中国股市和美国股市镜像关系的实证研究4.ppt课件

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1、Class 4.Values,Attitudes and Job Satisfaction4.1 Values1感谢你的观看2019年8月71.Concepts Basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existenceImportance:1.Laying foundation for att

2、itudes,motivation via influencing perceptions;2.Individuals are not value free,standard of behavior;aligning with the organizations policy Value system:A hierarchy based on a ranking of an individuals values in terms of their intensity2感谢你的观看2019年8月72.Sources of Value system result of genetic compon

3、ent&learningBiological parents.A significant portion is genetically determined;Studies of twins reared apart demonstrate that 40%of the variation in work values;the majority is due to environmentIn early years.A significant portion is established from parents,teachers,friends and otherssocietal valu

4、es(culture).Learning and educationrelatively stable and enduring.Absolute learning combined with genetic imprinting assuring3感谢你的观看2019年8月73.Types of values (1)Allport Theoretical:the discovery of truth though a critical and rational approachEconomic:the useful and practicalAesthetic:Form and harmon

5、ySocial:the love of peoplePolitical:Acquisition of power and influenceReligious:The unity of experience&understanding of the cosmos as a whole4感谢你的观看2019年8月73.Types of values (2)Roceach values survey(RVS)Terminal:Desirable end-states of existence;the goals to pursue during ones lifetime comfortable(

6、exciting)life,sense of accomplishment,world of peace(beauty),equality,family(nation)security,freedom,happiness,inner harmony,mature love,pleasure,salvation,self-respect,social recognition,true friendship,wisdom.Instrumental:preferable modes of behavior or means of achieving ones terminal values ambi

7、tious,broad-minded,capable,cheerful,clean,honest,courageous,forgiving,helpful,imaginative,independent,intellectual,logical,loving,obedient,polite,responsible,self-control5感谢你的观看2019年8月73.Types of values (2)Roceach values survey(RVS)Mean value rankings of Executive,Self-resect,Family-se,freedom,sense

8、 of acco,happiness honest,responsible,capable,ambitious,independent;union members,family-secu,Freedom,happiness,self-respect,mature love responsible,honest,courageous,independent,capable activists Equality,world of peace,family-s honest happiness courageous,helpful,courageous,responsible,capable 6感谢

9、你的观看2019年8月73.Types of values (3)Contemporary work cohortsProtestant work ethic:hard work;conservative;loyalty to the organizationExistential:Quality of life,nonconforming,seeks autonomy;loyalty to self;1960s-mid-1970sPragmatic:Success,achievement,ambition,hard work;loyalty to career;mid-1970s-late

10、1980sGeneration X:Flexibility,job satisfaction,leisure time;loyalty to relationships 1990s7感谢你的观看2019年8月74.Values,Loyalty&Ethical BehaviorA decline in ethical standards?Self-centered4 stages:The action of managers bosses is the most important factor influencing ethical behavior in organizations.8感谢你

11、的观看2019年8月7Class 4.Values,Attitudes and Job Satisfaction4.2 Attitudes 9感谢你的观看2019年8月71.ConceptEvaluative statements or judgement concerning objects,people,or events 3 componentscognitive component-the opinion or belief segment of an attitude(value statement)affective component-emotional or feelingbe

12、havioral component-An intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or sth.Essentially refers to the affect part10感谢你的观看2019年8月72.Sources of AttitudesAcquired from parents,teachers,peer group membersborn withearly years,model or imitate those one admire,respect,fearless stable(in contrast to v

13、alues),affect job behavior11感谢你的观看2019年8月73.Types of Attitudes job-related attitude(work environment)Job satisfaction-an individuals general attitude toward his or her job(almost=)Job involvement-the degree to which a person identifies with his(her)job,actively participates in it,consider the perfor

14、mance important to self-worth.negatively related to absenteeism,resignation rates;more consistently predict turnover than absenteeism;16%variance12感谢你的观看2019年8月73.Types of Attitudes job-related attitude(work environment)Organizational commitment-the degree to which an employee identifies with a part

15、icular organization and its goals,and wishes to maintain membership in it.negative relationships between Organizational commitment and absenteeism,turnover;better indicator of turnover than job satisfaction predictor,34%variance13感谢你的观看2019年8月74.Attitudes and ConsistencyPeople seek consistency among

16、 their attitudes&between their attitudes&behaviorseek to reconcile divergent attitudes and align their attitudes&behavior so they appear rational and consistent-Equilibrium stateAltering their attitudes or behavior,developing a rationalization for their discrepancy14感谢你的观看2019年8月75.Cognitive Dissona

17、nce Theory Leon Festinger proposed in late 1950s,sought to explain the linkage between attitudes&behavior Cognitive Dissonance-any incompatibility between 2 or more attitudes or between attitudes&behaviorany form of inconsistency is uncomfortable for one to attempt to reduce.-a stable state where th

18、ere is a minimum of dissonancethe determinant factors:the importance of the elements,the degree of influence one believes,the rewards that may be involved in dissonance15感谢你的观看2019年8月76.Measuring the A-B relationship the relationship between attitudes&behavior Early research assumption,causal relate

19、d;challenging in the late 1960s:unrelated or alightly;More recent research:moderator,contingency.moderating variables:1.specific,attitudes to“environment”“recycling”,the more significant 2.social constraints on behavior.Group pressure 3.experience with the attitude in questionself-perception theory:

20、attitudes are used after the fact to make sense out of an action that has already occurred.16感谢你的观看2019年8月77.Attitudes Surveys Obtaining information about employee attitudes to predict behavior in organizational contextEliciting responses from employees though questionnaire about how they feel about

21、 their jobs,work groups,supervisors,&/or organization 5 rating scaleresults frequently surprise management.the worst complaintregular surveys supply feedback on employees perception17感谢你的观看2019年8月78.Attitudes&work force diversityConcerned with changing attitudes to reflect shifting perspectives on r

22、acial,gender,&other diversity issuesinvesting in training to reshape attitudes of employeesself-evaluation phase,group discussion or panel,additional activities-volunteer work in community or social service18感谢你的观看2019年8月78.Attitudes&work force diversityChanging attitudes to reflect shifting perspec

23、tives on racial,gender,and other diversity issuesdiversity training program-self-evaluation phase,group discussion or panels,do volunteer work in community or social service centers19感谢你的观看2019年8月7Class 4.Values,Attitudes and Job Satisfaction4.3 Job Satisfaction -dissect the concept more carefully 2

24、0感谢你的观看2019年8月71.Measuring Job SatisfactionAn individuals general attitude toward his jobjob elements:obvious activities,require interaction with coworkers&bosses,following rules&policies,meeting performance standards,living with working conditions single global rating:respond to 1 questionsummation

25、 score(more accurate?):job facets-nature,supervision,present pay,promotion opportunities,relation with coworkerssimplicity wins out over complexity?21感谢你的观看2019年8月72.The status of Job Satisfaction in the workplace today Held c.over time:70-80%of American workers reported their Satisfaction-=65,92%;=

26、25,73%Table 5-5:aspects,fewer that half gratified with pay,recognition,advancement opportunityexplanation:1.inconsistencies between satisfaction&staying with their jobs-choose the same again?2.genetics.Variables are not important,disposition toward life were carried over-positive or negative,hold ov

27、er time 22感谢你的观看2019年8月73.Determinants of Job SatisfactionWhat job-related variables conducive to Satisfaction?Mental challenging workequitable rewardssupportive working conditionssupportive colleaguespersonality-job fit.Hollands theory:personality types congruent with their vocations will find they

28、 have the right talents to complete the job23感谢你的观看2019年8月74.The effect of Job Satisfaction on employee performance&productivity.1.-60s wishful thinking,r=+0.14;2.moderating variables,machine-paced job,stockbroker-general movement,higher lever;3.direction of the causal arrow,reward?;4.data gathered

29、as a whole,interactions absenteeism.r=-0.4,negative relationship;2.Moderator,reward;3.Sears natural experiment,absent from work for avoidable reasons without penaityTurnover.stronger negative relationship;2.Moderator,lever of performance(higher);labor market,length of tenure;general disposition to life24感谢你的观看2019年8月75.How employees to express dissatisfactionComplaint,insubordinate,stealing,shirking Active exit voice Destructive Constructiveneglect loyaltyPassive25感谢你的观看2019年8月7