culturalbias(跨文化中的文化偏见英文)课件

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1、COMPARATIVECULTURALRESEARCHCULTURALBIAS4123THE CONCEPT OF CULTURAL BIASTHE CONCEPT OF CULTURAL BIASCultural Diversity/Cultural Diversity/Bias/Prejudice/Stereotypes/Bias/Prejudice/Stereotypes/DiscriminationDiscriminationCultural BiasCultural BiasTHE CULTURAL BIAS EXAMPLESTHE CULTURAL BIAS EXAMPLESLan

2、guage/Religion/Race/Ideology/news mediaLanguage/Religion/Race/Ideology/news mediaCasesCasesTHE CAUSE OF THE CULTURAL BIASTHE CAUSE OF THE CULTURAL BIASCross-cultural contactCross-cultural contactEmic and EticEmic and EticEthnocentrismEthnocentrismCULTURAL BIAS RESOLUTIONCULTURAL BIAS RESOLUTIONDesir

3、e and necessity for cultural Desire and necessity for cultural bias to be resolvedbias to be resolvedUnderstanding of possible barriers Understanding of possible barriers to the resolutionto the resolutionThe choice of method of cultural The choice of method of cultural bias resolutionbias resolutio

4、nCONTENTSWE HAVE A DREAM WE HAVE A DREAM 01THE CONCEPT OF CULTURAL BIASTHE CONCEPT OF CULTURAL BIASBeforewediscusstheculturalbiasweshouldtoknowafewrelatedconceptsandtheirrelationship.Cultural Diversity/Cultural Diversity/Bias/Prejudice/Stereotypes/Bias/Prejudice/Stereotypes/Discrimination then Discr

5、imination then the Cultural Bias.the Cultural Bias.1.CulturalDiversityormulticulturalismisawaytodescribethepresenceofmanydifferentculturesinonesowncountryandworld.Itrecognizesthepresenceandvalueofthelearnedbehaviors,beliefs,andothercharacteristicsofthemanyethnicgroupsaroundtheworldandacrossonesownna

6、tion.2.Bias()is the human tendency to make systematic errors in judgment or whenmakingdecisionsbaseduponcertainthinking,thoughts,orpreconceivednotions.3.Astereotypeisapopularbeliefaboutspecificsocialgroupsortypesofindividuals.Stereotypesarestandardizedandsimplifiedconceptionsofgroupsbasedonsomeprior

7、assumptions.1-1.THE RELATED CONCEPT1-1.THE RELATED CONCEPTEmotionsFeelingsCognitionBehavior4.Aprejudiceisaprejudgment,anassumptionmadeaboutsomeoneorsomethingbeforehavingadequateknowledgetobeabletodosowithguaranteedaccuracy.Thewordprejudiceismostcommonlyusedtorefertoapreconceivedjudgmenttoward a peop

8、le or a person because of race,social class,gender,ethnicity,homelessness,age,disability,politicalbeliefs,obesity,religion,sexualorientationorotherpersonalcharacteristics.Italsomeansbeliefswithoutknowledgeofthefactsandmayincludeanyunreasonableattitudethatisunusuallyresistanttorationalinfluence.1-1.T

9、HE RELATED CONCEPT1-1.THE RELATED CONCEPT5.Discrimination is the prejudicial treatment of a person or persons based solelysllontheirmembershipinacertaingrouporcategory.Discriminationistheactual behavior towards members of another group.It involves excluding orrestricting members of one group from op

10、portunities that are available to othergroups.6.CulturalBias istheprocesswherewetendtojudgeotherphenomenabasedonourownculturalpreferences,orbythenormsofaparticularculture.1-1.THE RELATED CONCEPT1-1.THE RELATED CONCEPT(Bias+Stereotypes)Prejudice(sometimes)Prejudice+SocietalSupportorLackofProhibitionD

11、iscrimination(sometimes)Cross-culturalCommunication,misconceptions,prejudices,beliefs,countries.Evenlikebooks,movies,travel,food,orlifestyleandsoon.Language/Religion/Race/Ideology/news mediaLanguage/Religion/Race/Ideology/news mediaAllofthose,introduceustothenon-familiaraspectsexistingintheworldouts

12、ide.SoCulturalbias,thus,isjustlikeviewingtheotherwithourglasseson.1-2.THE RELATION OF THE CONCEPTS1-2.THE RELATION OF THE CONCEPTSAboveisjustinthesameculture,SowemayimaginethedifferentcultureseveninaHostileculturethenext.IWANTTOASK:WhoHasCulturalBiases,Stereotypes,Prejudices,andevenDiscriminations?W

13、e All Do!02THE CULTURAL BIAS EXAMPLESTHE CULTURAL BIAS EXAMPLESCULTURAL BIAS occurs due to variations in the patterns in which humans interact.There aresystems(technical,linguistic,social,cultural,economic,andothers)thatareinherenttoparticulargroups.Itiswhenthereisexchangeofcommunication,orthroughan

14、yexposuretoaforeignculturalenvironment,thatpeopletendtodevelopaculturalbias.Psychologyispredominantlyawhite,Euro-Americanenterprise64%ofpsychologicalresearchersfromUSInsometexts,90%ofstudieshaveUSPPsSamplespredominantlywhitemiddleclassButpsychologypurportstotellusabouthumannaturecanthisreallybetrue?

15、2-1.THE CULTURAL BIAS EXAMPLES2-1.THE CULTURAL BIAS EXAMPLES2-1.THE CULTURAL BIAS EXAMPLES2-1.THE CULTURAL BIAS EXAMPLESMoraldevelopment(Kohlberg克尔贝里克尔贝里)Basedonahierarchyofdevelopmentalstages,stronglyinfluencedbyWesternindividualism&traditionofabstractmoralreasoningNotanaccuratereflectionofmoralrea

16、soninginsomeother(e.g.collectivist)culturesConsequently,someculturesscoreloweronmoraldevelopmentwhentheyareactuallyjustdifferent.2-1.THE CULTURAL BIAS EXAMPLES2-1.THE CULTURAL BIAS EXAMPLESWesternTheory,GlobalWorld:WesternBiasinInternationalTheoryAlexYoungSeptember10,201436(1)Summer2014,NorthAmerica

17、,Perspectives,Science&Technology,Security,WorldinReviewMuchofthiswesternbiasisduetothehistoricalpoliticalandmilitarydominanceofthewest;historyiswrittenbythevictors,andpoliticalphilosophyseemstobetoo.Perspectives On and Beyond Asia that the vast majority of schools of thought ininternationalrelations

18、areoutgrowthsofonewesternphilosophicaltraditionoranother.There is nothing inherently biased about applied game theory,but as it is practiced inmodernacademiccircles,thefieldprivilegeswesternersoverpeopleofotherbackgrounds.ReligionLanguageDresstoimpressDifferentcountriesDifferencesinDietaryPatternsDi

19、fferentColorsCULTURALBIASoccursineverydaylife:ReadingaScript,TechnologyorToolandInstrument,Ethnocentrism,Language,Education,NewsEducation、CurriculumStudentConductMethodofInstructionNewsMediaIdeologyIdeologyNewsMediaCulturalBiasCase:The cultural bias in reporting is prevalent in major US media outlet

20、s.For example,on 1st October,NBC news reported that“three US soldiers”and“several Afghanis”were killed in a suicide attack in Afghanistan.Viewers were not told that the“several Afghanis”were actually 11 human beings,including four police officers,an interpreter and six civilians.This pattern of repo

21、rting exemplifies a subconscious cultural bias,where the loss of American(or Israeli)life is more important than that of others.Americans and Israelis are considered to be real people,while the rest are“collateral damage”;mere statistics;or as Said put it,the Others.EducationCase:Americaisaplacewher

22、emillionsofpeoplefrom diverse cultures,ethnicities andbackgroundswork,learnandlivetogether.Forthisreason,teachersshouldplantheirdaily lessons with all of their students inmindratherthanteachingtoaperceivednorm.Byconsideringandaccommodating each childs background,teacherscancreatealearningenvironment

23、inwhichallstudentsfeelrespected.WhatDoYouThinkAboutThisMan?HowAboutthisMan?UndercoverLondon,EnglandPoliceOfficerMarkKennedyThisIsNewYorkStateSenatorBillPerkinsOfHarlemAttendingFarmDaysNearSyracuse,NYAndMilkingACowForTheFirstTime.WhatCanYouSayAboutThisMan?ThisisaModelforRajaAttireWhoisModelingThatClo

24、thingCompanysNewLineofT-Shirts.ThisisAmandaLoguePornStar,Prostitute,&LingerieShopOwnerWhoIsAwaitingTrialAndChargedWithFirstDegreeMurderInFlorida.HowAboutThisLady?HowAboutThisLady?ACaseofAMedicalMethod:CauseMovie“Scraping”seizetheEast-Westculturaldifferencesanddifferent,anduseitasthestartingpoint,sho

25、wingtheloveoftwopairoffathersandsons.TheleadingcharacterXuDatongsfatherscrapingtheskinforthegrandsonDennis，byUSssocietychildwelfarebureaudiscovery,theAmericanhasnotbeenseenthisChinesemedicinemethod,takesformaltreatsthechild.Thusheisaccusedontrial.Inthe movieasuccession ofmisunderstanding andthe coin

26、cidence havecreatedcharacterdestinywinding,therootaretheEastandWestculturedifferences.Scraping：A dispute caused by an East-West cultural differencesACase：Intermsofbookcontents,roll-updiscussionduring12501750,threesectionsofChinasimage:greatkhanofthemainland(12501450),greaterChinaempire(14501650),Con

27、fuciusofChina(16501750),autopiawhichrunsthroughclues;VolumetodiscussaftertheenlightenmentideologicalimageinChina,theso-calledstagnationauthoritarianbarbarictheChineseempire.Western Images Of ChinaScheming Chinese go backdoor,sneaking into theUnitedStatesborder（The end of the 19thcentury the publicat

28、ion oftheironyofChinaspoliticalcartoonsinAmerican）ThecakeofChina1875In1850,China1971TheAmericanmediafocusedonthe60thanniversaryofthefoundingofnewChina1938,FortheUnitedStatesandtheworldtounderstandChinasdeterminationinthewarofresistance,haswonwidesupport.03THE CAUSE OF THE CULTURAL BIASTHE CAUSE OF T

29、HE CULTURAL BIASWhatInfluencestheDevelopmentofBiases&Stereotypes?Families,Churches&Religions,Peers,Neighbors,Rules,Regulations,&Laws.Allofthoseareunderthesameculture,butitstillhasapositivesignificanceinourunderstandingculturalbias.123Emic and EticEmic and EticEthnocentrismEthnocentrismCross-cultural

30、 contactCross-cultural contact3.THE CAUSES OF THE CULTURAL BIAS3.THE CAUSES OF THE CULTURAL BIAS3-1Cross-culturalcontactInthispartmainlyabouttheCross-culturalcontact,thatmaketheculturalbiaspossible.Culturalbiasisthetendencyforpeopletojudgetheoutsideworldthroughanarrowviewbasedontheirownculture.Thewo

31、rldhasmillionsofpeoplebelongingtodiverseculturalbackgrounds.Thesepeoplehavedifferentbeliefs,foodhabits,artforms,andvalues.Sinceancienttimes,theyhaveinteractedwitheachotherandexchangedideas.Culturalbiasisthistendencyofjudgingthe other person based on his/her cultural standards.Cultural bias can stere

32、otype aculture.Whenapersonsayshiscultureissuperiortoothers,heisundoubtedlyculturallybiased.Suchapersonneverappreciatesculturaldiversity.Japanese bowing after leaving the train cabinThere is no trash can found anywhere in the city of TokyoChinese cutting queue at China(and everywhere else)Chinese smo

33、king indoor and in restaurants with carpetThe crowd and the type of crowd at Chinas train and train stationHong Kong cashier asked me to throw all the coins out so she can do the counting instead when Im looking for which coin to use while paying for my mealTaiwanese retail workers who welcomes me w

34、armly when I just stepped into their storeOverwhelming number of con artist near the Eiffel tower in ParisThe sharp contrast on how beautiful the Paris city is compared to their undergroundBritish retail workers who address me as Sir“Australian calling Mc Donalad as Maccas3-2EmicandEticEmicsaretheco

35、nstructsparticulartoaspecificculture(OURS)-Theemicapproachinvestigateshowlocalpeoplethink(Kottak,2006):Howtheyperceiveandcategorizetheworld,theirrulesforbehavior,whathasmeaningforthem,andhowtheyimagineandexplainthings.Eticsareconstructsthatareuniversaltoallpeople(OTHERS)-Whenusingtheeticapproach,ref

36、erstogeneralizationsabouthumanbehaviorthatareconsidereduniversallytrue,andcommonlylinksculturalpracticestofactorsofinteresttotheresearcher,suchaseconomicorecologicalconditions.BiascanoccurwhenEmicandEticgetmistakenforeachotherInanthropology,folkloristics,andthesocialandbehavioralsciences,emicandetic

37、refertotwokindsoffieldresearchdoneandviewpointsobtained:1emic,fromwithinthesocialgroup(fromtheperspectiveofthesubject)andetic,fromoutside(fromtheperspectiveoftheobserver)3-2EmicandEtic1.Emicconstructsarespecifictoparticularcultures,sotheyvaryfromplacetoplaceLikelytobeignoredormisinterpretedResearche

38、rsfromoneculturemaynotbesensitivetolocalEmicsTheirownculturalfiltersmaypreventthemfromdetectingthemorappreciatingtheirsignificance2.Eticconstructsareassumedtobeuniversal,butmaynotbeThis can lead to imposed Etics,where a construct from one culture is appliedinappropriatelytoanother3-3EthnocentrismThi

39、soccurswhenaresearcherassumesthattheirownculturallyspecificpracticesorideasarenaturalorrightWhenotherculturesareobservedtodifferfromtheresearchersown,theymayberegardedinanegativelightE.g.primitive,degenerate,unsophisticated,undevelopedetc.Becomesracismwhenotherculturesaredenigratedortheirtraditionsr

40、egardedasirrelevantetc.04CULTURAL BIAS RESOLUTIONCULTURAL BIAS RESOLUTIONCanWeAvoidCulturalBias?Whatdoyouthinksomyfriends?Ithinkthebestwayis:”WheninRome,doastheRomansdo”.1.Desireandnecessityforculturalbiastoberesolved2.Understandingofpossiblebarrierstotheresolution3.Thechoiceofmethodofculturalbiasre

41、solutionCULTURAL BIAS RESOLUTIONCULTURAL BIAS RESOLUTIONCanWeAvoidCulturalBias?Remember that all cultures are not the sameThe individualist-collectivist dimension reminds us of this,but is still a gross simplificationGreater use should be made of research conducted from within each culture,by member

42、s of that cultureCross cultural research should be encouragedConductingCrossCulturalResearchTwo possible approaches:Cross cultural approach study many different cultures to identify the variationsTranscultural approach study many different cultures to identify the similaritiesWhen doing this,need to

43、 be aware of the pitfalls already consideredConductingCross-CulturalResearchResearchers may be unable to relinquish their own cultural world-view,which may always influence their interpretationsBarriers to communication are numerous:Gaining trust of informantsUnderstanding what informants sayRelying

44、 on interpretersEnsuring equivalence in translation of materials etc.WEHAVEADREAMWEHAVEADREAMIhaveadreamthatonedaythisnationwillriseupandliveoutthetruemeaningofitscreed:Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal.IhaveadreamthatonedayontheredhillsofGeorgia,thesonsofformerslavesandthe

45、sonsofformerslaveownerswillbeabletositdowntogetheratthetableofbrotherhood.IhaveadreamthatonedayeventhestateofMississippi,astateswelteringwiththeheatofinjustice,swelteringwiththeheatofoppression,willbetransformedintoanoasisoffreedomandjustice.Ihaveadreamthatmyfourlittlechildrenwillonedayliveinanation

46、wheretheywillnotbejudgedbythecoloroftheirskinbutbythecontentoftheircharacter.Ihaveadreamtoday!Ihaveadreamtoday!p经常不断地学习,你就什么都知道。你知道得越多,你就越有力量pStudyConstantly,AndYouWillKnowEverything.TheMoreYouKnow,TheMorePowerfulYouWillBe写在最后谢谢大家荣幸这一路，与你同行ItS An Honor To Walk With You All The Way演讲人：XXXXXX 时 间：XX年XX月XX日