英语诗歌欣赏知识(详细)

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1、 英 语 诗 歌 欣 赏 Evaluation and Appreciation of English Poetry “The literature that is written in some kind of verse form. -a readers definition“the best words in the best order.” -Samuel Taylor Coleridge“not the assertion that something is true, but the making of that truth more fully real to us.” -T.S

2、. Eliot Literature that is not prose 1.a musical effect created by rhythm and sounds2.a precise and fresh imagery3.multiple levels of interpretation by the connotation of closer words and by allusions .The Musical Effect of Poetry Poetry has its roots in song.epics, ballads, traveling bards, minstre

3、ls Musical effects are mainly created by rhythm. Foot-a group of syllables forming a metrical unit, a unit of rhythm.Meter-the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables used in poem. 伐 木 丁 丁 ， 鸟 鸣 嘤 嘤 。 四 言 诗欲 穷 千 里 目 ， 更 上 一 层 楼 。 五 言 诗 春 风 又 绿 江 南 岸 。 七 言 诗 monometer（ 单 音 步 ) pentameter（ 五 音 步

4、）dimeter （ 双 音 步 ） hexameter （ 六 音 步 ）trimeter（ 三 音 步 ） heptameter （ 七 音 步 ）tetrameter （ 四 音 步 ） octameter （ 八 音 步 ） 雪 压 冬 云 白 絮 飞 1 2 3 4 tetrameter Twinkle twinkle little star tetrameter 阴 平 、 阳 平 、 上 声 、 去 声 平 仄老 夫 喜 作 黄 昏 颂 ， 满 目 青 山 夕 照 明 。仄 平 仄 仄 平 平 仄 ， 仄 仄 平 平 仄 仄 平 。 平 仄 互 协“ 音 乐 的 和 有 趣 的

5、思 想 结 合 ” 爱 伦 坡 “ 欲 调 曼 声 ， 必 谐 三 声 “ （ 平 、 上 、 去 ） 高 低 疾 徐 抑 扬 顿 挫 汉 语 四 声 调 的 特 色 阴 平 声 轻 ， 阳 平 声 重 ， 上 声 后 而 举 ， 去 声 清 而 远 stressed-accent 重 音 扬unstressed-unaccented 轻 音 抑five metric patterns （ 音 律 ） 1 Iambic 抑 扬 格 : control2 Trochaic 扬 抑 格 : tiger3 Anapestic 抑 抑 扬 格 : contradict4 Dactylic 扬 抑 抑

6、格 : foolishness5 Spondaic 扬 扬 格 : moonstone l The sky is high, the clouds are pale. -iambic tetrameter 四 步 抑 扬 格 l Double double toil and trouble Fire burn and cauldron bubble -Shakespeare Its trochaic tetrameter. (四 步 扬 抑 格 ) l Like a child from the womb Like a ghost from the tomb I arise and inbui

7、lt it again. -Shelley -Anapestic tetrameter and trimeter l Id a dream to-night, As I feel asleep -anapestic and iambic dimeter Elegy written in a Country Churchyard -Thomas GrayThe curfew tolls the knell of parting day,The lowing herd wind slowing oer the lea,The plowman homeward plods his weary way

8、,And leaves the world to darkness and me. The cur few tolls the knell of par ting day , The low ing herd wind slow ing oer the lea , The plow man home ward plods his wea ry way , And leaves the world to dark ness and me . There was a young la dy of Ni ger Who smiled as she rode on a ti ger They retu

9、rned from the ride With the la dy in side And the smile on the face of the ti gerA poem for appreciation-good and harmonious combination of rhythm and rhyme. My Hearts in the Highlands. -Robert BurnsMy hearts in the Highlands, my heart is not here,My hearts in the Highlands a-chasing the dear,A-chas

10、ing the wild deer and following the roe-My hearts in the Highlands, wherever I go? Farewell to the Highlands, farewell to the North,The birthplace of valor, the country of worth,Wherever I wonder, wherever I rove, The hills of Highlands for ever I love. Farewell to the mountains high covered with sn

11、ow, Farewell to the straths and green valleys below,Farewell to the forests and wild-hanging woods,Farewell to the torrents and loud-pouring floods. * Rhyme (rime) 大 江 歌 罢 掉 头 东 dong a 邃 密 群 科 济 世 穷 qiong a rime together面 壁 十 年 图 破 壁 , bi b难 酬 滔 海 亦 英 雄 . xiong a A book of verse underneath the bough

12、, A jug of wine, a loaf of bread - and thou, Beside me singing in the wilderness,O, wildness were paradise enow.The first, second and fourth line rime together.From Omar Kheyyan-by Edward Fitzgerald 鲁 拜 集 美 酒 佐 干 粮 ， 树 荫 诵 诗 章 ， 君 喉 歌 宛 转 ， 荒 漠 即 天 堂 。 郭 沫 若 （ 译 ） Types of Rhyme1.1. End rhyme（ 尾 韵 ）

13、 - rhyme established at the end of verse line.2. Internal rhyme （ 中 间 韵 ） - rhyme contained within a line of verse. Spring -Thomas NashSpring, the sweet spring, is the years pleasant kingThen blooms each thing, then maids dance in ringCold doth not sting, the pretty birds do sing.Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu

14、-we, to-witta-woo! The palm and may make country houses gayLambs frisk and play, the shepherds pipe all day,And we hear ay birds tune this merry layCuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo! The fields breathe sweet, The daisies kiss our feet;Young lovers meet,Old wives a-sunning sit;In every street thes

15、e tunes our ears do greetCuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!Spring! the sweet spring: The first stanza:spring-thing-stingking-ring-singThe second stanza:may-play-aygay-day-lay The third stanza:Sweet-meet-streetFeet-sit-great Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo! 3. Slant rhyme- an inexact rhyme wh

16、ere the final consonant sounds are the same but the vowel sounds are different. near rhyme, half-rhyme, partial rhyme.And by his smile, I know that sullen hall, By his dead smile, I know we stood in hell. 1.4. Eye rhyme- the rhyming of two words which look as if theyd rhyme, but do not.e.g. move - l

17、ove 1) One syllable rhyme （ 押 单 韵 ） or single rhyme -usually called as masculine rime, male rime. 2) Double rhyme （ 押 双 韵 ） -rhyme in which two consecutive syllables of the rhyme words match. The first syllable carries the stress.Lightness,elegance feminine, female rhymee.g: motion-ocean waken-forsa

18、ken audition-rendition 3) Triple rhyme （ 三 重 韵 ）e.g: glorious-victorious * Other musical devices - the use of sounds 1. Alliteration 首 字 韵 - repetition of two or more initial consonants sounds in words within a verse line. e.g: When fortitude has lost its fire, And freezes into fear. Itylus -Swinbur

19、neSwallow, my sister, o, sister, swallow, Why wilt thou fly after spring to the South, The soft south wither thine heart is set. bag and baggageMight and mainhale and heartyTime and tide wait for no manthick and thinfit as a fiddlea pig in a poke 12. Onomatopoeia 拟 声 词 - the use of a word whose soun

20、d suggests its meaning or which imitates the sound made by an object or creature.e.g: cuckoo, jug-jug. 3. Assonance 半 谐 词 - the repetition of two or more vowel sounds within a line e.g: lake-fate feed-needs mate-shape 4. Consonants 押 辅 音 - the repetition of two or more consonants sounds within a lin

21、e. e.g: The splendor falls on castle walls. Homework: The Tyger -William BlakeTyger! Tyger! burning brightIn the forests of the NightWhat immortal hand or eyeCould frame thy fearful symmetry? In what distant deeps or skiesBurnt the fire of thine eyes?On what wings dare he aspire?What the hand dare s

22、eize the fire?And what shoulder, and what art,Could twist the sinews of thy heart?And when thy heart began to beat,What dread hand? and what dread feet? What the hammer? What the chain?In what furnace was thy brain?What the anvil? What dread graspDare its deadly terrors clasp?When the stars threw do

23、wn their spearsAnd watered heaven with their tears.Did he who made the lamb make thee? Tyger! Tyger! burning brightIn the forests of the night.What immortal hand or eyeDare frame thy fearful symmetry?Whats the Tyger standing for?What does it symbolize for ? A. God B. the natures power C. the people

24、D. revolution Rhythm Foot or meter :mostly 3 feet in one line- trimeter Metric pattern :mostly trochaic Tyger ! Tyger ! burning bright, In the forests of the night , What im mortal hand or eye Could frame thy fearful symme try ? Trochaic trimeter ending with an extra accented syllable Rhyme Every tw

25、o lines have the same rime, this is called rhyme in couple. An accented one syllable Single rhyme-masculine rhyme Strong and powerful Trochaic pattern - a strong rhyme Short sentences Less feet -add the strength to the poem So, Blake purposely uses the devices of rhythm and rhyme: male rhyme, less f

26、eet, and short metric pattern. All add more effect to the poem and give the readers a strong impression. Other music devices 1.1. Alliteration - creating the powerfulness of the “Tyger”. Burning bright, distant deeps, began to beat, dare its deadly terror clasp 2. Repetition l Perfect repetition of

27、the first stanza at the end of the poem.lThe frequent use of the word “dread” repeatedly reminds the reader that the Tyger is to be feared. The pattern of the questions are insistently repeated. What dread hand? And what dread feet?What the hammer? What the chain?What the anvil? What dread grasp ?To

28、 strengthen the music effect of the poem and powerfulness of the Tyger. Conclusion All the devices mentioned above in this poem strongly support the suggestion that Blake intended in it. (the poem) Blake, in fact, is pondering the nature of the God. Is this God cruel or gentle? He does not answer it

29、 directly, he raised so many questions for readers to think about. But by reading and analyze the poem, we come to know about that whatever the Tyger is, it is a powerful and fearless creator. . Forms of Poetry 英 诗 的 形 式 Simplicity to varietyThe forms of English poetry are decided by the verse lines

30、 in each stanza, or one stanza. 1. Couplet 双 行 诗Two lines, the same rhyme One prospect lost another still we gain,And not a vanity is givn in vain. 3.三 行 体 A. triplet The Poetry of Dress - R. Herrick Where is silk my Julia goes Then, then how sweetly flows a ouThat liquefaction of her clothesNext, w

31、hen I cast mine eyes and seeThat brave vibration each way free b i: O how that glittering taketh me B. terza rima （ 意 大 利 三 韵 句 ） The rime scheme of this kind: aba bcb, cdc, ded, Theres a palace in Florence, the world knows well.aAnd a statue watches it from the square.bAnd this story of both do our

32、 townmen tell.a Ages ago, a lady there.bAt the farther window facing the eastcAsked, who rides by with the royal air?b 3. Quatrain （ 四 行 体 诗 ） A. One stanza quatrain The Rain - R. L. StevensonThe rain is raining all round,.aIt falls on fields and tree,.bIt rains on the umbrellas here, .cAnd on the s

33、hips at seab B. More stanza quatrain Freedom and Love - T. Campbell How delicious is the winning of a kiss at loves beginningwhen two mutual hearts are sighingFor the knot theres no untyingYet remember, midst your wooinglove has bliss, but love has ruiningOther smiles may make you fickleTears for ot

34、her charm may trickle My Love Is Like a Red, Red Rose - Robert BurnsO, my Luves like a red. red rose, Thats newly sprung in June;O, my Luves like the melodie Thats sweetly playd in tune. As fair art thou, my bonnie lass, So deep in luve am I;And I will luve thee still, my dear, Till a the seas gang

35、dry.Till a the seas gang dry, my dear, And the rocks melt wi the sun:And I will luve thee still, my dear, While the sands o life shall run. And fare thee weel, my only love, And fare thee weel a while!And I will come again, my luve, Though it were ten thousand mile. C. Ballad Stanza （ 民 谣 四 行 诗 ） Si

36、r Patrick Spens - an old Scotland ballad The firstline that sir Patrick readA loud laugh laughed he;The heist line that sir Patrick readThe tear blinded his eeThey hadnt saild a league, a leagueA league but barely threewhen the lift grew dark, and the wind blew landa gurly grew the sea 4. Five line

37、stanza （ 五 行 诗 体 ） To A Skylark - P.B. Shelley hail to thee, blithe Spirit!Bird thou never wert,That from heaver, or near it, Bourest they full heartIn profuse strains of unpremeditated art. Higher still and higher,From the earth thou springestlike a cloud of Fire;The blue deep thou wingest,And sing

38、ing still dost soar, and soaring ever singest. 5. Six line stanza （ 六 行 诗 体 ） The Moon - Shelley And like a dying lady lean and palewho totters forth, wrappd in a gauzy veilOut of her chamber, led by the insaneAnd feeble wandeings of her fading brainThe moon arose up in the murky eastA white and sha

39、peless mass 6. Seven line stanza （ 七 行 诗 体 ） Pentameter Iambic, ababbcc Rape of Lucrece - Shakespeare When they had sworn to this advised doomThey did conclude to bear dead lucrece thenceTo show her bleeding body through RomeAnd so to publish Tarquins fon offencewhich being done with speedy diligenc

40、eThe Romans plansibly did give consentTo Tarquins everlasting banishment 7. Eight line stanza（ 八 行 诗 体 ） A. Ottava RimaPentameter iambic, abababcc Don Juan - Byron Juan and haidee gazed upon each other withswimming looks of speechless tendernesswhich mixed all feeling, friends, child, lover,brother

41、All that the best can mingle and expressAnd love too much, and yet cannot love lessBut almost santify the sweet excessBy the immortal wish and power to bless B. Triolet （ 法 国 体 八 行 诗 ）Only two rime: ABaAabaA A Kiss - Austin Dobson Rose kissed me today,Will she kiss me tomorrow,let it be as it may,Ro

42、se kissed me today.Rose kissed me today,Will she kiss me tomorrow,let it be as it may,Rose kissed me today. 8. Nine line stanza （ 九 行 诗 体 ）Spenser- Spenserian Stanza ababbcbcc Faerie Queene - Spenser (略 ) 9. Ten line stanza （ 十 行 诗 体 ） Ode to the Nightingale - J. Keats My heart aches, and a drowsy n

43、umbness painsMy sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk, Or emptied some dull opiate to the drainsOne minute past, and I Lethe-wards had sunk:Tis not through envy of thy happy lot, But being too happy in thine happiness,-That thou, light-winged Dryad of the trees,In some melodious plotOf beechen gre

44、en, and shadows numberless,Singest of summer in full-throated ease. 10. Sonnet （ 十 四 行 诗 ） A. love sonnet the octave - the first 8 lines: abba, abbathe sestet - the last 6 lines: cde, cde, cdc, dcd On His Blindness - John Milton When I consider how my light is spentEre half my days, in this dark wor

45、ld and wide,And that one talent which is death to hideLodged with me useless, though my soul more bentTo serve therewith my Maker, and presentMy true account, lest He returning chide,-Doth God exact day-labour, light denied?I fondly ask:- But Patience, to prevent That murmur, soon replies; god doth

46、not needEither mans work, or His own gifts: who bestBear His mild yoke, they serve Him best: his stateIs kingly;thousands at his bidding speedAnd post oer land ocean without rest;-They also serve who only stand wait. B. Shakespearean SonnetRhyme scheme: abab, cdcd, efef, gg A Sonnet by Shakespeare T

47、hat time of year thou mayst in me beholdWhen yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hangUpon those boughs which shake against the coldBare ruined choirs where late the sweet birds sangIn me thou seest the twilight of such dayAs after sunset fadeth in the west,Which by-and-by black night doth take awayDe

48、aths second self that seals up all in rest In me thou seest the glowing of such fireThat on the ashes of his youth dorth lieAs the deathbed whereon it must expireConsumed with that which it was nourished byThis thou perceivst, which makes thy love more strongTo love that well which thou must leave e

49、re long. Wordsworth （ 华 兹 华 斯 ） Shakespeare unlocked his hearta glow-worm lampIt cheered mild Spenser, called from fairy-landTo struggle through dark waysand when a dampFell round the path of Milton, in his handThe Thing become a trumpet, whence he blewSoul-animating strains-alas, too few! . Imagery

50、Imagery-is t he use o f descriptive lang uage to recreate sensory experiences.An image is a verbal picture of an object, action, abstract idea, or sensation.Images often are created by using figures of speech. 1 1. Metaphor-A comparison of unlike items, the comparison is directly stated.e.g. All the

51、 world is a stage. 1.2. Simile- the direct comparison of two unlike items, using the words “like” or “as” to complete it.e.g. Helen, thy beauty is to me like those Nicear barks of yore - Allan Poe “ To Helen” 1.3. Personification- the figure of speech which assigns human qualities to inanimate objec

52、ts or abstractions.e.g. Because I could not stop for death He kindly stopped for me. -Emily Dickinson The Moon doth with delightlook round her when the heavens are bare. -William Wordsworth 4. Metonymy- literally “a change of name”, a figure of speech in which the name of some object or idea is subs

53、tituted for another name to which it has some relation.e.g. When I consider how my light is spent. - John Milton The Serpent that did sting the fathers lifeNow wears his crown. - Shakespeare (Serpent Stands for Claudius) 1.5. Synecdoche- a figure of speech in which a part of an object is used to rep

54、resent the whole object or idea. E.g. Not marble, nor the gilded monuments of princes, shall outline this powerful rhyme - Shakespeare “Sonnet 55” 1.6. Apostrophe- a figure of speech in which an inanimate object, a dead person, or an abstract idea is addressed directly. e.g. Hail to thee, blithe spi

55、rit! Bird thou never went - Percy Bysshe Shelley 1.7. Hyperbole- an exaggeration used to give emphasise.g. The brain is wider than the sky - Emily Dickinson 1.8. Litotes- a figure of speech in which an idea is expressed by understatement or by denying its opposite.e.g. . Feelings too, Of unremembere

56、d pleasure: such, perhaps, As have no slight or trivial influence On that best portion of a good mans life, - William Wordsworth 1 9. Paradox- a statement which is an apparent contradiction contains a basis of truth which, when considered, reconciles the seeming opposite.e.g. Im nobody! Who are you?

57、 - Emily Dickinson My youth is spent, and yet I am not old. - C. TichborneOxymoron is a poetical paradox Such as “o, loving hate!” 1 10. Pun- a play on two words pronounced somewhat alike but differing in meaning. Other devicesImages also can be created by other devices. 1) SymbolismThe use of an ob

58、ject, person, reason, animal or other concrete item to represent an abstract idea or an emotion. 2) AllusionA reference to an outside event, person, or fact. Most allusion in pre-twentieth century poetry referred to events in people from classical Greek mythology or the Bible. More often in the twen

59、tieth century poets one finds allusions to current events or personage. . Types of Poetry1 1. The Lyric poem A lyric poem is a poem of limited length, expressing the thoughts and feelings of a single speaker. The lyric has a regular metrical pattern and a regular rhyme scheme. A. The elegy- this is

60、a dignified lyric poem lamenting the death of an individual “among all men”. B. The ode- this is a lyric poem of considerable length. The ode is serious in subject and formal in style. C. The sonnet- this is a lyric poem of fourteen lines which follow a designated rhyme scheme. The Italian sonnet is

61、 divided into two sections. The first eight line (octave), abba, abba, The final six lines (sestet) c d e, c d e c d c, d c d The octave usually proposes a question, develops a narrative, or delineates an idea.The sestet will answer the question, comment on the story, or countermand the idea. The Sh

62、akespearean Sonnet: abab, cdcd, efef, ggIts thought-division is a 4-4-4-2 plan. Altogether 4 sections - three quatrains （ 四行 诗 ） and a final couplet.In the Shakespearean sonnet each quatrain deals with a different aspect of the subject and the couplet either summarizes the theme o r m a k e s a f i

63、n a l , s o m e t i m e s contradictory ,comment. 1.2. The Narrative Poem The narrative poem tells a story. This s t o r y c a n b e s i m p l e o r complicated ,long or short. A. The Ballad Ballads are the traditional narrative songs, or poems. The traits of a ballad are: 1) A ballad tells a story,

64、 the story is usually tragic, focusing most likely on love or death. 2) A ballad has a simple meter, quite often very regular iambic or trochaic tetrameter. 3) Ballad uses quite a bit of repetitions. 4) Ballads deal with local history, folklore. 5) Rhyme scheme: the traditional ballad stanza is a qu

65、atrain which rhymes a b c b . B. The Epic The epic is a lengthy narrative poem which deals with a hero, a man of historical or legendary significances.Epic are of two types the folk epic the art epic 1) The folk epic is one that was born of the oral tradition, the tale being handed down from generat

66、ion to generation sung by traveling bards. Finally some poet wrote the folk epic down. e.g. Beowulf, Odyssey 2) The art epic is more tightly organized than many of the folk epics. e.g. Dante “Divine Comedy” 1.3. Blank Verse Blank verse is the term applied to poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. This type of verse was first employed by the English poet Surrey. 1.4. Free Verse Free verse is not rhymed. It does not have a regular meter. It is not written in definite stanzas.