Lecture4WordFormationofMedicalTerms

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1、Lecture 4Word Formation of Medical Terms1Building ElementsvRootvPrefixvSuffixvCombining Vowel2RootvA root is what remains when all added elements in a word have been removed,the part that is not further divisible.vThe root,the core in a word,provides the fundamental meaning of that word.vderm skin e

2、pidermis,dermis,dermatology,dermatitis,dermatosis,dermatoid3PrefixvA prefix is a letter or a letter combination placed before a word or a combining form to alter or modify the basic meaning of the word.vA larger proportion of prefixes describe spatial relationship.Others negate concepts,describe phy

3、sical properties or qualities of objects or concepts.4SuffixvSuffix:attached to the end of a word base to change either the meaning of the base or the class of the word.vtwo types:simple suffix and compound suffix.(1)Simple suffixes:those that have nothing added to them.-itis inflammation as in neph

4、ritis and hepatitis.5Suffix(2)Compound suffix:a combination of a base and a simple suffix.-pathy patho-(disease,suffering)+-y(condition,act,process)“disease,or a diseased condition”-ectomy ec-(out)+tom-(to cut)+-y(act,process)“the surgical removal,the process of cutting out,or excision”tonsillectomy

5、 appendectomy thyroidectomy6Combining Vowel1.Types of combining vowels Greek source (1)-o-cardi+o cardio-o+logy -ology(2)-a-par+a para-(3)-y-brad+y brady-pol+y poly-Latin source -i-mult+i multi-i+cide -icide ov+i ovi-7Combining Vowel2.arrangement of the combining vowels(1)gastr/o+pathy gastropathy p

6、ar/a+thyroid parathyroid(2)gastr/o+algia gastralgia gastr/o+itis gastritis par/a+enteral parenteral(3)gastr/o+intestinal gastrointestinal nephr/o+abdominal nephroabdominal(4)gastr/o+rhagia gastrorrhagia splen/o+rhaphy splenorrhaphy a+rhythm+ia arrhythmia8Word FormationvAffixationvCompositionvConvers

7、ionvBlendingvBackformationvClippingvInitialism and Acronym9Affixation Affixation:formation of words by means of affixes(prefix and suffix).prefixation suffixation 10Prefixation a prefix is attached to the front of base autograft isograft allograft(homograft)xenograft(heterograft)11Suffixation a suff

8、ix is attached to the end of base immune immunity immunize immunization12Rules Of Word FormationvArrangement of the morphemes(1)lymphadenitis lymphadenitis 1 2 3 淋巴 腺 炎症 mastectomy mastectomy 4 5 乳房 切除术 lipoma lipoma 6 7 脂肪 肿瘤13Rules Of Word Formationvmastadenitisvmastitisvadenomavlipectomy vadeniti

9、svlymphomavlymphadenoma vmastadenomavadenolipomavlymphadenectomyvadenectomy14Rules Of Word Formation(2)phagocyte cytophagy blastocyte cytoblast podagra agropod (meaningless)Two situations of the combination of the morphemes:parallel connection and restrictive connection15Rules Of Word Formationvnaso

10、pharyngeal pharyngonasal nose throat vdentosurgical tooth surgeryvdyschondroplasia chondrodysplasia bad cartilage development,formation16Typical Patterns of Affixation1.prefix+roote.g.inject:in-(into)+jec(t)-(to throw)put material into a particular location,often using a syringe2.prefix+combining vo

11、wel+roote.g.ectoderm:ect-(outside)+derm-(skin),the outer layer of the embryo17Typical Patterns of Affixation3.root+suffixe.g.stasis:sta-(to stand)+-sis(a condition of),slowing of fluid movement4.root+combining vowel +suffixe.g.sclerosis:scler-(to harden)+-sis (a condition of)hardening or stiffening

12、of a tissue18Typical Patterns of Affixation5.prefix+root+suffix e.g.perirenal:peri-(around)+ren-(kidney)+-al(pertaining to)located around the kidney6.prefix+root+combining vowel+suffix e.g.synarthrosis:syn-(together)+arthr-(joint)+-sis(a condition of)immobilization of a joint by fusion19Typical Patt

13、erns of Affixation7.prefx+prefix+root+combining vowel+suffix e.g.contraindication:contra-(against)+in-(toward)+dic(t)-(to speak)+-tion (the action or process involved)a condition that precludes using a drug8.root+root+suffix e.g.sialadenitis:sial-(saliva)+aden-(gland)+-itis(an inflammatory condition

14、),inflammation of a salivary gland20Typical Patterns of Affixation 9.root+combining vowel+root+suffix e.g.hemophilia:hemo-(blood)+phil-(beloved,loving)+-ia(pathological or abnormal condition)any of several hereditary blood-coagulation disorders10.prefix+root+root+suffix e.g.hyperglycemia:hyper-(exce

15、ssive)+glyc-(sweet)+(h)em-(blood)+-ia(condition)the presence of an abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood21Composition a word-forming process by joining two or more words:open compound hyphenated compound solid compound 22open compound an open compound is made up of two or more words

16、written separately:vwoman doctorvman nursevsleeping sicknessvbrain deathvfamily planningvbirth controlvgray mattervwhite matter 23hyphenated compoundA hyphenated compound consists of two or more words connected by a hyphen:vhigh-resolutionvhost-specificvdeaf-mutevair-bornevbottle-feedvgraft-versus-h

17、ost 24solid compound A solid compound consists of two words written as one word:v windpipevSleepwalkvoverweight vnosebleed.25neoclassical compounds compounds coined from elements of the classical languages(Latin and Greek):v biocidevlysosomevbio-sciencevpsychanalysisvbiophysicsvchemotherapy 26Conver

18、sion a word is adapted or converted to a new class without any change of form:vstent(v.n.)vlove(v.n.)vtaste(v.n.)vsmell(v.n.)vskin(v.n.)vplaster(v.n.)vmask(v.n.)vfaint(adj.n.)vempty(adj.n.)27Blending part+part genome(gene+chromosome)affluenza(affluent+influenza)redox(reduction oxidation)whole+part b

19、reathalyzer(breath+analyzer)part+whole medicaid(medical+aid)medicare(medical+care)paramedic(parachute+medic)surgitool(surgical tool)28Backformation v vaccinate vaccinationv automate automationv diagnose diagnosisv injure injuryv contracept contraceptionv ovulate ovulationv palpitate palpitationv tra

20、nscript transcriptionv vivisect vivisectionv proliferate proliferationv adolesce adolescencev psychoanalyze psychoanalysis 29Backformationvbiograph biographyvclaustrophobe claustrophobiavchemist alchemistvparamedic paramedicalvpathogen pathogenic vgloom gloomy 30Clippingvexam examinationvad advertis

21、ementvdoc doctor vCA/ca cancer/carcinomavlab laboratoryvflu influenzavspecs spectaclesvpolio poliomyelitisvpsych psychologyvquack quacksalver 31InitializationInitialization(首字母简略法首字母简略法)are very common in medical literature.An acronym is a word coined from the initial letters of a group of words.The

22、y have been very active and have been increasing in number especially in science and technology.A large number of acronyms have been created in medical Literature.32Initialization WTO(World Health Organization)FDA(Food and Drug Administration)CT(computerized tomography)RBC(red blood cell)CC(chief co

23、mplaint)BMR(basal metabolic rate)BP(blood pressure)GP(general practitioner)NP(nurse practitioner)33Initialiam and Acronym abbreviations that are formed using the initial components in a phrase or name vAn acronym is a series of letters pronounced as a word(e.g.NATO:North Atlantic Treaty Organization

24、).vAn initialism is a series of letters pronounced as individual letters(e.g.DNA:deoxyribonucleic acid).34InitialiamsvWHO(World Health Organization)vFDA(Food and Drug Administration)vCT(computerized tomography)vRBC(red blood cell)vCC(chief complaint)vBMR(basal metabolic rate)vBP(blood pressure)vGP(g

25、eneral practitioner)v NP(nurse practitioner)v JAMA(Journal of the American Medical Association)vMRI(magnetic resonance imaging)35AcronymsvAIDS(Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)vSARS(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)vLASER/laser(Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation)36Initialiam

26、 and AcronymSome words are mostly composed of the initial letter of the word plus the first letter of other components of the same word,such as:TB(tuberculosis)OD(overdose)IV(intravenous)IM/im(intramuscular)Hb(hemoglobin),RT(radiotherapy)NP(neuropsychiatry)37Initialiam and AcronymInitialiams from La

27、tin or Greek:a.c.(ante cibum=before meal)p.c.(post cibum=after meal)b.i.d (bis in die=twice a day)t.i.d (ter in die=three times a day)q.i.d (quarter in die=four times a day)b.i.n (bis in nocte=twice a night)38Initialiam and AcronymO.D (oculus dexter=right eye)O.S (oculus sinister=left eye)p.r.n (pro

28、 re nata=as needed)q.h (quaque hora=every hour)q.m (quaque mane=every morning)q.n (quaque nocte=every night)39Rules Of Word FormationChinese and English Medical Termsvstomach gastritisvliver hepatitisvbrain encephalitisvskin dermatitisvjoint arthritisvheart carditisvintestine enteritisvkidney nephri

29、tisvtongue glossitisvthroat laryngitisvbone osteitisvear otitisvvein phlebitisvnose rhinitisvmouth stomatitisvlung pneumoniavpleural pleurisy40Rules Of Word Formation Chinese and English Medical Termsv溢饮anasarca全身水肿v消渴diabetes 糖尿病v痘疮 smallpox天花v耵聍cerumen 耳垢v鼻衄epistaxis鼻出血v溺血 hematuria 血尿v血崩 metrorrhagia 子宫出血v牙宣gingival atrophy 牙龈萎缩v风疹 German measles（德国麻疹），rubella（红疹）41