国际贸易法Chapter 25 Remedies for Breach of Contract

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1、Chapter 2 ITL Contract LawsUnit5RemediesforBreachofContract4/12/20241Contents5.1PrinciplesofImputation15.2VarietiesofConductsofBreachingtheContract5.3BreachesandRemedies5.4Damages5.5SpecificPerformance5.6Avoidance25.7OtherRemedies5.8ExemptibleCauses1违约的归责原则2解除合同解除合同4/12/202425.1PrinciplesofImputatio

2、n1.Definition2.PrinciplesforDefiningLiability 4/12/202435.1PrinciplesofImputation1.Definition of Liability of Breaching aContractWhen:AftertheconclusionofacontractWhat:Either party fails to perform itsobligations as contracted shall bear thetheirrespectiveliabilities4/12/202445.1PrinciplesofImputati

3、on2.PrinciplesforDefiningLiability(1)PrincipleofFault(2)PrincipleofPresumingFault(3)PrincipleofNon-fault4/12/20245VarietiesofConductsofBreaching1.ContinentalLawFailuretoperform不履行不履行Failuretoperformfullyascontracted不不完完全全履行履行Delayperformance履行迟延履行迟延Anticipatorybreach预期违约预期违约4/12/202462.Anglo-America

4、nLawBreachofcondition违反条件Breachofwarranty违反担保Breachofinnominateterm违反中间性条款4/12/202473.CISGActualBreach实际违约FundamentalbreachNon-FundamentalbreachAnticipatoryBreach预期期违约4/12/20248Fundamentalbreachitresultsinsuchdetrimenttotheotherpartyassubstantiallytodeprivehimofwhatheisentitledtoexpectunderthecontra

5、ctunlessthepartyinbreachdidnotforeseeandareasonablepersonofthesamekindinthesamecircumstanceswouldnothaveforeseensucharesult.4/12/20249AnticipatoryBreach预期违约预期违约Beforeperformanceisdue,onepartyfailsto perform as requested by the contract,that is anticipatory breach of a contract,and it can be divided

6、into explicit breachandimplicitbreachofcontract.4/12/202410Case08.1SingaporeFurnitureCompanysentanoffertoaFujian furniturefactorytoorder2000leathercases,shipmentbeforeMay4th.The factory accepted the order and the partiessigned the contracton Feb.10th.So,the factoryarrangedtoproduce.On 3.25,the facto

7、ry received a Fax from thefurniturecompany,whichclaimedthattheFujianfactorywasasmallfactoryandcouldnotproduceallthegoodstheyorderedandclaimedtocancelthecontractincasethefactorywouldbreachthecontract.Q:Canthefurniturecompanycancelthecontract?Why?4/12/202411是否构成根本违反合同（P190）案情：1985年2月8日，某港某电业A与珠海拱北某公司B

8、签订购销合同。合同规定：拱北公司向香港公司订购日产佳能复印机200台，价格为CIF九州港1499美元一台，交货期限为4月15日，付款方式为信用证付款。在合同履行时，4月13日B公司收到装船电报通知，电报称所有货物与4月12日往珠海九洲港并注明合同号及信用证号。4月19日B公司收到九州港码头提货通知，码头方面向公司出示随船提单一份。提单上的装船日期为4月13日，到货是4月16日，B公司认为香港公司A未按合同交货期限规定的4月15日交货，电报所称4月12日装船不真实，因而没有马上提货。5月2日，B公司接到中国银行珠海分行承付通知，B公司提出拒付，理由是香港公司延期交货，并于当天电告香港公司，宣告解

9、除合同。香港公司不同意解除合同并提出异议，从而产生纠纷。问题：什么叫根本违反合同，什么情况下可以采用解除合同的救济。评析：本案中B公司认为A公司延期交货一天即构成根本违反合同，因此希望采取解除车同的救济。根据公约第25条规定，如果一方当事人违反合同的结果，使另一方当事人蒙受损失，以致于实际上剥夺了他根据合同有权期待得到的东西，即属于根本违反合同。本案B公司是延迟了一天，此种延迟当然也属于违约行为，给B公司造成损害，但没有达到致使实际上剥夺了买方依合同规定有权期待得到的严重程度，对于季节性的敏感货物，迟到一天可能会导致非常严重的后果而对于复印机这种报告设备，迟到一天引起的损失一般不会严重影响守约

10、方订立合同时期望的经济利益。因此，本案A公司的违约行为并没有达到根本违反合同的程度，因此，买方采取的救济方式不是解除合同，而应是损害赔偿。4/12/2024125.3BreachesandRemedies1.PrinciplesofRemedies2.SpecificRemedies4/12/2024131.PrinciplesofRemediesRemedytheactuallossRemedythepropertylossRemedysRelativity补救的相对性补救的相对性4/12/2024142.SpecificRemedies4/12/2024154/12/2024165.4Da

11、mages1.Definition2.ApplicableSituations3.ScopeofDamages4.LimitationsonDamages5.HowtoCalculate?4/12/2024171.DefinitionThemoneypaidorawardedtoaclaimant(England),pursuer(Scotland)orplaintiff(US)followingasuccessfulclaiminacivilaction.4/12/2024182.ApplicableSituationsAnykindsofbreach4/12/2024193.Scopeof

12、Damagescoversalmostallthelosses.equalstotheactuallossescausedbythepartyinbreachandtheprofitsunearned.4/12/202420CISGArticle74:Damagesforbreachofcontractbyonepartyconsistofasumequaltotheloss,includinglossof profit,suffered by the other party as aconsequenceofthebreach.4/12/2024214.LimitationsonDamage

13、sDutytomitigateForeseeable损益相抵4/12/202422Article77ofCISG:Apartywhoreliesonabreachofcontractmusttake such measures as are reasonable in thecircumstancestomitigatetheloss,includinglossofprofit,resultingfromthebreach.Ifhefailstotakesuchmeasures,thepartyinbreachmayclaimareductioninthedamagesintheamountb

14、ywhichthelossshouldhavebeenmitigated.4/12/202423A U.S company concluded a contract with a Chinesecompanyforpurchasing100tonsofironatUSD300pertonFOBTianjin,shipmentbeforeFeb.1994.Aftersigningthecontract,theChinesecompanyaskedtopostponetheshipmentasthedemandrose,butfailed.Atthebeginningof1994,theChine

15、secompanyaskedtoincreasethepriceagainbutfailedagain.theChinesecompanyfailedtomakedeliveryascontracted.ThepriceofAprilwasalmosttwiceofthecontractprice.OnJune5th,theU.S.companyaskedtheChinesecompanytopayfordamagesofthedifferencesbetweenthecontractedpriceandtherepurchasecontractedprice.Q:Isthedamagerea

16、sonable?14/12/2024245.HowtoCalculate?(1)Liquidateddamagesbyagreement约定定违约金金(2)LiquidatedDamagesbyLaw法定法定违约金金Wherethecontractisavoided(A)WhenthegoodsareResoldorPurchaseothergoodsasreplacements(B)WhenNoResoldorReplacementPurchaseWherethecontractisnotavoided4/12/202425(1)Liquidateddamagesbyagreement约定定

17、违约金金TheContinentalLaw(includingChineselaw):liquidated damages prescribed actual:a party maypetitiontheCourtoranarbitrationinstitutiontodecreasetheamountasappropriate.Anglo-AmericanLawThe court should lower the liquidated damages to bealmostequaltotheloss.Sothattheliquidateddamagesisofnopunitivity.不具

18、有惩罚性CISGThereisnorelevantruleinCISG.4/12/202426CaseA Chinese company imports a machine from a Frenchcompany.The total value is RMB 5 million.And thecontractstipulatedthatifthesellerfailstoeffectshipmentwithin7daysafterthedateofshipment,thesellershouldpaythebuyerliquidateddamagesofRMB200,000.TheChine

19、secompanyconcludedacontractwithaninlandcompanytosellthemachineundertheabovecontractandstipulatedthesameliquidatedclause.But,the French company effect shipment 15 days laterthanthecontractedtimeandcausedtheChinesecompanys15dayslatedelivery.4/12/202427The inland company asked the ChinesecompanyforRMB2

20、00,000forliquidated.But the Chinese company asked the FrenchcompanytorefundRMB500,000.Q:IstheChinesecompanysrequirementlegal?4/12/202428(2)LiquidatedDamagesbyLaw法定法定违约金金Wherethecontractisavoided(A)WhenthegoodsareResoldorPurchaseothergoodsasreplacements=Pk-Ps+furtherdamagesPk:ContractpricePs:Substitu

21、tecontractprice4/12/202429(B)WhenNoResoldorReplacementalPurchase=Pt-Pk+furtherdamagesPt:Thepriceintheplaceofdeliverywhencontractwascanceled.4/12/202430Wherethecontractisnotavoided=repaircharges+losseshappenedduringtheperiodwithoutthegoods11不能使用期间的损失不能使用期间的损失4/12/202431CaseA Chinese company concluded

22、 a contract with aU.S.company for 1000 tons of wheat.And theChinese company signed the same contract withanothercompanytosellthewheatundertheabovecontract.ButtheU.S.companyfailedtomakeshipment,sothattheChinesecompanyaskedtheU.S.companytopay:1.Theprofitlost.2.Theliquidateddamagespaidtothebuyer.3.Faxa

23、ndothercostQ:IstheChinesecompanysrequirementlegal?4/12/202432PrecedentThe plaintiffs,Hadley and Anor,were millers andmealmen and worked together in a partnership asproprietors of the City Steam-Mills in Gloucester.HadleyandAnorarrangedtohaveanewcrankshaftmade for the steam engine by W.Joyce&Co.inGre

24、enwich.Beforethenewcrankshaftcouldbemade,W.Joyce&Co.requiredthatthebrokencrankshaftbesenttotheminordertoensurethatthenewcrankshaftwouldfittogetherproperlywiththeotherpartsofthesteamengine.4/12/202433TheplaintiffscontractedwithdefendantsBaxendaleandOrs,whowereoperatingtogetherascommoncarriersunderthe

25、nameW.Joyce&Co.,todeliverthecrankshafttoengineersforrepairbya certain date.Baxendale failed to deliver on thedate in question,causing Hadley to lose somebusiness.HadleysuedfortheprofitshelostduetoBaxendaleslatedelivery,andthejuryawardedHadleydamagesof25.Baxendaleappealed,contendingthathedidnotknowth

26、atHadleywouldsufferanyparticulardamagebyreasonofthelatedelivery.4/12/2024345.5SpecificPerformance1.Commonlawandcivillaw2.TheCISG3.TheUNIDROITPICC4.ChineseContractLaw4/12/2024351.Commonlawandcivillawcivillawcountries,theuseofspecificperformanceisnotonlymorecommon,itispreferred.4/12/2024362.TheCISGAco

27、urtmaygrantSPonlyiftheconditionsaremet:(1)Theseller:fundamentalbreach(2)Thebuyer:notresortedtoanotherremedy,egavoidanceorpricereduction(3)Thebuyergavetimelynoticetotheseller(4)Thebuyerhadmadeatimelyrequest4/12/2024373.TheUNIDROITPICCExcepttopaymoneydoesnotperform,theotherpartymayrequireSP,unless(1)P

28、erformanceisimpossibleinlaworinfact;(2)Performanceisunreasonablyburdensomeorexpensive;(3)The party entitled to performance may reasonablyobtainperformancefromanothersource;(4)Performanceisofanexclusivelypersonalcharacter(5)The party entitled to performance does not requireperformance within a reason

29、able time after it has,oroughttohave,becomeawareofthenon-performance.”4/12/2024384.ChineseContractLawTheotherpartymayrequireperformance,exceptwhere:(1)Performanceisimpossibleinlaworinfact;(2)The subject matter of the obligation does notlenditselftoenforcementbyspecificperformance or the cost of perf

30、ormance isexcessive;(3)Theobligeedoesnotrequireperformancewithinareasonabletime4/12/202439CaseTwoChinesecompaniesconcludedacontractforthesaleof200tonsofironatRMB2100perton,deliveryon March 30th,2000,pay advance RMB 50,000,theliquidateddamagesisRMB10,000.After consigning the contract,the plaintiff pr

31、epaiedRMB50,000.OnMarch10th,therespondent askedtoincreasetheprice to RMB 2,500 per ton,but refused.So,therespondentfailedtodeliverythegoodsonMarch30th,2000.The plaintiff sued and required the other party toperformthecontract.4/12/202440ButtherespondentrefusedandclaimedthatthecostofthegoodswasRMB2130

32、pertonandtheyhadalreadysignedanewcontractwithFeidaCompanytoselltheabovegoods.The The court court found found that that the the delivery delivery date date of of the the later later contract contract was was the the end end of of April.April.Q:Canthecourtrulethattherespondentmustperformthecontract?4/

33、12/2024415.6AvoidanceThe CISGThe CISGAbuyermayavoidacontractifeither(a)The seller commits a fundamentalbreach(b)Thebuyergivestheselleranoticeandthesellerrejectsitordoesnotperformwithintheperioditspecifies.4/12/202442Case1AChinesecompanyimportedagiantmachinefromGerman in 3 lots.The first lot met ther

34、equirements of the contract but the second onedidnot.Andthesecondoneisthekeypartofthemachine,without which the machine cannot beoperated.Q:Can the Chinese company cancel the wholecontract?Why?4/12/202443Case2ThethebuyerinU.SimportedsometurkeyandChristmascardsfromChinaandtheshipmentwasoneweeklatertha

35、nthecontractedtime.Q:Can the Chinese company cancel the wholecontract?Why?4/12/202444Article73（1）Inthecaseofacontractfordeliveryofgoodsby installments,if the failure of one party toperform any of his obligations in respect of anyinstallment constitutes a fundamental breach ofcontractwithrespecttotha

36、tinstallment,theotherparty may declare the contract avoided withrespecttothatinstallment.4/12/202445（2）.（3）Abuyerwhodeclaresthecontractavoidedinrespectofanydeliverymay,atthesametime,declareitavoidedinrespectofdeliveriesalreadymadeoroffuturedeliveriesif,byreasonoftheirinterdependence,thosedeliveriesc

37、ouldnotbeusedforthepurposecontemplatedbythepartiesatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontract.4/12/2024465.8ExemptibleCauses免责情形免责情形1.ForceMajeure不可抗力不可抗力2.RightofCounterplea(1)RightofCounterpleaforCo-performance(2)RightofCounterpleaforPerformanceinAdvance(3)RightofCounterpleaforBeingUncomfortable4/12/202

38、447Letsgooverwhatwehavelearntinthischapter.4/12/202448OfferAcceptanceConcludeacontractExecutethecontractRisktransfer&PropertytransferBreachRemedy4/12/202449Exercises1.What are the offers&acceptancesunderthefollowingcircumstances?(1)Auction1;(2)E-business;(3)WaivinghandforaTAXI;(4)Shoppinginsupermark

39、et;1 拍卖4/12/202450(5)Inthemarket,adialoguebetweenAandBA：Howmuchisit？B：OneyuanperKg。A：Howabouteightycents?B：No.A：Howaboutninetycents?B：No.A：Howaboutoneyuan？B：No.4/12/202451CasesCases 1.1.19921992年年2 2月月香香港港某某公公司司A A买买方方与与中中国国某某公公司司B B卖卖方方签签订订了了关关于于买买卖卖新新型型自自行行车车的的合合同同。合合同同约约定定的的标标的的是是试试生生产产中中的的第第一一批批

40、全全部部数数额额自自行行车车10001000辆辆，交交货货日日期期为为19921992年年3 3月月3131日日至至19921992年年7 7月月3131日日，分分批批交交货货。合合同同签签订订后后，B B又又与与加加拿拿大大某某公公司司C C签签订订了了销销售售合合同同，以以较较高高价价格格将将该该批批试试生生产产中中的的全全部部新新型型自自行行车车转转售售。19921992年年3 3月月3 3日日，B B电电告告A A，称称生生产产厂厂家家为为了了对对该该批批新新型型自自行行车车进进行行技技术术完完善善，将将进进一一步步改改进进生生产产线线，故故第第一一批批货货物物的的装装运运只只能能延延

41、迟迟到到19921992年年9 9月月。A A因因已已获获知知B B已已将将货货物物转转售售给给C C而而拒拒绝绝了了B B关关于于延延期期交交货货的的要要求求，B B也也没没有有交交付付合合同项下的货物。同项下的货物。问：问：1 1、B B的行为是否构成违约？为什么？的行为是否构成违约？为什么？2 2、针对此种情况，、针对此种情况，B B应采取何种应对措施？应采取何种应对措施？4/12/2024522.19922.1992年年6 6月，中国上海某月，中国上海某电子公司子公司A A与美国某与美国某电子子B B之之间签订了了电脑买卖合同。合同合同。合同规定，定，A A向向B B购买2000020

42、000台台电脑，us$1000/us$1000/台台CIFCIF上海，上海，D/PD/P方式方式结算，算，19921992年年1010月交月交货。合同。合同签订后，考后，考虑到当到当时中国中国对电脑的需求量不大，的需求量不大，A A拟减少减少购买50005000台，通台，通过与与B B在上海的全在上海的全权代理人代理人协商后，双方商后，双方协定将合同数量改定将合同数量改为1500015000台，并台，并签订了修改了修改协议。但。但B B的全的全权代理人未将修改情况及代理人未将修改情况及时通通知知B B。19921992年年1010月，月，B B仍按原合同仍按原合同规定的数量定的数量200002

43、0000台台发货给A A，并通，并通过D/PD/P方式向方式向A A收款。收款。A A未向未向银行会款行会款赎单，而是通，而是通过副副本提本提单从港口将从港口将货全部全部2000020000台提出，并全部台提出，并全部销售。售。A A以以B B违约为由拒由拒绝付款，后付款，后经多次催促，并多次催促，并经协商，商，A A直至直至19941994年年5 5月月才向才向B B付清付清货款。款。问：1 1、B B应按原合同按原合同还是修改后的合同履行？是修改后的合同履行？2 2、B B发货2000020000台的行台的行为是否构成是否构成违约？为什么？什么？3 3、A A拒拒绝付款的做法是否合理？如不合理，按付款的做法是否合理？如不合理，按 公公约 的的规定定应采取什么做法采取什么做法为妥？妥？4 4、B B能否以延能否以延迟付款付款为由向由向A A要求要求赔偿利息利息损失？失？为什么？什么？4/12/2024533.中国公司与法国公司违约案4/12/202454