英美概况来安方复旦版Ch01Sec02amp03theBritishGovernmentampPoliticsandLaw

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1、英美概况（来安方复旦版）KevinWANG王锦堂email:Mb：H：86367273oTextbook:o来安方，英美文化与国家概况，复旦大学出版社，2008oReferenceBooks1.来安方主编，英美概况，河南教育出版社，1995；2.朱永涛著，英语国家社会与文化入门，高等教育出版社3.张奎武主编，英美概况，吉林科学技术出版社，2004o来安方，英美文化与国家概况，复旦大学出版社，2008基本信息基本信息出版社出版社:复旦大学出版社;第1版(2008年8月1日)丛书名丛书名:博学英语系列平装平装:348页开本开本:16ISBN:9787309061352条形码条形码:97873090

2、61352商品尺寸商品尺寸:22.6x16.8x1.8cm商品重量商品重量:440g品牌品牌:复旦大学出版社来源：Section2TheBritishGovernmentReviewoExercise1,2,3-P18oQuizP19oWhatisConstitutionalmonarchy?-P20oWhatistheroleoftheMonachtheMonachp21o1.Themonarcho1)Functions:headofstateo2)Officialtitles:king&queeno3)Officialresidence:BuckinghamPalace,WindsorCa

3、stle2.Parliament-p23oLegislativeorganoHousesofParliamentknownastheNewPalaceofWestminster,2.ParliamentoFiveyrsmax.duration&Twochambers:o1)theHouseofLords(theUpperHouse)andoa)about660Members:ob)Chairman:theLordChancelloro2)theHouseofCommons(theLowerHouse)oa)659Members:529Eng;72Scot;40Wales;18N.Ireland

4、.ob)Chairman:SpeakeroReadingexercise-P26oHowabillispassedasalaw(Act)inUK?Whatprocesseswillbeneededtogothrough?-ThreeReadings?3.ThegovernmentandthecabinetoThegovernmentandthecabinetoPrimeMinisteroSecretaryofstatefortheHomeDepartmentoChancelloroftheExchequerosecretaryofstateforDefense3.Thegovernmentan

5、dthecabinetoQuestion:oWhatisyourunderstandingofaParliamentarygovernment?4.Localgovernmento3-tiersystem:CentralcountydistrictgovernmentoSometermsanditsChinesetranslation:county,district,borough,cityandtown.Exercise：oReviewSection1oExercise1,2,3-P18oQuizP19oThankyou！Sectionthree:PoliticsandLawoKeyword

6、s:o1.Politicalparties:oTwo-partysystemo1)Conservativepartyo2)Labourpartyo2.Election:o1)Period:everyfiveyearsatnationwidelevel.oQuestions:oWhy“avotefortheLiberalisavotewasted”p34oWhoaretheWhigsandtheTories?P341.Politicalparties:p34oUnderthelaw,freetosetuppoliticalpartiesandanumberofpartiesexistinUK.o

7、Twomajorparties:theConservativePartyandtheLaborPartyoInhistory:theWhigsvstheToriesoNote:theLaborPartyisnotdirectlyderivedfromtheWhigs!otheWhigs（辉格党）in1660,“Scotishrebels”;backedbysmalllandowners,tradesmenandprotestantdissenters.Controllingparty1714-60,ReformBills;newnameLiberalpartyinmid19c,principa

8、loppositionparty1832-1918;disintegratedandsomemembersjoinedtheLaborparty.oTheLaborPartyfoundedin1900,supportersmainlyfromtradeunions,liberals,socialists,progressiveintellectuals;becamethe2ndlargestpartyafterWW;TheLaborPartyRepresents middle&lower classes Took power after WWII Socialist in nature Soc

9、ial equality Social welfare Nationalization Called the“Left”otheConservativePartytheTories（托利党）oOldIrish“runaway,fugitive”;backedbybiglandowner,favoringagriinterestandtheChurchofEngland;newnametheConservativePartyinmid19c.theConservativePartyHolding more traditional capitalist ideas Emphasis on priv

10、ate interests Represents the upper&middle classes Policies:privatization Called the“Right”Other Parties1)The Liberal Democratic Party Sitting on the fence 2)The Communist Party Not very strong 2.Election:p37oMPareelectedinnationwidegeneralelections.Thegoalofthetwopartiesistogainthemajorityoftheseats

11、intheHouseofCommonssoastoformitsgovernment.o659seatsand659constituencies(electoraldistricts,选区)the general electiona.The votersowho have the right to vote(be registered to vote,be at least 18-years-old on polling day,be British or be a Commonwealth or Republic of Ireland citizen living in the U.K.)b

12、.The time regularly every 5 years c.The candidates qualification a nomination form signed by 10 voters from that constituency;a 500 deposit;not need to be a member of a political party d.The procedure 1)set the date 2)distribute voting cards 3)electoral campaign(on TV&radio)4)check and cast votes 5)

13、counting votes 6)the result(deciding both MPs and the PM)oVocabulary：oIndependentcandidateoCanvassingforpurposeofsolicitingvotesoCampaign,ballot,generalelectionoVotersregardlocalcandidatesassymbols/agentsofdifferentpoliticalparties.oOppositionparty“shadowcabinet”Justiceandlawcourtsp39o1)Englishlegal

14、system（3elements）1.ActsofParliament2.CommonLaw:10663.EuropeanUnionLawo另有此补充说法：4.Equity Law衡平法:supplementary lawsoRuleoflaw-morematerialsatnextslideoLongjudicialhistoryandemulatedbycountriesoKeyprinciples:dueprocessoflaw(程序正义）andthewritofhabeasofcorpus（人身保护令）o-morematerials范徐丽泰：社会认同程序范徐丽泰：社会认同程序正义正义才

15、能守住正义才能守住正义-morematerials：Ruleoflaw,法的统治又称“法治原则”o根据英国著名学者戴西（）的解释，其涵义即“英国人依法，而且只依法进行统治”。戴西在其具有划时代意义的宪法研究导论或英宪精义（IntroductiontotheStudyoftheLawoftheConstitution）（1885年第一版）一书中，明确地阐明“法的统治”有三种含义：o第一，它意味着作为专制权力对立面的正式的法的绝对优势地位或优越，它排斥政府方面的专断、特权和广泛的裁量权在我们看来，一个人可以因违法而受到惩处，但是，他不能由于任何其他因素而受到处罚（Itmeans，inthefirs

16、tplace，theabsolutesupremacyorPredominanceofregularlawasopposestotheinfluenceofarbitrarypower，andexcludestheexistenceofarbitrariness，ofprerogative，orevenofwidediscretionaryauthorityonthePartofthegovernmentamanmaywithusbepunishedforabreachoflaw，buthecanbepunishedfornothingelse）；o第二，它意味着法律面前人人平等，或社会所有的

17、阶层都要平等地服从由普通法院所运用的国内普通法律（Equalitybeforethelaw，ortheequalsubjectionofallclassestotheordinarylawofthelandadministrativebytheordinarylawcourts）；o第三，作为英国宪法的法律-在别国作为当然构成成文宪法典组成部分的规则-并不是由普通法院所确认和实施的个人权利的来源，而是其结果因而，宪法是这个国家普通法律发展的结果（Thatwithusthelawoftheconstitution，theruleswhichinforeigncountriesnaturallyf

18、ormpartofaconstitutionalcode，arenotthesourcebuttheconsequenceoftherightsofindividuals，asdefinedandenforcedbythecourts；thustheconstitutionistheresultoftheordinarylawoftheland）。o来源：2)Law courts a new Court Act(1971):three-tiered law courts a)magistrates courts治安法院，裁判法院治安法院，裁判法院 the power to impose fin

19、es of up to 1000 and to sendpeople to prison for up to 6 months b)county courts郡法院郡法院 deals with serious criminal cases c)the Supreme Court(composed of Court of Appeals,the Crown Court and the High Court)高高等法院等法院32Responsibilities:Acting as the custodian of the Great Seal御玺.Responsible for the effic

20、ient functioning and independence of the courts.*Formerly he was also the presiding officer of the House of Lords,and the head of the judiciary in England and Wales,but the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 transferred these roles to the Lord Speaker and the Lord Chief Justice respectively.333)Legal Pr

21、ofession a.barristers大律师大律师 can be appointed high court judges or circuitjudges b.solicitors事务律师事务律师 belonging to the junior branch;only dealing with ordinary cases;handing over the case to a barrister when difficulty occurs 34HowAreMagistratesAppointed?ApplicationApplicationAdvisory CommitteeAdviso

22、ry CommitteeInterviewsInterviewsRecommendation to the Lord ChancellorRecommendation to the Lord ChancellorAppointmentAppointmentRequirements of local communities:number,gender,ethnicity,etc Qualifications/Disqualifications:e.g.age,residence,occupation,criminal record35EnglishJudges36Barrister37Solic

23、itor384)Police Force the Peelers:the Metropolitan Police Force Sir Robert Peel:twice British prime minister(1830-1837)52 police forces:43 in England and Wales,8 in Scotland and one(the Royal Ulster Constabulary)in Northern Ireland“bobby,the peelers”Policemen in England do not carry firearms on duty

24、while policemen in America do.39London police in Downing Street 140oVocabulary:-oflawoTheMagnaCarta(theGreatCharter)1215oWarrant,caution,chargep39oCommonlaw,judge-madelaw(判例法),circuitjudge,precedent(先例），oJusticeofPeace（太平绅士P40）oJurytrialsystem，guilty/notguilty,verdict,oDeathpenalty,lifeimprisonment,fine,oOnbail,onprobationp41oTradeunion,ScotlandYard(伦敦警察厅）oExercise:oSectionreviewp43oQuiz-p44oThankyou!