2023年考研考博-考博英语-湖南大学历年高频考题黑钻摘选版附带答案

《2023年考研考博-考博英语-湖南大学历年高频考题黑钻摘选版附带答案》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2023年考研考博-考博英语-湖南大学历年高频考题黑钻摘选版附带答案（25页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、长风破浪会有时，直挂云帆济沧海。 住在富人区的她 2023年考研考博-考博英语-湖南大学历年高频考题黑钻摘选版附带答案第1卷一.综合题(共10题)1.单选题Share prices on the Stock Exchange plunged sharply in the morning but（ ）lightly in the afternoon.问题1选项A.regainedB.recoveredC.restoredD.revived2.单选题Im very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to（ ） my debt in re

2、turn for certain services.问题1选项A.take awayB.cut outC.write offD.clear up3.单选题Biological wizardry of a different sort is responsible for the ruggedness of sea-ear shells, which under high-powered microscopes resemble（ ）constructed stone walls.问题1选项A.reversiblyB.elaboratelyC.spontaneouslyD.concurrentl

3、y4.单选题It is noticed that there had a perceptible change in his behavior lately.问题1选项A.pessimisticB.perceivableC.persistentD.perpetual5.单选题The painting he bought at the street market the other day was a （ ）forgery.问题1选项A.man-madeB.naturalC.crudeD.real6.不定项选择题测试新增的题干问题1选项A.1B.2C.3D.47.翻译题The method of

4、 scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind: it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanations. The difference between the operations and methods of a baker weighing out his goods in

5、 common scales, and the operations of a chemist by means of his balance is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working: but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its mea

6、surement than the former.Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion of a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.8.单选题U

7、p to the beginning of the twentieth century, the nervous system was thought to control all communication within the body and the resulting integration of behavior. Scientists had determined that nerves ran, essentially, on electrical impulses. These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought

8、, emotion, movement, and internal processes such as digestion. However, experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling on the chemical secretion, which is produced in the small intestine when food enters the stomach, eventually challenged that view. From the small intestine, secretion travels th

9、rough the bloodstream to the pancreas. There, it stimulates the release of digestive chemicals. In this fashion, the intestinal cells that produce secretion ultimately regulate the production of different chemicals in a different organ, the pancreas.Such a coordination of processes had been thought

10、to require control by the nervous system; Baylisa and Starling showed that it could occur through to require control by the nervous system; Bayliss and Starling showed that it could occur through chemicals alone. This discovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone to refer to secretion, taking

11、it from the Greek word hormone, meaning “to excite” or 66to set in motion.” A hormone is a chemical produced bye one tissue to make things happen elsewhere.As more hormones were discovered, they were categorized, primarily according to the process by which they operated on the body. Some glands (whi

12、ch make up the endocrine system) secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Such glands include the thyroid and the pituitary. The exocrine system consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream, primarily for digestion. The pancreas is one such organ

13、, although it secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine system.Much has been learned about hormones since their discovery. Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate death. The most abundant hormone

14、s have effects that are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track: They modify moods and affect human behavior, even some behavior we normally think of as voluntary. Hormonal systems are very intricate. Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite,

15、 calm aggression, and change the attitude of a parent toward a child. Certain hormones accelerate the development of the body, regulating growth and form; others may even define an individuals personality characteristics. The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scient

16、ists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.In fact, some hormone therapies are already very common. A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce

17、 mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age. Known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT), the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the bones. At least one study has linked HRT with a h

18、eightened risk of heart disease and certain types of cancer. HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots-dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels-will form. Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new eviden

19、ce, recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with their abilities to live normal lives.Human growth hormone may also be given to patients who are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own. Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are gen

20、erally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it. Growth hormone affects not just physical size but also the digestion of food and the aging process. Researchers and family physicians tend to agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases in which the risks a

21、re not clearly outweighed by the benefits.1.The word engine in the passage is closest in meaning to（ ） .2.The word it in the second paragraph refers to （ ）.3.The word spurred in the passage is closest in meaning to（ ）4.To be considered a hormone, a chemical produced in the body must （ ）.5.The glands

22、 and organs mentioned in paragraph 3 are categorized according to（ ） .6.The word key in the passage is closest in meaning to（ ） .7.The word minute in the passage is closest in meaning to（ ） .8.The word tempered in the passage is closest in meaning to （ ）.9.Which patients are usually treated with gro

23、wth hormone?10.Which of the following sentences explains the primary goal of hormone replacement therapy?问题1选项A.desireB.originC.scienceD.chemical问题2选项A.secretionB.small intestineC.bloodstreamD.pancreas问题3选项A.rememberedB.surprisedC.inventedD.motivated问题4选项A.be part of the digestive processB.influence

24、 the operations of the nervous systemC.affect processes in a different part of the bodyD.regulate attitudes and behavior问题5选项A.whether scientists understand their functionB.how frequently they release hormones into the bodyC.whether the hormones they secrete influence the aging processD.whether they

25、 secrete chemicals into the blood问题6选项A.misunderstoodB.preciseC.significantD.simple问题7选项A.suddenB.smallC.changingD.noticeable问题8选项A.decreasedB.advertisedC.prescribedD.researched问题9选项A.Adults of smaller statue than normalB.Adults with strong digestive systemsC.Children who are not at risk from the tr

26、eatmentD.Children who may remain abnormally small问题10选项A.The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.B.A combination of estro

27、gen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age.C.Hrt may also increase the likelihood that blood clots-dangerous becauset

28、hey could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels-will form.D.Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it.9.单选题You mustnt allow your work to become

29、 sloppy, but rather you should try to improve it.问题1选项A.fall offB.come offC.put offD.wear off10.单选题Medicine achieved its splendid eminence by applying the principle of fragmentation to the human condition. Our bodily ills have been split up relegated to different experts: an itch to the dermatologis

30、t, a twitch to the neurologist and if all else fails, a visit to the psychiatrist. For this last, intangible function & the family doctor has been taken over by the specialist confessional.In Israel, you queue at one desk for a cut finger, at another for a sprain, and a third for shock-even if all t

31、hree symptoms resulted from one accident. In Britain, both the growing importance of hospital facilities and the reluctance of GE.s to unit their resources has gone far towards making the surgery a baby or calming a neurotic.Consultants and G.Ps begin the same way, as medical students obliged to cul

32、tivate detachment. But whereas family doctor gets involved in the intimate details of his “parish”， the consultant need only meet aspects of the patient relevant to his specialty. The more he endeavors to specialize, the more extraneous phenomena must be shut out. Beyond the token bedside exchanges

33、he need not go.Consequently, in a surgical ward, there are no people at all: only an appendectomy, a tumor, two hernias, and a “terminal case” (hospitals avoid the word “dying”). To make impersonality easier, beds are numbered and patients are known by numbers. Remoteness provides the hospital with

34、a practical working code.Nurses too have evolved their own defense system. Since they care for individuals, they could with dangerous ease become too involved. The nursing profession has therefore perfected its own technique of fragmentation, task assignment”. This enables one patients needs to be s

35、plit up among many nurses. One junior will go down a row of beds inserting a thermometer into a row of mouths. Whether the owners are asleep or drinking tea is irrelevant; the job comes first, in her final year, a student will undertake the pre-medication of patients on theatre-list. She has by that

36、 time learnt to see them as objects for injection, not frightened people.Nursing leaders realize the drawbacks in this system. There-has been talk of group-assignment to link nurses with particular patients and give some continuity. But the actual number of experiments can be counted on one hand. Nu

37、rses, as they often plead, touchingly, “are only human”. They shun responsibility for life and death, if responsibility is split into a kaleidoscope of urines, it weighs less on any one person.1.In this passage, the writer is ultimately suggesting that（ ）.2.According to the passage nurses are（ ） .3.

38、In this passage, the writer is ultimately suggesting that （ ）.4.According to the writers the attempts by nursing leaders to improve the system5.The word “shun” in the last paragraph means （ ）.问题1选项A.healthcare has become more efficientB.healthcare has become less caringC.hospitals have too many spec

39、ialistsD.there should be more opportunities for amateurs in hospitals问题2选项A.overpaid and uncaringB.overworked and unfairly criticizedC.overwhelmed and undervaluedD.uncaring but efficient问题3选项A.healthcare has become more efficientB.healthcare has become less caringC.hospitals have too many specialist

40、sD.there should be more opportunities for amateurs in hospitals问题4选项A.a step in the fight directionB.impressiveC.fewD.flawed问题5选项A.dodgeB.claimC.appreciateD.undertake第1卷参考答案一.综合题1.【答案】B【解析】同义词辨析。句意: 证券交易所今早股价大跌，下午略有回升。Regain重新获得(所有权); recover恢复; restore恢复.存在或使用; revive恢复；复兴, 多指某国或某一区域经济萧条后振兴。因此这里选B合

41、适。2.【答案】C【解析】动词短语辨析。句意:我很高兴得知老板慷慨地将我的债务 （ ），作为我为企业服务多年的一种回报。take away:带走，拿走，取走。cut out:切断，删去，关 掉。write off勾销，注销，取消。clearup:清理，放晴，整理，打扫。因此C项符合句意,在这里表示 “将我的债务一笔勾销”。3.【答案】B【解析】副词辨析。句意: 另一种生物的神奇力量在于石决明的坚实，在高倍显微镜下，它像精心建造的石头墙。reversibly可逆地。elaborately精巧地；苦心经营地。spontaneously自发地；自然地；不由自主地。Concurrently同时发生地。

42、4.【答案】B【解析】形容词辨析。句意: 值得注意的是，最近他的行为出现明显变化。pessimistic:悲观的。perceivable:可感知的。 persistent:执着的，坚持的。perpetual:永久的，不断的。perceptible:可察觉的，可感知的,看得出的。故B符合句意。5.【答案】D【解析】形容词辨析。句意:他那天在街上买的那幅画实际上是副赝品。man-made 人造的; natural自然的; crude粗略的; real 实际上。6.【答案】A【解析】第1题:测试试题解析7.【答案】科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索 并给以精确而

43、严谨解释的表达方式。用普通天平称物品的面包师与用精密天平的化学家 在操作与方法上存在差别，但这种差别并不是两者的天平在构造和工作原理上存在不 同，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更精密得多的装置，因而在计量上必然更准确得多。在座的诸位中，大概不会有人一整天都没有机会进行一连串复杂的思考活动，这些 思考活动与科学家在探索自然现象原因时所经历的思考活动，尽管复杂程度不同，但在 类型上是完全一样的。8.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:D第4题:C第5题:D第6题:C第7题:B第8题:A第9题:D第10题:A【解析】1.词义题。Engine所在句子为: These impulses were thou

44、ght to be the engine for thought, emotion, movement, and internal processes such as digestion (这些冲动被认为是思想、情感、运动和消化等内部过程的引擎)。desire欲望,要求; origin 起源,原点; science科学; chemical化学的。因此推测B项origin与engine同义。2.词义题。第二段主要讲的是关于“激素”的问题。3.词义题。“spurred”所在句为: This discovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone to

45、 refer to secretion(这一发现激发Starling创造了“荷尔蒙”一词来指分泌物)。D项motivate (激励、促进、使 有动机)与之意思相近。、4.细节题。第二段指出: A hormone is a chemical produced bye one tissue to make things happen elsewhere。5.细节题。根据题干定位至第三段: The pancreas is one such organ, although it secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part o

46、f the endocrine system (胰腺就是这样一个器官，尽管它分泌 一些化学物质进入血液，因此也是内分泌系统的一部分)。6.词义题。定位至第四段: Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate death(有些激素在调节身体过程或行为方面起着关键作用，因此没用的话会导致立即死亡)。因此C项significant与key意思相近。7.词义题。定位至第四段: Even minute amounts of the r

47、ight chemicals can suppress appetite, calm aggression, and change the attitude of a parent toward a child (即使是微量的正确的化学物质也能抑制食欲，平息侵略，改变父母对孩子的态度)。因此B项small与minute意思相近。8.词义题。定位至第五段: Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence (面对这一新的证据，一些人力资源技术的支持者已经缓和/减少了他们的热

48、情)。因此A项decrease含义最为接近。9.细节题。最后一段指出:Human growth hormone may also be given to patients who are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own (对于那些自身分泌量异常低的患者,可能会增加他们的生长激素)。10.细节题。通过第五段可知,A项(激素的数量和比例随着年龄的增长而变化，因此科学家们对内分泌系统随时间的变化进行了大量的研究，以期减轻与衰老有关的疾病)正确。9.【答案】A【解析】动词短语辨析。句意: 你不应该让你的工作水平下滑，而应当努力提高。、fall

49、 off:下降，降低。come off:举行，达到效果。Put off：推迟，延迟。Wear off:麿损，逐渐消逝。sloppy:马虎的，草率的，粗心的。故A与原文相符。10.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:B第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.判断推理。作者通篇都在说当今医护人员不把病人当活生生的人，而只是看成需要处理改善的对象。故选B。2.归纳推理。根据倒数第二段可知,护士们虽然冷漠但是高效。3.判断推理。本篇都在说当今医护人员只把病人看成一个个的需要处理改善的对象而 不是有感情的人。因此推测本题选B项(医护变得冷漠了)。4.细节事实。文中倒数最后一段第二行 But the actual

50、 number of .can be counted on one hand.可以得出答案。5.词义题。单词“shun”所在句句意: 他们逃避对生命和死亡的责任。shun意为“避免，躲开，因此选A项dodge(闪开躲开)。第2卷一.综合题(共10题)1.写作题In this part, you are asked to write a composition on the title of My Aim for Doctoral Study” with no less than 200 English words. Your composition should be based on the

51、 following outline given in Chinese. Put you composition on the ANSWER SHEET.1、 你攻读博士学位的目标是 .2、 你确定这一目标的原因是 .3、 你将如何努力实现？2.单选题His expenditure on holidays and luxuries is rather high in （ ）to his income.问题1选项A.comparisonB.proportionC.associationD.calculation3.单选题A scientific panel convened by the Wor

52、ld Health Organization recommended guidelines on Friday for doctors conducting clinical studies of SARS patients. The panel urged doctors to apply the guidelines in analyzing the masses of potentially useful information about various therapies that were collected in this years epidemic. Much of that

53、 information has not been published or analyzed.“It is a matter of urgency to get better analysis and review，” said Dr. Simon Mardel, a WHO official who led the two-day meeting that ended on Friday. He said thousands of potential therapies and compounds had been tested so far as researchers try to d

54、etermine treatments for SARS, or severe acute respiratory syndrome. “We recognize that having no treatment for SARS is hindering our ability to control an epidemic in so many ways.” He said.In the epidemic earlier this year, various treatments, like drugs to fight the virus or strengthen the immune

55、system, as well as traditional Chinese medicine, were delivered under emergency conditions, in widely different settings and countries to patients suffering from varying stages of the illness. Those conditions- generally without standardized measurements or controlled situations-have made it hard to

56、 interpret results.Standard supportive therapy like nursing, and in severe cases the use of mechanical respirators to help patients breathe, is the mainstay of SARS care, and helped many patients survive. But doctors still do not know how best to treat SARS patients who have breathing difficulties.

57、Dr. Mardel said. One method is invasive ventilation. A second method involves blowing oxygen into the lungs through a mask. Both carry the risk of transmitting the virus to hospital employees. Without proper analysis, the panel was unable to say definitively which treatment worked best, or which cau

58、sed the most harm. “There is a lack of shared information，” Dr. Mardel said, noting that a lot of data have not been published.The panel also agreed on guidelines that would allow doctors to conduct quick and safe clinical trials, a process that generally takes years to complete. The world Health Or

59、ganization, a United Nations agency did not release the guidelines. Dr. Mardel said they were flexible because no one knew where, when and in what setting SARS would return. Experts in many countries have already listed the treatments they want to test, and the health agency is leaving these decisio

60、ns to individual nations.1.Guidelines recommended by the scientific panel can be sued for（ ） .2.According to the passage, it is difficult to interpret the results of certain treatments for SARS because（ ） .3.According to doctors, the two methods to treat SARS patients who have breathing difficulties

61、 both （ ）.4.According to Dr. Mardel, the guidelines were flexible because（ ） .5.Which of the following can be best title of the passage?问题1选项A.Gathering potentially useful information about various therapies collectedB.Conducting clinical studies of SARS patientsC.Determining treatment for SARSD.Pub

62、lishing all the information about SARS问题2选项A.Patients were in different countriesB.Patients were given medicines in widely different settingsC.Patients were at different stages of the illnessD.These conditions had no standardized measurements or controlled situations问题3选项A.Carry the risk of infecting hospital employeesB.are effective in curing patients who have breathing difficultiesC.dont run the risk of transmitting the virus to hospital employeesD.prove to work effectively and cause no harm问题4选项A.