园艺学原理导论课件

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1、园艺学原理Chapter.1-导论1园艺 HORTICULTUREwHORTICULTUREHORTICULTUREwHortus+CHortus+Cu ul lturatura 园圃园圃 生产栽培生产栽培2HORTICULTURE DEFINEDnThe word horticulture(园艺)was first used in the 1600s.nIt is derived from two latin words:hortus,which means garden(庭园),and cultura,which means cultivation(栽培).nTherefore,in it

2、s strictest sense,horticulture means“cultivated garden,”or more commonly,“culture of garden plants.“(庭园植物的栽培)3何谓园艺？w园艺（Horticulture）是生产水果、蔬菜、花卉等作物及其利用的一种事业；w它是农业的一支，也是环境及生命科学中重要的部门，更是日常生活上不可或缺的科技常识。w园艺事业不但可以作企业性的经营，还可作副业性的生产和娱乐性的栽培。4what is this field called Horticulture?nIts the science and art of

3、producing nutritious food for the body(身体的补品)fruit,nut,and vegetable cropsand beautiful food for the soul(心灵的美食)flowers and ornamental plants,landscapes,and lawns.nIn short,horticulture impacts us all every day,day in and day out(Figure 1-1).56园艺的影响Is horticulture a science or an art?nThis is an age

4、-old question and horticulture is undoubtedly both.(既是科学又是艺术)nThis is where practical experience(经验)will be helpful.nThe art of horticulture and piano playing.Beethoven.nGrafting(嫁接)is an example of combining the art and science of horticulture.nSeldom do all horticulturists agree on everything rela

5、ting to plants.Surprisingly,however,two scientists can both be correct.7园艺的重要性 w水果、蔬菜、花卉是重要的经济作物，可增加农民的收入，亦可赚取外汇。w水果、蔬菜可提供维生素、无机盐、纤维素等，有益健康。w花卉及观赏植物可美化环境、净化空气、减少噪音、调节大气温度及湿度。从事园艺活动可以陶冶性情，亦可用来医疗病患。8No Horticulture?nNo orange juice for breakfast,no strawberries on your cereal,no blueberry muffins.nNo

6、flowers on the table,no Monet or van Gogh prints framed on the wall.nNo shrubbery or lawn to enhance the aesthetics and value of your home(did you know that landscaping enhances the value of a home by as much as 20%?).nNo fruits or vegetables to enrich your diet(diseases such as scurvy and nightblin

7、dness would be rampant because of a lack of vitamins C and A).nNo alternatives to cereals as sources of the basic needs for calories and protein,since potatoes,cassava,beans,and peas would be unavailable.nNo golf courses for your leisure time,no sports-turfs for football,soccer,croquet,and lawn tenn

8、is.nNo coffee breaks,no chocolate bars,no afternoon tea!9园艺在农业上扮演的角色 w园艺作物的生产与其他农业不同，它需要较为精细的技术和集约的管理。种类与品种既多，质量的差异性也大；而且园艺作物的经济收益又较一般的农作物为高。w近年来，在经济自由化趋势下，农业亦已进入国际性剧烈产销竞争时期，为因应此一发展趋势，促进农业生产科技化、农业质量高级化、以及农业结构扎实化，发展精致农业是目前政府积极推动之施政重点及努力方向。w一般而言，都会区周遭之农业经营型态，由于受到土地资源不足之限制，必须朝向高经济价值作物（即园艺作物）之精致农业发展并与市民

9、生活休闲、都市美化等功能结合，才能永续发展。10园艺在农业中的分野11园艺园艺动物动物农艺农艺林业林业农业植物植物RELATIONSHIP OF HORTICULTURE TO OTHER AGRICULTURAL DISCIPLINES AND SCIENCES园艺系与植物系的差别？w主要在于研究的对象不同。w园艺系研究的对象是经济作物，而植物系研究的对象是非经济作物（一般植物）。w另外，园艺系较着重于应用科学方面的研究，而植物系较重学理。13园艺系与农艺系的差别？w主要在于研究的作物类别不同。w园艺系主要研究非粮食类作物，且栽培方式为集约栽培；(精致农业)w农艺系主要研究粮食类作物，栽培方

10、式偏向粗放栽培。14HORTICULTURE DEFINEDnHorticulture is a branch of agriculture that is different from agronomy and forestry.n(1)Horticulture requires more intensive management(集约管理)and higher labor inputs than the other branches.n(2)Horticulture offers a higher gross return(高经济)per unit area per unit time.n

11、A good greenhouse grower can obtain total sales of over$20 per square foot($215/square meter)of bench space per year.15Horticultural crop or not?nThe purpose for growing the crop often determines into what commodity area or field of study it is placed.(依用途决定是否为园艺作物)nFor example,Kentucky bluegrass(肯塔

12、基蓝草)grown as a forage or pasture crop is considered an agronomic crop,whereas Kentucky bluegrass in a lawn is considered horticultural.nA maple(枫树)grown for its wood is considered under forestry,whereas a maple grown as a shade tree is considered a horticultural plant.16The branches of horticulture(

13、1)nOLERICULTURE(蔬菜园艺学)：The growing and study of vegetables.nPOMOLOGY(果树园艺学)：The growing and study of fruits and nuts(from Pomona the Roman goddess of fruit trees).nVITICULTURE(葡萄栽培学)：The growing and study of grapes or vines.Vitis is Latin for vine,hence viticulture is vine culture.Viticulture may be

14、 included under pomology.nFLORICULTURE(花卉园艺学)：The growing and study of flowers(from Flora the Roman goddess of flowers).Floral design and production of indoor foliage plants are usually included under floriculture.17The branches of horticulture(2)nGREENHOUSE MANAGEMENT(温室管理)：The growing and study of

15、 plants in greenhouses.The principles of greenhouse management are also employed in other controlled-environment growing systems.nTURFGRASS MANAGEMENT(草坪管理)：The growing and study of turfgrasses.This includes home,municipal and commercial lawns;sports turf maintenance;highway rights-of-way;and seed a

16、nd sod production.nNURSERY MANAGEMENT(苗圃管理)：The growing and study of trees and shrubs that are produced primarily for landscape purposes.nARBORICULTURE(树艺学)：The growing and study of trees(arbor means tree in Latin,so arboriculture means tree culture;it is termed silviculture in forestry).Arboricultu

17、re is essentially synonymous with urban forestry.18The branches of horticulture(3)nLANDSCAPE HORTICULTURE(景观园艺)：The application of design and horticultural principles to the placement and care of plants in the landscape.This term implies the close tie between horticulture and landscape architecture.

18、nINTERIORSCAPING(室内造景)：The application of design and horticultural principles to placement and care of plants in indoor environments.nHORTICULTURAL THERAPY(园艺治疗)：The use of horticultural plants and methods as therapeutic tools with disabled and disadvantaged people.19园艺与其他学科的关系20园艺植物学植物生理学化学统计学遗传学细胞

19、学微生物学昆虫学营养学生物医学资源管理美学心理学建筑学商业经营国际贸易营销通路地理学气候学土壤学Related Sciences(1)nIn the past,horticulture has sometimes been called“applied botany.”(应用植物学)nBotany(植物学),including the study of plant structure-morphology and anatomy.nPlant physiology(植物生理学),another division of botany,that explains how plants functi

20、on.nChemistry(化学),because chemical reactions are important for understanding why we use particular cultural practices,such as fertilizer application and specific pest control practices.nBiochemistry(生物化学),helps the horticulturist to explain metabolic reactions within and among cells to understand ho

21、w plants will respond to external stimuli.21Related Sciences(2)nMathematics(数学),in calculating spray rates and for a host of other computations;nPhysics(物理学),to understand light and plant structure;nPlant pathology(植物病理学),to understand and cure or prevent plant diseases;nSoil science(土壤学),because pl

22、ants are commonly grown in the soil;nGenetics(遗传学),because the genes in a plant interact with the environment to control the makeup of the organism.22二、园艺的历史23HISTORY OF HORTICULTUREnFirst studies of plants considered practical questions.n Is it edible?Poisonous?n Does eating it modify well-being(福利

23、)?n Does it taste good?n Can it be used to keep me warm?As fuel?As clothing?n Is it useful to combat pain?Disease?24园艺简史 文明跃进与园艺的关系25人类文明史的开始B.C.8000农业革命B.C.3000园艺已有成熟发展园艺简史 文明跃进与园艺的关系26B.C.3000希腊时期相关学术著作出现A.D.900中世纪修道院A.D.1400大航海时代的香料贸易园艺简史 文明跃进与园艺的关系27A.D.1800工业革命科技时代园艺研究大突破A.D.1970网络革命A.D.1990基因革

24、命28园艺的起源与发展简史园艺的起源与发展简史 公元前公元前9000-80009000-8000年在西年在西亚亚的新月形地的新月形地带带（现约现约旦和叙利旦和叙利亚亚的西部和北部）最早开始的西部和北部）最早开始了了原始原始农业农业；公元前公元前7000-50007000-5000年，中国年，中国长长江、黄河流江、黄河流域开始种植域开始种植葫芦、白菜、芹菜、蚕豆、西瓜、葫芦、白菜、芹菜、蚕豆、西瓜、甜瓜甜瓜等，园等，园艺艺作物的栽培已成作物的栽培已成为为原始原始农业农业的的一个一个组组成部分。成部分。一、世界园一、世界园艺业艺业的形成的形成29 公元前公元前30003000年，埃及人开始种植年，

25、埃及人开始种植枣枣椰子、无花果、椰子、无花果、洋橄洋橄榄榄、洋葱及葡萄、洋葱及葡萄等，并于公元前十五世等，并于公元前十五世纪纪建立了建立了世界上第一个植物园。世界上第一个植物园。公元前公元前500500年到公元年到公元500500年，年，罗马罗马人使用的园人使用的园艺艺技技术术包括嫁接、多种包括嫁接、多种水水果果和和蔬菜蔬菜的利用。在当的利用。在当时时的文献中的文献中还还发现发现以云母片所盖的原始型温室，用以云母片所盖的原始型温室，用于于黄瓜黄瓜的促成栽培。的促成栽培。302003-9-27 30 图1-1 1900年埃及Beni Hasanis出土的古墓中所描绘的古埃及及园艺（左图）采收无花

26、果，右上图）圆形葡萄架，（右下图）菜园灌溉19001900年埃及出土的古墓中所描年埃及出土的古墓中所描绘绘的古埃及园的古埃及园艺艺 欧洲园欧洲园艺业艺业始于文始于文艺艺复复兴时兴时期的意大利，后期的意大利，后经经法国法国传传入英国。到公元十五、六世入英国。到公元十五、六世纪纪，果园和菜园在修道院外已，果园和菜园在修道院外已经经很普遍，菜园成很普遍，菜园成为为香料和香料和调调味品味品的重要来源。的重要来源。十六世十六世纪纪末法国人利用温水灌末法国人利用温水灌溉溉，促促进进樱樱桃桃提早成熟。法国路易十四年提早成熟。法国路易十四年代（代（1640-17101640-1710）创创建了玻璃温室，建了玻

27、璃温室，用于多种园用于多种园艺艺作物的促成栽培，推展作物的促成栽培，推展了了设设施园施园艺艺的普及和的普及和发发展。展。十九世十九世纪纪末，末，农农耕机出耕机出现现，化学肥料工，化学肥料工业产业产生，化学生，化学农药农药被人工合成，极大地提升了被人工合成，极大地提升了农业劳动农业劳动生生产产率，同率，同时时也明也明显显地促地促进进了近代园了近代园艺业艺业的的发发展。展。32莒县浮来山古银杏树莒县浮来山古银杏树二、中国园二、中国园艺业艺业的的兴兴起与起与发发展展 春秋春秋战战国国时时期，期，农农圃有圃有了了进进一步的分工，出一步的分工，出现现了了专专门门栽植栽植果果树树的园的园和和专门专门种植种

28、植蔬菜的蔬菜的圃圃，园，园艺业艺业已不再作已不再作为为大田种植大田种植业业的的补补充部分，充部分，独立的园独立的园艺业艺业初步形成。初步形成。战战国国时时期的期的山海山海经经记记载载了了观赏树观赏树木木1414处处、花卉、花卉5 5处处、蔬菜蔬菜5 5处处和果和果树树1414处处，同，同时时扦扦插插技技术术在当在当时时的文献中也有的文献中也有记载记载。秦、秦、汉时汉时期，果期，果树树和蔬菜生和蔬菜生产产已从园圃已从园圃扩扩大至山野，出大至山野，出现现了了一些具有相当一些具有相当规规模的模的果园和菜圃果园和菜圃，成，成为农业为农业的重要的重要组组成部分。成部分。开通西域后，开通西域后，经经丝绸丝

29、绸之路之路，从西方引，从西方引进进葡萄、无花果、石榴、葡萄、无花果、石榴、核桃、扁桃等果核桃、扁桃等果树树，以及黄瓜、西瓜、胡，以及黄瓜、西瓜、胡萝萝卜、菠菜和豌豆等蔬卜、菠菜和豌豆等蔬菜。菜。南北朝南北朝时时期，中国期，中国南方栽培果南方栽培果树树明明显显增多，如柚、枇杷等，且出增多，如柚、枇杷等，且出现现了一些大面了一些大面积积的果园。栽培的蔬菜的果园。栽培的蔬菜种种类类也从也从东汉时东汉时期的期的2020多种增加到多种增加到3030多种。多种。唐代中国从国外引唐代中国从国外引进进了不少了不少果果树树和和蔬菜蔬菜；嫁接技嫁接技术术更加完善；促成栽更加完善；促成栽培技培技术术有了新的有了新的

30、发发展，可使展，可使黄瓜黄瓜在在二月采收；开始了二月采收；开始了食用菌食用菌的人工栽的人工栽培；小型培；小型盆景盆景出出现现；茶叶茶叶生生产产技技术术具有世界性的影响；具有世界性的影响；兴兴起了起了花卉花卉业业。36 宋宋元元时时期期原原来来主主要要在在岭岭南南种种植植的的橙橙、桔桔、香香蕉蕉、荔荔枝枝、龙龙眼眼等等果果树树分分别别向向闽闽、浙浙、赣赣、川川、苏苏等等地地推推移移，扩扩大大了了种种植区域；植区域；对对花卉的花卉的观赏观赏已从上已从上层层人士向民人士向民间间普及。普及。明明清清时时期期中中国国主主要要透透过过海海路路从从欧欧洲洲和和美美洲洲引引进进了了芒芒果果、菠菠萝萝、番番木木

31、瓜瓜、苹苹果果、西西洋洋梨梨、西西洋洋李李和和西西洋洋樱樱桃桃等等果果树树，以以及及西西红红柿柿、辣辣椒椒、结结球球甘甘蓝蓝、花花椰椰菜菜、洋洋葱葱、南南瓜瓜（包包括括西西葫葫芦芦、笋笋瓜瓜等等）、马马铃铃薯薯、软软荚荚豌豌豆豆和和菊菊芋芋等等蔬蔬菜菜，极极大大地地丰丰富富了了中中国国园园艺艺作作物物的的种种质质资资源源，促促进进了了中中国国园园艺艺业业的的发发展。展。Horticulture in AmericanEuropean colonists brought seeds,cuttings,and plants of familiar horticultural and agricul

32、tural species.Orchards and other horticultural plantings were established.nMany early Americans experimented with the cultivation of a wide range of species.nJefferson made exhaustive attempts to establish vineyards in Virginia for the production of wine grapes.nHorticulture in the United States rec

33、eived new stimulus following the creation of land grant universities by the Morrill Act of 1862.These institutions encouraged growth of all agricultural knowledge,with horticulture emerging as an early beneficiary of educational opportunities.37Father of American Horticulture Liberty Hyde Bailey(185

34、8-1954)nGraduated in 1882 from the Michigan Agricultural College(now Michigan State University),and then studied under Asa Gray at Harvard University from 1883 to 1885.nHe became Professor of the Horticulture Department at Michigan Agricultural College in 1885-1888,and become Professor of General an

35、d Experimental Horticulture at Cornell University in 1888-1913.nHortus,a taxonomic index of horticultural plants.nCyclopedia of Horticulture,which contains cultural as well as taxonomic information.nHe helped found the first horticulture department distinct from a botany program in the United States

36、.3839Liberty Hyde Bailey(1858-1954)nBaileys philosophy was to live on the 25-year plan:devoting the first 25 years of his life to his education,the second 25 years to gainful employment and public services,and the last 25 years of his life to retirement,doing as he pleased.nFortunately for horticult

37、ure,the last 25 years extended to more than 40,and were a period of intense activityof writing,editing,plant exploration and description,and the establishment of the Bailey Hortorium,things of the garden.nLiberty Hyde Bailey,along with several other leading horticulturists of the day,was instrumenta

38、l in founding the American Society for Horticultural Science(ASHS)in 1903.40Liberty Hyde Bailey(1858-1954)【中国大百科全书智能藏】n美国植物学家教育家和作家。1882年毕业于密西根农学院曾任哈佛大学植物学家格雷的助教密执安州立农学院康乃尔大学教授纽约州立农学院院长。退休后仍致力于所收集的20万份以上的植物标本进行研究。1935年把所集的全部标本及专业图书馆赠送给康乃尔大学学校因此建立了贝利园艺园。n贝利主要从事对栽培植物的系统研究其研究成果使美国的园艺学从朴素的技术上升为一门应用科学并对遗

39、传学植物病理学和农学的发展产生了直接的影响。他还建立美国第 1个特有的园艺学实验室。n贝利共写有科学论文 700篇和著述66册还编纂了美国园艺百科全书(4卷19001902)美国农业百科全书(4卷19071909)标准园艺百科全书(6卷1914)栽培植物手册(1923)等。41三、台湾园艺产业的发展42台湾农业发展简介荷兰时期明郑时期清朝时期1860年天津条约日本殖民时期国民政府迁台1966 年目前w农业草创时期w引入稻米、甘蔗栽培w汉人移民大量涌入，稻米精耕栽培w开放通商，糖、茶、米为出口大宗。w以糖米为大宗，并发展菠萝、香蕉、麻等特用作物。w以农业发展工业w世界糖价下跌，菠萝、香蕉、洋菇、

40、芦笋取代糖、米为主要出口品。w因工商总产值大幅提高，使农业产值比例被稀释。43台湾农业生产链的变迁台湾农业生产链的变迁早期早期w二十世纪前半叶，台湾耕地面积中超过一半用来生产本地所需求的粮食作物，三分之一的耕地用来生产出口导向的商业性农作。大多数农产品由生产到消费的农业食品链并不长。台湾农业生产链的变迁台湾农业生产链的变迁现在现在w随着农业食品链的发展，现今的台湾农业与二十世纪初已全然不同。不仅耕地中的稻作面积让位给果树种植面积，仅占总耕地面积1/4强，耕种水稻为主的农户仅约 1/3。台湾园艺产业现况46全国总农耕面积851千公顷台湾园艺产业现况园艺植物产值(89年)(民国100年)n水果：6

41、03亿元(743亿元)n蔬菜：399亿元(556亿元)n花卉：94亿元(157亿元)n特用作物：129亿元(122亿元)农产品总产值：1652亿元(2100亿元)47农业生产占国内生产毛额比率48我国农业生产总值49100 年农业产值及结构100 年农业生产总值为4,755 亿元，较99 年之4,269 亿元增加11.38%。(一)农产产值约2,100 亿元，较99 年增加11.24%，占总产值比重为44.17%居首位。各类农产产值结构，水果占35.41%最多，蔬菜占26.50%次之，稻米占18.16%、花卉占7.49%、特用作物占5.83%、杂粮及菇类各占4.30%及2.31%。50(100

42、 年农业统计年报)100年农业生产规模与产出51台湾重要园艺作物排行榜52作物产值（亿元）产量（千吨）1槟榔139 1702西瓜473823菠萝463484芒果452075梨391186茶38217竹笋373598葡萄291079香蕉2621310甘蓝25379台湾园艺产业之回顾与发展台湾园艺产业之回顾与发展李金龙李金龙前农业委员会主委台肥公司董事长台湾大学园艺系兼任教授 53前言前言w台湾的园艺具有的优势：台湾的园艺具有的优势：气候、研发、从业人员与政策气候、研发、从业人员与政策w台湾农业已朝向生产、生活、生态之台湾农业已朝向生产、生活、生态之“三生三生”目标迈目标迈进进 w加入世界贸易组织

43、加入世界贸易组织(WTO)之后，积极因应产业之调适。之后，积极因应产业之调适。w调整转型方向：调整转型方向：l1.生产丰富、质良、多样化园产品；生产丰富、质良、多样化园产品；l2.照顾农民以及全体国人生活；照顾农民以及全体国人生活；l3.兼顾自然生态之平衡。兼顾自然生态之平衡。54园艺产业近园艺产业近35年来之变迁年来之变迁5556园艺产业园艺产业(9494年年)57园艺产业园艺产业(9797年年)58园艺产业园艺产业(100100年年)59 果果 树树 6061蔬蔬 菜菜 626364花花 卉卉 656667台湾园艺产业展望w休闲化w企业化w国际化w有机园艺68四、园艺暨景观系简介69园艺暨

44、景观系的范畴及使命 w园艺暨景观系教学研究的范围相当广泛，包括果树、蔬菜、花卉等园艺作物的生产与品种改良、园产品处理、加工以及造园景观。w园艺暨景观系的教学目标系培育从事园艺科学研究、教学与推广以及园艺事业经营之各阶层之人才，包括各行政及研究机关、学校、园艺企业公司或农场、游乐区、风景区及造园公司等。w研究方向兼顾传统技术与新兴生物技术，开发改良园艺作物之品种、生产、管理与利用，以因应国家现代化之需要。随着经济起飞、工商业的发展、人民生活质量的提高，园艺研究的方向更朝向多元化、精致化发展。70园艺暨景观系简介 跨领域发展的园艺暨景观系w作物科学群w生物技术学群w(处理)加工学群w造园景观学群7

45、1园艺暨景观系作物科学群w有机化学w生物化学w遗传学 w植物生理w园艺作物育种学w园场操作与经营 w园艺植物分类学w植物繁殖常绿果树w落叶果树 w蔬菜各论72果树蔬菜花卉w花卉各论w植物病理 w农业昆虫w土壤学w探讨果树、蔬菜、花卉、以及其他园艺作物的栽培、探讨果树、蔬菜、花卉、以及其他园艺作物的栽培、生理、运用等相关领域。生理、运用等相关领域。园艺暨景观系生物技术群w有机化学w生物化学w遗传学 w植物生理w园艺作物育种学w植物解剖学w分析化学w微生物学w植物基因转殖 w基础分子生物学73w园艺生物技术 w细胞学 w园艺植物生理 w生长与分化遗传分生w利用生物技术建立无病毒种苗及大量繁殖品种技

46、利用生物技术建立无病毒种苗及大量繁殖品种技术、分离园艺性状相关基因，并建立基因转殖系术、分离园艺性状相关基因，并建立基因转殖系统。统。园艺暨景观系(处理)加工群w生物化学w园产品分析w园产品加工各论w园产加工微生物学 w园产品酵素学 w食品化学 w有机化学w分析化学w普通物理学74w以园产品蔬菜、水果类为材料，研究其加工、利用、以园产品蔬菜、水果类为材料，研究其加工、利用、贮藏与提高价值的各种可能性。贮藏与提高价值的各种可能性。加工处理园艺暨景观系造园景观群w基本设计 w造园描绘w造园设计w景观规划w毕业设计 w景观生态学 w造园材料与施工 w园景之演变与发展 w造园工程学w造园专业实务w造园

47、之维护与管理 w苗圃学 75u观赏树木学 u植栽设计与应用 u电脑在造园上之应用 u造园校外实习 u基地计划 u庭园结构物w培养国内优秀景观人才，并针对户外空间、游憩培养国内优秀景观人才，并针对户外空间、游憩心理、景观生态、及景观相关领域进行研究。心理、景观生态、及景观相关领域进行研究。设计规划工程园艺暨景观系介绍w系所设备：n园艺(四号馆)、花卉、园产品加工与造园等四座系馆n精密温室附属实验室与部分同位素馆(已移至转殖温室)w实习场所n制图室、冷藏库、加工厂、精密及一般温室n农业试验场园艺分场、及山地实验农场(梅峰)等w横跨海拔2000公尺与半个台湾w重要教学实验单元n果树、蔬菜、花卉、生理

48、、遗传、育种n电子显微镜、组织培养、分子生物、同位素技术n园产品处理、园产品加工n造园景观76Career opportunitiesnHorticulture is a field of study in which career opportunities abound;(就业机会多)nowning and managing horticulture businesses(自我创业)such as orchards and vegetable farms,nurseries,floral shops,and landscape businesses.nprofessional hortic

49、ulturists to fill position in public horticulture(公共园艺服务),such as golf course superintendents and managers of,parks,public gardens and arboreta.ncommunicating horticultural information to the public(园艺推广)-writing for the various-newspapers,journals,and television and radio programsand in the pursuit

50、 of careers in teaching,extension,and horticultural sales.77现代园艺职场新机遇w特色特色：就业机会多样：研究、实务、推广w研发工作研发工作：研究生、研究助理、研究学者专家w自我创业自我创业：果园、菜园、苗圃、休闲农场、有机农场、设施栽培、花店园艺行w私人园艺公司服务私人园艺公司服务：园艺种苗、资材公司、造园景观公司、绿色事业、园产加工厂w公共园艺服务公共园艺服务：公务人员、公园绿地维护人员、高尔夫球场管理w园艺教育推广园艺教育推广：教师、推广人员、园艺作家78Challenging career opportunities in re

51、search nThe first practical applications of biotechnology were developed and commercialized with horticultural plants by horticultural scientists,(生物技术最早应用在园艺作物)nRobots and computers,genetic engineering,and basic scienceall will come together as horticultural scientists lead the way toward a better

52、future.(结合计算机、遗传工程和基础科学应用于园艺科技上)79五、园艺与生活8081生产生产生活生活园艺与生活w热量与营养的来源w工商业原料、经济资源w饮食的乐趣w帮助健康w改善环境、提升生活质量w美与艺术性82首尔清溪川改善环境、提升生活质量84台大杜鹃花节美与艺术性85阳春三月，缘山行，忘路之远近，忽逢桃花林，路径数百步，中无杂树，芳草鲜美，落英缤纷梅峰桃花缘美与艺术性86六、园艺的进展87(1)NEW CULTIVARS.新品种 nBreeders have developed new cultivars(开发新品种)with improved quality,greater yi

53、eld potential,improved growth characteristics,increased pest resistance,and greater tolerance to environmental extremes(see Figure 1-3).nGenetic engineering(遗传工程)and other modern technologies employed for cultivar development and improvement are covered in Chapter 4.8889(2)PLANT-WATER RELATIONSHIPS.

54、植物与水分关系 nWe have a better understanding of irrigation(灌溉)(Figure1-4)and plant-water relationships,and of new application methods such as trickle or drip irrigation.(点滴灌溉)nIntermittent mist and fog systems(喷雾系统)have aided plant propagation.Improvements also have been made in hydroponic plant producti

55、on(水耕生产),which still remains a minor,but important,horticultural industry.9091(3)TEMPERATURE.温度 nBottom heat(底部加热)is now used with many crops to increase their growth.nVernalization(春化作用)is the direct effect of low temperature on flower initiation.nUnderstanding the temperature and dormancy(休眠)has e

56、nabled commercial producers to schedule their crops more effectively.nNew developments in temperature and energy management(能源管理)have helped horticulturists to use fuel reserves more wisely(Figure 1-5).nRecent advances in the adjustment of night and day temperatures(日夜温差)enable the grower to increas

57、e the production efficiency of greenhouse crops.nWe also now have a much better understanding of stresses caused by extremes of temperature(极端温度).9293蝴蝶兰水墙温室(4)LIGHT.光线 nLight influences the all-important process,photosynthesis,and how light can trigger or delay flowering.(光线可加速或延迟)nMany crops can t

58、herefore be programmed to flower(花期调节)in a timely fashion or they can be managed to avoid flowering when no flowers are desired(Figure 1-6).nSupplemental lighting(补充光照)can be utilized to increase yields of some species during periods of low light.nBecause of our knowledge of light,we now have succes

59、sful indoor gardening(室内园艺)and interiorscaping(室内造景)to beautify and enhance large public areas such as shopping malls.9495圣诞红减少日照可提早开花(5)PLANT NUTRITION.植物营养 nMany new and different types of fertilizers(肥料种类繁多)have been developed in recent years.Formulations are now available for varying needs,inclu

60、ding different rates of availability to plants.nHowever,it wasnt until about 1920 that trace element fertilization(微量元素)began to be better understood.nGreat strides in our comprehension of the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen(固氮作用)within plant roots by microorganisms(symbiosis).96(6)THE RHIZOSPHERE(

61、ROOT ZONE).根圈区 nProperties of soils,the value of organic matter,and interaction among soil components,soil microflora,and microfauna(土壤微生物)have led to advances in commercial and home horticulture.nIncreased container plant production(容器生产)has been facilitated by the development of improved pots,flat

62、s,multipacks,and starter blocks.nRoot aeration(根通气性)has been improved by the development and use of peat-lite media,bark mixes,and other soil-less mixes(无土介质)(Figure 1-7).nOur knowledge of the importance of organic matter(有机质)in field soils has improved along with erosion control practices such as r

63、educed tillage.nMulches(覆盖)have been developed to control soil moisture,temperature,erosion,and weeds.9798(7)INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT(IPM).综合病原管理 nThe management and control of insects,diseases,and weeds involves a program(综合防治)utilizing genetic pest resistance within plants,a knowledge of pests l

64、ife cycles and epidemiology,crop scouting reports,growing plants under appropriate environmental conditions,and the proper use of pesticides.nThis integrated approach can emphasize the control or elimination of plant pests and minimize negative impact on the environment.(既有效防治病虫害，又减少对环境的冲击)nThe stra

65、tegy of integrated pest management has led to substantially increased yields(实质增产)and has given the public a much higher quality of agricultural products(质量提升)(Figure 1-8).99100培养瓢虫防治蚜虫(8)PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS.植物生长调节剂nA better understanding of the nature of growth regulation in plants.nThe develop

66、ment of chemicals that enable growers to control plant growth responses(调控生长反应)more efficiently and thus to improve crops or adapt them for new uses.nPlant growth substances have revolutionized the propagation(繁殖)of horticultural plants by increasing rooting of cuttings and facilitating effective application of tissue culture(组织培养)techniques.nGrowth regulators are also used to control plant height,plant branching,flowering,fruit set,fruit size,and fruit and leaf drop,along with many other respon