单片机的外文文献及中文翻译

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1、SCM is an integrated circuit chip, is the use of large scale integrated circuit tech no logy to a data process ing capability of CPU CPU ran dom access memory RAM, read-only memory ROM, a variety of I / O port and interrupt system, timers / timer fun cti ons (which may also in clude display driver c

2、ircuitry, pulse width modulati on circuit, an alog multiplexer, A / D con verter circuit) in tegrated into a silic on con stitute a small and complete computer systems.SCM is also known as micro-c on troller (Microc on troller), because it is the first to be used in in dustrial con trol. Only a sin

3、gle chip by the CPU chip developed from a dedicated processor. The first desig n is by a large n umber of peripherals and CPU on a chip in the computer system, smaller, more easily in tegrated into a complex and dema nding on the volume con trol device which. The Z80 INTEL is the first desig ned in

4、accorda nee with this idea processor, the n on the developme nt of microc on troller and dedicated processors will be part ing ways.Are 8-bit microcontroller early or 4 bits. One of the most successful is the INTEL 8031, for a simple, reliable and good performa nee was a lot of praise. Then develope

5、d in 8031 out of MCS51 MCU Systems. SCM systems based on this system un til now is still widely used. With the in creased requireme nts of in dustrial con trol field, bega n a 16-bit microc on troller, but not ideal because the cost has not bee n very widely used. After 90 years with the great devel

6、opme nt of con sumer electr oni cs, microc on troller tech no logy has bee n a huge in crease. With INTEL i960 series, especially the later series of widely used ARM, 32-bit microcontroller quickly replace high-end 16-bit MCU status and enter the main stream market. The traditi onal 8-bit microc on

7、troller performa nee have bee n the rapid in crease capacity in crease compared to 80 the n umber of times. Curre ntly, high-e nd 32-bit microcontroller clocked over 300MHz, the performanee catching the mid-90s dedicated processor, while the average model prices fall to one U.S. dollar, the most hig

8、h-e nd 1 model only 10 dollars. Moder n SCM systems are no Ion ger only in the developme nt and use of bare metal en vir onment, a large n umber of proprietary embedded operati ng system is widely used in the full range of SCM. The han dheld computers and cell phones as the core process ing of high-

9、e nd microc on troller can eve n use a dedicated Win dows and Linux operati ng systems.SCM is more suitable tha n the specific processor used in embedded systems, so it was up to the application. In fact the number of SCM is the worlds largest computer. Moder n huma n life used in almost every piece

10、 of electro nic and mecha ni cal products will be in tegrated sin gle chip. Phone, teleph one, calculator, home applia nces, electr onic toys, han dheld computers and computer accessories such as a mouse with a 1-2 in both the Departme nt of SCM. Pers onal computer will have a large n umber of SCM i

11、n the work. Gen eral car with more tha n 40 microc on troller, a complex in dustrial con trol systems may even hundreds of single chip at the same time work! SCM is not only far exceeds the n umber of PC and other computi ng the sum, or eve n more tha n the n umber of huma n bei ngs.Single chip, als

12、o known as single-chip microcontroller, it is not complete a certain logic chips, but to a computer system in tegrated into a chip. Equivale nt to a micro-computer, and computer than just the lack of a microcontroller I / O devices. Gen eral talk: a chip becomes a computer. Its small size, light wei

13、ght, cheap, for the study, applicati on and developme nt of facilities provided. At the same time, lear ning to use the MCU is to un dersta nd the pr in ciple and structure of the computer the best opti on.Microc on troller and the computer fun cti ons in ter nally with similar modules, such as CPU,

14、 memory, parallel bus, the same effect there, and hard disk memory device, is it differe nt properties of these comp onents are relatively weak many of our home computer, but the price is low , usually not more tha n 10 yua n you can do with itsome con trol fora class is not very complicated electri

15、cal work is eno ugh of. We are using automatic drum washing machine, smoke hood, VCD and so on appliances which could see its shadow!It is mainly part of the core comp onents as the con trol.t is an online real-time control computer, on-line is on-site control, need to have str ong an ti-i nterfere

16、nee ability, low cost, and this is, and off-l ine computer (such as home PC), the mai n differe nee. Si ngle chipMCU is through running, and can be modified. Through different procedures to achieve different functions, in particular special unique features, this is another device much effort n eeds

17、to be done, some are great efforts are very difficult to achieve. A not very complex fun cti ons if the 50s with the Un ited States developed 74 series, or the 60s CD4000 series of these pure hardware butt on ed, the n the circuit must be a large PCB board! But if the United States if the 70s with a

18、 series of successful SCM market, the result will be a drastic change! Just because you are prepared by microcomputer programs can achieve high in tellige nee, high efficie ncy and high reliability!As the microcontroller on the cost-sensitive, so now the dominant software or the lowest level assembl

19、y Ian guage, which is the lowest level in additi on to more tha n bin ary mach ine code Ian guage, and as so low why is the use? Many high-level la nguage has reached the level of visual programm ing Why is not it? The reas on is simply that there is no home computer as a single chip CPU, not as har

20、d as a mass storage device. A visualizati on of small high-level Ian guage program is only one butt on on it though, will reach tens of K in size! For the home PCs hard drive in terms of nothing but speak ing for the MCU is not acceptable. SCM in the utilizati on of hardware resources to be very hig

21、h for the job so although the orig in al is still i n the compilati on of a lot of use. The same toke n, if the gia nt computer operati ng system and applicati ons run up get home PC, home PC, also bear not work.Can be said that the twen tieth cen tury across the three power era, that is, the age of

22、 electricity, the electronic age and has entered into the computer age. However, this computer, usually refers to the personal computer, referred to as PC. It consists of the host, keyboard, mon itor and other comp onen ts. Ano ther type of computer, most people do not know how. This computer is to

23、give all kinds of mach in ery, in tellige nt sin gle chip (also known as micro-controller). As the name suggests, this computer system took only a minimal integrated circuit, can be a simple operation and control. Because it is small, usually in the charged with possessi on of mecha ni cal stomach i

24、n. It is in the device, like the huma n bra in plays a role, it goes wrong, the whole pla nt was paralyzed. Now, this microc on troller has bee n very widely used in the field, such as smart meters, real-time in dustrial con trol, comm uni cati ons equipme nt, n avigati on systems, and household app

25、liances. Once all kinds of products were using SCM, can serve to upgrade the effectiveness of products, often in the product name preceded by the adjective - intelligent, such as intelligent washing machines. Now some technical personnel of factories or other amateur electr onics developers to en ga

26、ge in out of certa in products, not the circuit is too complicated, that fu nctio n is too simple and can easily be copied. The reas on may be stuck in the product did not use a microc on troller or other programmable logic device.外文文献的翻译：单片机是一种集成在电路芯片,是采用超大规模集成电路技术把具有数据处理能力的中 央处理器CPU随机存储器RAM、只读存储器R

27、OM、多种I/O 口和中断系统、定时器/计时 器等功能(可能还包括显示驱动电路、脉宽调制电路、模拟多路转换器、A/D转换器等电路) 集成到一块硅片上构成的一个小而完善的计算机系统。单片机也被称为微控制器(Microcontroller),是因为它最早被用在工业控制领域。单 片机由芯片内仅有CPU的专用处理器发展而来。最早的设计理念是通过将大量外围设备和 CPU集成在一个芯片中，使计算机系统更小，更容易集成进复杂的而对体积要求严格的控 制设备当中。INTEL的Z80是最早按照这种思想设计出的处理器，从此以后，单片机和专 用处理器的发展便分道扬镳。早期的单片机都是8位或4位的。其中最成功的是INT

28、EL的8031，因为简单可靠而性能 不错获得了很大的好评。此后在8031上发展出了 MCS51系列单片机系统。基于这一系统的 单片机系统直到现在还在广泛使用。随着工业控制领域要求的提高，开始出现了 16位单片 机，但因为性价比不理想并未得到很广泛的应用。90年代后随着消费电子产品大发展，单 片机技术得到了巨大提高。随着INTEL i960系列特别是后来的ARM系列的广泛应用，32 位单片机迅速取代16位单片机的高端地位，并且进入主流市场。而传统的8位单片机的性能 也得到了飞速提高，处理能力比起80年代提高了数百倍。目前，高端的32位单片机主频已 经超过300MHz,性能直追90年代中期的专用处

29、理器，而普通的型号出厂价格跌落至1美元， 最高端1的型号也只有10美元。当代单片机系统已经不再只在裸机环境下开发和使用，大 量专用的嵌入式操作系统被广泛应用在全系列的单片机上。而在作为掌上电脑和手机核心处 理的高端单片机甚至可以直接使用专用的Windows和Linux操作系统。单片机比专用处理器更适合应用于嵌入式系统，因此它得到了最多的应用。事实上单片 机是世界上数量最多的计算机。现代人类生活中所用的几乎每件电子和机械产品中都会集成 有单片机。手机、电话、计算器、家用电器、电子玩具、掌上电脑以及鼠标等电脑配件中都 配有1-2部单片机。而个人电脑中也会有为数不少的单片机在工作。汽车上一般配备40

30、多部 单片机，复杂的工业控制系统上甚至可能有数百台单片机在同时工作！单片机的数量不仅远 超过PC机和其他计算的总和，甚至比人类的数量还要多。单片机又称单片微控制器,它不是完成某一个逻辑功能的芯片，而是把一个计算机系统 集成到一个芯片上。相当于一个微型的计算机，和计算机相比，单片机只缺少了 I/O设备。 概括的讲：一块芯片就成了一台计算机。它的体积小、质量轻、价格便宜、为学习、应用和 开发提供了便利条件。同时，学习使用单片机是了解计算机原理与结构的最佳选择。单片机内部也用和电脑功能类似的模块，比如CPU,内存，并行总线，还有和硬盘作 用相同的存储器件，不同的是它的这些部件性能都相对我们的家用电脑

31、弱很多，不过价钱也 是低的，一般不超过10元即可用它来做一些控制电器一类不是很复杂的工作足矣了。我 们现在用的全自动滚筒洗衣机、排烟罩、VCD等等的家电里面都可以看到它的身影！ 它主要是作为控制部分的核心部件。它是一种在线式实时控制计算机,在线式就是现场控制，需要的是有较强的抗干扰能力， 较低的成本，这也是和离线式计算机的（比如家用PC）的主要区别。单片机芯片单片机是靠程序运行的，并且可以修改。通过不同的程序实现不同的功能，尤其是特殊 的独特的一些功能，这是别的器件需要费很大力气才能做到的，有些则是花大力气也很难做 到的。一个不是很复杂的功能要是用美国50年代开发的74系列，或者60年代的CD

32、4000系 列这些纯硬件来搞定的话，电路一定是一块大PCB板！但是如果要是用美国70年代成功投 放市场的系列单片机，结果就会有天壤之别！只因为单片机的通过你编写的程序可以实现高 智能，高效率，以及高可靠性！由于单片机对成本是敏感的，所以目前占统治地位的软件还是最低级汇编语言，它是除 了二进制机器码以上最低级的语言了，既然这么低级为什么还要用呢？很多高级的语言已经 达到了可视化编程的水平为什么不用呢？原因很简单，就是单片机没有家用计算机那样的 CPU，也没有像硬盘那样的海量存储设备。一个可视化高级语言编写的小程序里面即使只 有一个按钮，也会达到几十K的尺寸！对于家用PC的硬盘来讲没什么，可是对于

33、单片机 来讲是不能接受的。单片机在硬件资源方面的利用率必须很高才行，所以汇编虽然原始却 还是在大量使用。一样的道理，如果把巨型计算机上的操作系统和应用软件拿到家用PC上 来运行，家用PC的也是承受不了的。可以说，二十世纪跨越了三个电”的时代，即电气时代、电子时代和现已进入的电脑时 代。不过，这种电脑，通常是指个人计算机，简称PC机。它由主机、键盘、显示器等组成。 还有一类计算机，大多数人却不怎么熟悉。这种计算机就是把智能赋予各种机械的单片机（亦 称微控制器）。顾名思义，这种计算机的最小系统只用了一片集成电路，即可进行简单运算 和控制。因为它体积小，通常都藏在被控机械的肚子”里。它在整个装置中，起着有如人类 头脑的作用，它出了毛病，整个装置就瘫痪了。现在，这种单片机的使用领域已十分广泛， 如智能仪表、实时工控、通讯设备、导航系统、家用电器等。各种产品一旦用上了单片机， 就能起到使产品升级换代的功效，常在产品名称前冠以形容词“智能型”，如智能型洗衣 机等。现在有些工厂的技术人员或其它业余电子开发者搞出来的某些产品，不是电路太复杂， 就是功能太简单且极易被仿制。究其原因，可能就卡在产品未使用单片机或其它可编程逻辑 器件上。