphs,or tables that are created by others or that you make with someone elses information.Put the reference immediately below the title of the chart,graph,or table.