中西方文化比较宇宙观

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1、Lines and Circles: A Contrastive Study of Western and Chinese Cultures 环性与线性 中西文化比较 (Part I) This lecture is based on an article of mine Lines and Circles, West and East published successively in English Today (Cambridge University Press), Asian Studies (Oxford University Press), The Quest (An Ameri

2、can philosophical journal) and Social Sciences (A Chinese journal). Lines and Circles: A Contrastive Study of Western and Chinese Cultures This lecture is based on an article of mine Lines and Circles, West and East published successively in English Today (Cambridge University Press), Asian Studies

3、(Oxford University Press), The Quest (An American philosophical journal) and Social Sciences (A Chinese journal). Lines and Circles: A Contrastive Study of Western and Chinese Cultures 该讲座以本人的一篇同名论文为基准。这篇论 文的英文版及中文版曾先后发表或转载于英国剑桥 大学出版社的 今日英语 、英国牛津大学出版社 的 亚洲研究 、美国哲学刊物 求索 及中国刊 物 社会科学 。 环性与线性 中西文化比较 左 飚

4、 A Risky and Controversial Topic. 这是一个容易引起争议的话题 Culture is a pervasive concept. 文化是一个极为宽泛的概念。 Culture is a dynamic process. 文化是一个动态的过程。 Cultural difference is relative. 文化差异是相对的。 w What is culture? 文化的定义 What is culture? Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, moral

5、s, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. Edward Tylor (1871) (a British anthropologist) 文化是一个错综复杂的整体，它包括知识、 信仰、艺术、法律、道德、习俗以及 作为社会 成员的人所获得的 其他一切能力和习惯。 爱德华 泰勒 (1871) 英国人类学家 Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit of and for behavior acquired

6、and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiment in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional (historically derived and selected) ideas and especially their attached values. Culture systems may, on the one hand, b

7、e considered as products of action, on the other hand, as conditioning elements of future action. Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn (two American anthropologists, 1961） What is culture? 文化是由通过符号所获得并传播的显性及隐 性行为模式所构成，这种行为模式形成 人类 群体的特征 ，包括它们在人工制品中的体现； 文化的核心部分是传统的（源于历史并经历 史选择的）观念，尤其是价值观。文化系统， 一方面可被视为人们

8、行为的产品，另一方面 又可被看作是规约未来行为的条件。 克洛依伯、克勒克荷恩 美国人类学家 文化的定义 What is Culture? Culture is the acquired knowledge that people use to interpret experience and to generate behavior. J. P. Spradley (Psychologist) 文化是 后天获得的知识 ， 人们 用这种知 识来解释以往的经验，生成未来的行为。 斯普拉德莱（心理学家） What is Culture? Culture refers to the total pat

9、tern of human learned behavior transmitted from generation to generation. Salzmann (Sociologist) 文化是指 人们学得的行为 的总体模式， 这种行为模式代代相传 。 萨尔斯曼（社会学家） What is culture? Culture is the total range of activities and ideas of a group of people with shared traditions which are transmitted and reinforced by members

10、 of the group. CED 文化是具有共同传统的 群体 的活动和观念的总 和，这些传统为这一群体的成员加以传播并加 强。 剑桥英语词典 Culture is the total pattern of human behavior and its products embodied in thought, speech, action and artifacts. Culture is a complex of typical behavior or standardized social characteristics peculiar to a specific group. WN

11、ID 文化是 人类 行为及其产品的总和，表现为思想、 言论、行动及制成物品。 文化是 某一群体 所特有的典型行为或规范化的 社会特征的综合。 韦氏新国际词典 Characteristics of Culture 文化的特征 Characteristics of Culture Non-natural （非自然性） Non-individual （非个人性） Non-innate （非先天性） Regional and trans-regional （地域性与超地域性） Epochal and trans-epochal （时代性与超时代性） Essentials of Culture Exte

12、rnal （外在文化 / 有形文化） *behavior language, gestures, customs 行为 语言、手势、习俗等 *products literature, art, music, artifacts 产品 文学、艺术、音乐、人工制品、建 筑等 Internal （内核文化 / 无形文化） *ideas beliefs, values, morals 观念 信仰、价值观、道德观等 Essentials of Culture 文化的要素 Essentials of Culture Dead （死文化 ） *products (achievements) literatu

13、re, art, music, artifacts, architecture 产品 文学、艺术、音乐、人工制品、建 筑等 Living （活文化 ） *ideas beliefs, values, morals 观念 信仰、价值观、道德观等 *behavior language, gestures, customs 行为 语言、手势、习俗等 Layers of Culture 文化的层次 产品 /符号 Products/Symbols Behaviors 行为 Values 价值观念 Assumptions 对宇宙、 人性的基本看法 Layers of Culture Cultures: U

14、niversality and Individuality 文化的共性与个性 Commonality of human nature 人性趋同 Penetrativeness and fusibility 渗透性及可融性 Accumulation and tradition 积淀与传统 Linearity and Circularity 线性与环性 钱钟书：东海西海，心理攸同； 南学北学，道术未裂。 My idea about the contrastive study is based on a western diagram and a Chinese picture. Plato 柏拉图

15、 The development of western philosophy is a series of footnotes to Plato. - Whitehead 西方哲学的发展是对柏拉图的一系列注脚。 怀特海 gnosis / knowledge noesis / reason dianoia / idea pistis / faith eikasia / imagination Platos divided line of knowledge A line of abstraction 中华第一图太极图 环性中国文化的象征 Contrast in respect of : Worl

16、dview （宇宙观） Core values （核心价值观） Outlook on time （时间观） Modes of thinking （思维模式） Linguistic expression （语言表达） Outlook on Arts (艺术观 ) How is the world observed and viewed in both cultures? 在中西两种文化中 人们是怎样看待世界的？ Man and Nature 人 与 自 然 1. Worldview 宇宙观 Linear division and circular enclosure （线分环合） Western

17、: one dividing into two (一分为二 ) Chinese: two combining into one (合二为一 ) Opposites: Western: independence and opposition Chinese: interdependence and integration 西方文化呈线性，人与自然、凡与神均一分为二，界线 分明，强调二元的并存与对立； 中国文化呈环性，人与自然、凡与神均合而为一，环抱 涵容，注重二元的依存和统一。 Western Linear division (线分 ) One dividing into two (一分为二 )

18、 Ancient Greek Philosophers 古希腊哲学家 Thales泰勒斯 （ 624 547 BC） Heracleitus赫拉克利特 （ 540 480 BC） Plato柏拉图 （ 427 347 BC） Linear dividing philosophy Thales, the first Greek philosopher 泰勒斯 古希腊第一位哲学家 Philosophy begins with Thales. Bertrand Russell （罗素） Matter Vs Mind Matter Vs Energy Body Vs Soul Mind shaped

19、and created all things from water. Thales Linear dividing philosophy Heracleitus, one of the founders of dialectics 赫拉克利特 辩证法的奠基人 Everything is in a state of flux. Strife is justice. All things come into being by conflict of opposites, and the sum of things (ta hola, the whole) flows like a stream.

20、We both step and do not step in the same rivers. Plato 柏拉图 Platos distinction between the sensible world and the ideal world 柏拉图关于感觉世界与理念世 界的区分 Platos Theory of Forms contrasts reality with phenomena; soul with body; knowledge with opinion; reason with sensation; and rationality with emotion. 柏拉图的理念

21、论把实在和现象、 灵魂和肉体、知识和意见、理性 和感觉、理智和激情相对应。 Modern Philosophers 西方近现代哲学家 Descartes笛卡尔 (1596 1650) Kant康德 (1724 1804) Russell罗素 (1872 1970) Philosopher: Descartes （ French) Father of Modern Philosophy Hegel （黑格尔） Je pense, donc je suis. I think, therefore I am. I am thinking, therefore I exist. 我思故我在。 Perc

22、eption through senses is unreliable, but thinking is indubitable. Philosopher: Descartes （ French) Substance dualism （实体二元论） : The body works like a machine, with the material properties of extension and motion, and it follows the laws of physics. The mind (or soul) is a nonmaterial entity that does

23、 not follow the laws of physics. Descartes divided the world into extended substance (matter) and thinking substance (mind), and these two have mutually incompatible properties. Accordingly the soul is entirely distinct from the body. 笛卡尔把世界划分为 广延的实体 (物质 )和 能思维的实 体 (心灵 )， 这两种实体的性质是不相容的。因此， 灵魂 与 身体 是

24、截然区分的。 Kant （康德 , German ） Russell （罗素 , British） Phenomenal world vs. noumenal world（现象 世界与本体世界） Causal dualism （因果二元论） : physical causal laws vs. psychological causal laws （物理因果律与心理因果律） Christianity and Bible God occupies a dominant position. Theme of Bible: Human redemption 圣经主题：人的灵魂拯救 Christiani

25、ty: God and Man God creates Man and Man sins against God. 基督教：上帝创造人，人违抗 上帝而犯罪。 West: linear division Scientist: Archemedes （阿基米德 , 287212 BC ） Give me but one firm spot on which to stand, and I will move the earth. 只要给我一个稳固的立足点， 我就能移动地球。 Chinese circular enclosure（环合） Two combining into one (合二为一 )

26、Tao consists in Yin and Yang. The Book of Changes (600 BC) 易经 ：一阴一阳之谓道。 Chinese: circular enclosure Philosophical Concept: Tao （道） Tao gave birth to the One; the One gave birth successively to two things, three things, up to ten thousand. These ten thousand creatures cannot turn their backs to the s

27、hade (Yin) without having the sun (Yang) on their bellies, and it is this blending of the breaths (Yin and Yang) that their harmony depends. Translated by Arthur Waley 老子 ： 道生一，一生二，二生三， 三生万物。万物负阴而抱阳 ,冲气以 为和。 道德经 第 42章 Lao Tzu （ 571- 471 BC) 天地与我并生，而万物与我为一。 Heaven and earth co-exist with me, and I am

28、 identified with everything in the universe. 庄子 （ 369 286 BC） 故其好之也一 ,其弗好之也一。天与 人不相胜也。 Nature and Man are unified as one whether you like it or not. They are not in conflict. 天人合一 天人感应 天地之气，合而为一，分为阴阳， 判为四时，列为五行。 The energy of heaven and earth are a unified one. It consists in Yin and Yang and manife

29、sts itself in four seasons and five elements. Gardener Murphy 董仲舒 179 104 BC 天亦有喜怒之气，哀乐之心。 以类合之，天人一也。 Heaven also has feelings like delight and anger, joy and sorrow. Heaven and Man can be classified under the same category. Chinese Circularity： Idioms 天人感应 Heaven and Man interact with each other. /

30、 Natural phenomena and human affairs find response in each other. 天理人情 The law of nature and feeling of Man are in unison. Chinese Circularity： Idioms 天从人愿 Heaven accords with human wishes. 天怒人怨 Nature is angry while people resentful. 天意人缘 Heavens will brings about human affinity. 天与人归 Nature and Ma

31、n turn to one. Chinese Circularity: Literature Poetic lines: 花迎喜气皆知笑，鸟识欢心 亦解歌。 王维 Flowers smile on the happy occasion; Birds sing with the joyful congregation. Chinese Circularity: Literature Poetic lines: 高树多悲风，海水扬其波。 曹植 Trees sway in a mournful gale; Waves surge like hill and dale. Poetic lines 山河

32、破碎风抛絮，身世浮沉雨 打萍。 文天祥 Catkins scattered by wind, My motherland is being disintegrated; Rain striking duckweed, I sink against the tide, broken-hearted. Chinese: circular enclosure 周易大传 ： 观天之神道，而四时不忒，圣人以神道设教， 而天下服矣。 牟宗三： 中国哲学是圆盈之教。 The Advantages of Each Worldview The one-dividing-into-two linear world

33、view contributes to the development of science and technology in exploring nature and to Mans survival through his struggle against nature. The two-combining-into-one circular worldview facilitates the development of ethics in transforming society and benefits Mans survival in seeking harmony with n

34、ature. 两种宇宙观各有优势 一分为二的线性宇宙观强调二元的并存与 对立，有利于发展科技探索自然，在与天奋斗 中求生存；合而为一的环性宇宙观 注重二元的 依存和统一 ，有利于发展伦理改革社会，在天 人和谐中求生存。 1. Worldview 宇宙观 Linear division and circular enclosure （线分环合） Western: one dividing into two (一分为二 ) Chinese: two combining into one (合二为一 ) Opposites: Western: independence and opposition

35、Chinese: interdependence and integration 西方文化呈线性，人与自然、凡与神均一分为二，界线 分明，强调二元的并存与对立； 中国文化呈环性，人与自然、凡与神均合而为一，环抱 涵容，注重二元的依存和统一。 Hello! Welcome to Shanghai Friends From Denmark Welcome to Shanghai, Friends from Denmark! A Chinese saying goes, “Its such a great delight to have friends visiting from afar. A Chinese poem says, “A bosom friend afar brings a distant land near.” Hello! 教育部高等学校外语专业（英语） 中青年骨干教师高级研修班 A Chinese poem says, “A bosom friend afar brings a distant land near.” 海内存知己，天涯若比邻