Unit18EugeneONeil尤金奥尼尔

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1、Unit-18-Eugene-O-Unit-18-Eugene-O-Neil(Neil(尤金奥尼尔尤金奥尼尔)American Drama-Overviewl l1717thth century to the present:century to the present:-American drama begins in the American colonies in the -American drama begins in the American colonies in the 1717ththcentury and continues to the present.century a

2、nd continues to the present.l lBefore the mid-18th century:Before the mid-18th century:-little theatrical activity:-little theatrical activity:l l1919thth century century -British influence;-British influence;-melodrama melodrama（独幕剧）（独幕剧）(the most pervasive dramatic genre of the the most pervasive

3、dramatic genre of the 19th century;19th century;typically overflowing with emotion,set in mysterious locations,and typically overflowing with emotion,set in mysterious locations,and peopled with stereotypical characters:heartless villains,heroines in peopled with stereotypical characters:heartless v

4、illains,heroines in distress,and strong heroes who faced almost insurmountable(distress,and strong heroes who faced almost insurmountable(不能克不能克服的）服的）odds in odds in rescuing those heroines.rescuing those heroines.)-American drama was not born until the end of World War American drama was not born u

5、ntil the end of World War I.I.American Drama-Overview-Overviewl llate-19th-century and early 20late-19th-century and early 20thth century century -psychological realism in European theater(Norwegian -psychological realism in European theater(Norwegian playwright playwright Henrik IbsenHenrik Ibsen).

6、).-American playwrights began to move in the direction of Ibsen.-American playwrights began to move in the direction of Ibsen.l l1900s1900s -Realism:dominant trend of the 20th century American drama -Realism:dominant trend of the 20th century American drama -New levels of -New levels of psychologica

7、l realism(Ibsen);experimental devicespsychological realism(Ibsen);experimental devices of the expressionists(Strindberg)of the expressionists(Strindberg)Eugene ONeillEugene ONeill:Americas first dramatist of world stature;before Americas first dramatist of world stature;before him,American drama was

8、 considered of minor significance;him,American drama was considered of minor significance;revolutionized American theatre by inspiring other playwrights to revolutionized American theatre by inspiring other playwrights to write serious and challenging scripts for the stage.write serious and challeng

9、ing scripts for the stage.Tennessee WilliamsTennessee Williams:mostmost important dramatist after the W.W.II.important dramatist after the W.W.II.Arthur Miller:Arthur Miller:along with Tennessee Williams,led the postwar newalong with Tennessee Williams,led the postwar new drama dramaAmerican Drama-O

10、verviewl lThree giants that represent the best of American Three giants that represent the best of American theatre in the 20theatre in the 20thth century:century:Eugene ONeill(1888-1953)Eugene ONeill(1888-1953)-The Hairy Ape(1922),The Iceman Cometh(1946),-The Hairy Ape(1922),The Iceman Cometh(1946)

11、,-Long Days Journey Into Night(1940)-Long Days Journey Into Night(1940)Tennessee Williams(1911-1983)Tennessee Williams(1911-1983)-A Streetcar Named Desire(1947)-A Streetcar Named Desire(1947)Arthur Miller(1915-2005)Arthur Miller(1915-2005)-Death of a Salesman(1949);The Crucible(1953)-Death of a Sale

12、sman(1949);The Crucible(1953)Eugene ONeill(1888-1935)Eugene ONeill is unquestionably Americas greatest playwright.He won the Pulitzer Prize four times and was the only dramatist ever to win a Nobel Prize(1936).He is widely acclaimed“founder of the American drama.”Life(1)1888,born in a Broadway hotel

13、,which later became known as Times Square.Educated by tours for his first seven years with his father.In 1895,he entered a strict Catholic boarding school where he rebelled the demands of school and religion.1906,went to Princeton University.Was kicked out after his first year owing to poor academic

14、s and heavy drinking.Life(2)1910,became a seaman.His wife,Kathleen,gave birth a son who met his father when he was 11.1912,he attempted suicide in his room.He and Kathleen divorced.He contracted tuberculosis（TB）and he lived in a tubercular sanatorium(疗养院)for 6 months.Read a lot of plays.1914-1915,st

15、udied in Prof.George P.Bakers workshop,Harvard University.Life(3)1918,ONeill married his second wife,writer Agnes Boulton,with whom he had two children,Shane and Oona.1920,published his first long play,Beyond the Horizon天边外天边外,which established his fame as a creative playwright.1928,he left his wife

16、 Agnes and set sail to Europe and in 1929,he married Carlotta.1936,won the Nobel Prize for Literature.His death and influencesIn 1953,his health falling,he lived his last days in a hotel room.He died on November 27,1953.-Long Days Journey Into Night长日终入夜长日终入夜 should not be published until 25 years a

17、fter his death.But is was published in 1956,and won Pulitzer Prize in the same year.His plays have great influence on Tennessee Williams,William Inge,Edward Albee and Cao Yu,ect.Major Works Early PhaseEarly PhaseBound East for Cardiff (1916)Bound East for Cardiff (1916)东航加迪夫东航加迪夫东航加迪夫东航加迪夫 In the Zo

18、ne (1917)In the Zone (1917)在这一带在这一带在这一带在这一带The Long Voyage Home (1917)The Long Voyage Home (1917)漫长的返航漫长的返航漫长的返航漫长的返航The Moon of the Caribbean (1918)The Moon of the Caribbean (1918)加勒比加勒比加勒比加勒比的月亮的月亮的月亮的月亮Beyond the Horizon(1920)天边外天边外Major Works SecondSecondSecondSecond Phase Phase Phase Phase The

19、Emperor Jones(1920)琼斯皇帝琼斯皇帝 Anna Christie(1921)安娜安娜.克里斯蒂克里斯蒂 The Hairy Ape (1922)毛猿毛猿 Desire under the Elms (1924)榆树下的欲望榆树下的欲望Major Works SecondSecond Phase Phase(2)(2)Strange Interlude (1928)奇妙的插曲奇妙的插曲Mourning Becomes Electra (1931)悲悼悲悼 Ah,Wilderness (1933)(the only comedy)啊，荒野啊，荒野Major Works Last

20、and BestLast and Best Phase PhaseThe Iceman ComethThe Iceman Cometh(1946)(1946)送冰的人来了送冰的人来了送冰的人来了送冰的人来了Long Days Journey into Night(1956)Long Days Journey into Night(1956)长日终长日终长日终长日终入夜入夜入夜入夜A Moon for the Misbegotten (1957)A Moon for the Misbegotten (1957)月照不幸人月照不幸人A Touch of the Poet (1958)A Touch

21、 of the Poet (1958)诗人的气质诗人的气质ONeills Themes:ONeill is always remembered for his tragic view of life and most of his plays deal with the basic issues of human existence and predicament（困境）:life and death,illusion and disillusion,alienation（异化）and communication,dream and reality,self and society,desir

22、e and frustration,etc.His characters in the plays are described as seeking meaning and purpose in their lives in different ways,some through love,some through religion,others through revenge,but all meet disappointment and despair.ONeills Themes:As a playwright,ONeill himself was constantly As a pla

23、ywright,ONeill himself was constantly wrestling with wrestling with these issues and struggling with the these issues and struggling with the perplexity perplexity（困惑）（困惑）about the truth of lifeabout the truth of life.He was.He was searching for an answer both psychologically and searching for an an

24、swer both psychologically and artistically,and his dramatic thought followed artistically,and his dramatic thought followed a a tragic patterntragic pattern running through all his plays,running through all his plays,from from a celebration and exaltation of“pipe dreams,”a celebration and exaltation

25、 of“pipe dreams,”（白（白日梦）日梦）the romantic dream so to speak,to the doubt the romantic dream so to speak,to the doubt about the reality of the dream or the inevitability of about the reality of the dream or the inevitability of the defeat.the defeat.So,his final dramas became So,his final dramas became

26、 transcendental,in the way that the dramatization transcendental,in the way that the dramatization of mans effort in finding the secret of life results in of mans effort in finding the secret of life results in a reconciliation with the tragic impossibilitya reconciliation with the tragic impossibil

27、ity.Expressionism Expressionism（表现主义）（表现主义）It is used to describe the works of art and literature in which the representation of reality is distorted to communicate an inner vision,transforming nature rather than imitating it.In literature it is often considered a revolt against realism and naturali

28、sm,a seeking to achieve a psychological or spiritual reality rather than to record external events.In drama,the expressionist work was characterized by a bizarre distortion of reality.Expressionist writers concern was with general truth rather than with particular situations,hence they explored in t

29、heir plays the predicaments(困境）of representative symbolic types rather than of fully developed individualized characters.Expressionism Expressionism（表现主义）（表现主义）Emphasis was laid on the internal,on an individuals mental state-the emotional content,the subjective reactions of characters,and symbolic o

30、r abstract representations of reality;hence the imitation of life is replaced in Expressionist drama by the ecstatic evocation of states of mind.In America,Eugene ONeills Emperor Jones,The Hairy Ape,etc.are typical plays that employ Expressionism to highlight the theatrical effect of the rupture（破裂）

31、between the two sides of an individual human being,the private and the public.The movement,though short-lived,gave impetus to a free form of writing and of theatrical production.Chief features of ExpressionismChief features of ExpressionismThe artist is not concerned with reality as it appears but w

32、ith its inner nature and with the emotions aroused by the subject.To achieve these ends,the subject is frequently caricatured,exaggerated,distorted,or otherwise altered in order to stress the emotional experience in its most intense and concentrated form.4.ONeills Experimentations in Dramatic Art:ON

33、eills inventiveness seemingly knew no limits.ONeills inventiveness seemingly knew no limits.He was constantly experimenting with new styles He was constantly experimenting with new styles and forms for his plays.and forms for his plays.(1)(1)He introduced theHe introduced the realistic realistic or

34、even the or even the naturalisticnaturalistic aspect of life into the American theateraspect of life into the American theater.He.He borrowed freely from the best traditions of borrowed freely from the best traditions of European dramasEuropean dramas,be it,be it Greek tragediesGreek tragedies,or th

35、e,or the realism of Ibsenrealism of Ibsen,or the,or the expressionism of expressionism of StringbergStringberg,and fused them into the organic of his,and fused them into the organic of his own.own.In those In those expressionistic playsexpressionistic plays,abstract and,abstract and symbolic stage s

36、ets are used to set off against the symbolic stage sets are used to set off against the emotional inner selves and subjective states of emotional inner selves and subjective states of mind;lighting and music are employed to convey mind;lighting and music are employed to convey the changes of mood.th

37、e changes of mood.4.ONeills Experimentations in Dramatic Art:(2)He borrowed freely from modern literary techniques such as the stream-of-consciousness device with the help of which he managed to reveal the emotional and psychological complexities of modern man.He made use of setting and state proper

38、ty to help in his dramatic representation4.ONeills Experimentations in Dramatic Art:(3)As to his language,ONeill frequently wrote the(3)As to his language,ONeill frequently wrote the lines in lines in dialectdialect,or spelled words in ways which or spelled words in ways which indicate a particular

39、accent or manner of speechindicate a particular accent or manner of speech.This,sometimes,makes his plays difficult to This,sometimes,makes his plays difficult to read,but when they are spoken aloud,the read,but when they are spoken aloud,the sense becomes clear and the meaning is sense becomes clea

40、r and the meaning is amplified by the accent.amplified by the accent.ONeills ceaseless experimentation ONeills ceaseless experimentation enriched American drama and influenced later enriched American drama and influenced later playwrights.playwrights.Desire under the Elms 榆树下的欲望vDesire Under the Elm

41、s(1925)alludes to themes of Greek mythology and uses New England farm life as the setting for a tragic tale involving adultery(通奸）,incest（乱伦）,and infanticide（杀婴）.BackgroundIn the late 19th and early 20th century,the capitalist primitive accumulation and the development of personality stimulated the

42、desires of luxurious living,money,love and possession.People crazily pursued the material wealth.The satisfaction of these desires strongly impacted on traditional religion,ethic and morality.These caused all sorts of tragedy at that time.Desire under the Elms 榆树下的欲望vDesire Under the Elms was perfor

43、med in New Yorks Broadway Theater for thirty-six weeks on end in the year 1925.vDesire Under the Elms tells a story of a ruthless struggle for family property,a farm and the mansion,between father and sons,between husband and wife,between brothers,and between lovers.CharactersEphraim Cabot75 year ol

44、d fatherAbbie Putnam(his third wife)Simeon,Peter(his sons of the first wife)Eben(his son of the second wife)The loversThe 75 year-old father CabotSimeon and Peter:Two sons of Cabots first wifeAbbie and EbenSynopsis(1)Widower Ephraim Cabot abandons his New England farm to his three sons,who hate him

45、but share his greed.Eben,the youngest and brightest sibling,feels the farm is his birthright,as it originally belonged to his mother.Synopsis 2)Eben buys out his half-brothers shares of the farm with money stolen from his father,and Peter and Simeon head off to California to seek their fortune.Synop

46、sis 3)Later,Ephraim returns with a new wife,the beautiful and headstrong Abbie,who enters into an adulterous(不忠贞的)affair with Eben.Soon after,Abbie bears Ebens child,but lets Ephraim believe that the child is his,in the hopes of securing her future with the farm.The proud Ephraim is oblivious as his

47、 neighbors openly mock him as a cuckold.Synopsis 4)Madly in love with Eben and fearful it would become an obstacle to their relationship,Abbie kills the infant.An enraged(激怒的)and distraught(烦恼的)Eben turns Abbie over to the sheriff,but not before admitting to himself the depths of his love for her an

48、d thus confessing his own role in the infanticide(杀婴）.Dramatic conflictDramatic conflict（戏剧冲突）Good drama shows characters in confrontation in dynamic relationships that emphasize the differences are force them to transform.Good dramatic conflict pushes characters to express human qualities that reve

49、al a deeper understanding of the story,ourselves and the world around us.Common examples of conflicts Common examples of conflicts from WIKIPEDIA from WIKIPEDIA Man Vs.Self Person Vs.PersonMan Vs.SocietyMan Vs.NatureMan Vs.Machine/TechnologyMan Vs.Destiny Ephraim CabotSimeon&PeterEbenAbbieFreytags A

50、nalysis P&S go to California They returnAbbie seduces Eben;Abbie falls in love with Eben;Abbie has a babyNeighbour mock at CabotAbbie kills the babyEben denounces Abbie to the sheriffThey face their judgment togetherCentral conflict in this playCentral conflict in this playtrue love Vs.property(fort

51、une)&kindred feeling (ties of blood)Abbie kills the babyTheme AnalysisvThe play uses ancient Greek themes of murder and fateful retribution(报应）报应）upon the sinners.vJust as fate leads to a Greek tragedy,the emotional forces of such human desires as jealousy,resentment,lust,and incestuous（乱伦的（乱伦的）love

52、 result in the fatal tragedy in Desire Under the Elms.Desire for wealth makes people lose balance of a healthy mindvIn this drama,every character appearing on the stage shows a desire for wealth.vCabot is a typical representative of Puritans.vHe was selfish,cheap（小气的）（小气的）,cruel and hard（冷酷无情的）（冷酷无情

53、的）.He got properties through his marriage and forced his two ex-wives to work extremely hard until they were abused to death.Desire for wealth makes people lose balance of a healthy mindvDesire for wealth drove Simeon and Peter to California.vIt also drove Abbie to marry Cabot,a rather old man,so that she can get Cabots property.It is from her desire that all the tragedy begin.Desire for true love can transcend any other human desires.v“Desire”in the title of the drama not only refers to desire for wealth but also includes desire for love.This theme is mostly implied in Abbie and Eben.结束结束