英语国家概况Chapter11分析课件

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1、 Chapter 11Chapter 11EconomyEconomyContents History of American Economy Current American Economy General IntroductionUSthe current industrial,economic and technological giantranking first in computer technology,space technology,nuclear energy,and electronics,etc.;producing a major portion of the wor

2、lds machinery,automobiles,oil,electrical energy,and chemicals.Mixed economyemphasizing private ownershipfederal governmentregulating businessesanti-trust laws General IntroductionPrivate businesses produce most goods and services.Two thirds of the output goes to individuals;One third is bought by go

3、vernment and business.“Consumer economy”General Introduction History of American EconomyThe Colonial Period Since American IndependenceThe 20th Century 1231.The Colonial PeriodMassachusettssettled by Pilgrims to escape religious persecutionOther colonieslike Virginia and Pennsylvania,founded as busi

4、ness venturescharter companies contribution to Englands colonizing process of the would-be United States King provided a charter or grant conferring economic rights as well as political and judicial authority1.The Colonial PeriodvEnglish investors turned over colonial English investors turned over c

5、olonial charters to the settlers.charters to the settlers.enormous political implicationsColonists were left to build their own lives,communities,and economy,that is,to construct their new nation1.The Colonial Periodappearance of sawmills(锯木场)and gristmills(磨房)shipyardsbuilding fishing fleets and tr

6、ading vessels small iron forges(冶炼厂)vSecondary industries(Secondary industries(二级产业二级产业)GristmillGristmillIron forgeIron forge1.The Colonial PeriodClear regional patterns of development by the 18th century:New Englandship-building and sailing;Maryland,Virginia,and Carolinastobacco,rice and indigo(靛蓝

7、属植物);New York,Pennsylvania,New Jersey and Delawareshipped crops and furs;The field was open for entrepreneurs(企业家、创业者)among the colonists to establish themselves.1.The Colonial PeriodDisputes over taxation and other matters with Britain:Americansmodification(减轻)of taxes and regulations;demand for mo

8、re self-governmentMounting quarrelleading to war against the British and to independence for the coloniesAmerican Revolution:bolstered(支持、支撑)by an emerging middle classrallying cry“inalienable rights to life,liberty,and property”1.The Colonial Period2.Since American Independence U.S.Constitution est

9、ablished the nation as a unified market.no tariffs or taxes on inter-state commerce;Federal government could regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states,establish uniform bankruptcy laws,create money and regulate its value,fix standards of weights and measures,establish post offices

10、and roads,and fix rules governing patents(专利权、专利品)and copyrights.“intellectual property”vAlexander Hamiltons economic development strategy2.Since American Independence nurture infant industries by providing overt subsidies(公开的补贴)impose protective tariffs(保护性关税)on importscreate a national bank assume

11、 public debts Alexander Hamilton was the first United States Secretary of the Treasury,a Founding Father,economist,and political philosopher.The Industrial Revolution nBy 1860,one third of the nations income came from manufacturing;nCotton cloth production was the leading industry;nUrbanized industr

12、ylimited to the Northeast;nImmigrant workersBetween 1845 and 1855,some 300,000 European immigrants arrived annually.2.Since American Independence Urban IndustrializationTextile Plant2.Since American Independence The Southrural and dependent on the North for capital and manufactured goods Economic po

13、licy under President Lincoln:2.Since American Independence nIn 1861,adoption of a protective tariffnIn 1862,the first Pacific railroad was chartered.nIn 1863 and 1864,a national bank code(银行代码)was drafted.Northern victory in the Civil Warensured the destiny of the nation and its economic systemnslav

14、ery system was abolished,making southern cotton plantations less profitable;nNorthern industry surged ahead:Industrialists domination in social and political affairsDisappearance of the southern planter aristocracy(贵族)2.Since American Independence“Second industrial revolution”an explosion of new dis

15、coveries and inventions:The discovery of oil;The development of typewriter;The invention of telephone,phonograph(速记法),and electric light;Refrigerated railroad cars came into use;Cars were replacing carriages and people were flying in airplanes by the dawn of the 20th century.2.Since American Indepen

16、dence 3.The 20th CenturyExperienced a period of prosperity in the early 20th centurySuffered Great Depression in the 1930snWall Street Crash in October 1929 3.The 20th CenturyPresident Roosevelts New Deal(新政)intervention of the governmentensure that economic opportunities are fair and accessible to

17、the people;prevent flagrant(公然公然的的)abuses of the system;Dampen(抑制抑制)the effects of inflation;stimulate growth.His New Deal was popular with the electorate(选民)and led to a successful reelection in 1936.Reagan Administrations new monetarist(货币主义者)policies in the early 1980scontrol over government spen

18、ding deficitscutting taxes to enhance economic developmentraise of interest ratesGeorge H.W.Bushslow economic recessionClintoneconomic recovery 3.The 20th CenturyII Current American EconomyAgriculture Agriculture 1ManufacturingManufacturing IndustryIndustry2Service IndustryService Industry3High-tech

19、 IndustryHigh-tech Industry4Foreign TradeForeign Trade51.AgricultureConditions for developing agriculture:vastness of the landgenerosity of naturerainfall,rivers and underground water allowing for irrigation where necessaryvAverage American farm462 acres(187 hectares)Success of agriculturelarge capi

20、tal investmentshighly trained labornew methods for raising crops1.AgriculturevModern farmingdisease and drought resistant seedsfertilizers and pesticidesspace technology utilization“Agribusiness”a variety of farm businesses and structures from small,one-family corporations to huge conglomerates（联合企业

21、:由许多不同行业的公司组成的有不同经营范围的大企业）or multinational firmsAmerican farms low-cost outputOne-third of crops for exportEurope,Asia,Africa and Latin America Agricultural imports lag far behind,leaving a surplus in the agricultural balance of trade1.AgricultureFarmersnot work on the farms full-time45 percent with

22、 other occupations240,000 tenant farmersrent land for cash or pay the owner a share of the crops they growmigrant workershired only for a specific choreAgriculture remains the foundation upon which American well-being and prosperity are based.1.Agriculture2.Manufacturing IndustryLarge manufacturing

23、industries employing more than 24 million workersHighly developed military industryAuto companiesFord,General Motors and ChryslerBoeing Aircraft Companycommercial airlinersOther industries:food,clothing,etc.America has formed an industrial system with large productivity.3.Service IndustryTremendous

24、growth in employment in the service sector since the 1970sthree categories:services for the affluentcommercial banking,life insurance,real estate and law serviceswelfare serviceshealth care,education,government and social servicesservices provided by the poorservices to buildings and dwellings,retai

25、l services3.Service IndustryAdvanced service industry4.High-tech IndustryHigh-tech industries ranking first in the worldMore emphasis on space technology,electronics,chemicals and computingSuccessful flight of the space shuttle Leading computer companies in the world Leading engineering and informat

26、ion technology4.High-tech Industry美国计算机协会（Association of Computing Machinery，简称ACM）是一个国际性的科技教育组织，是世界上第一个科学性及教育性计算机学会。ACM致力于提高信息技术在科学、艺术等各行各业的应用水平。5.Foreign TradeUS foreign trade plays a significant role in the economyTrade pattern:from domestic-oriented to internationally-orientedReducing trade barr

27、iers(贸易壁垒)and coordinating the world economic systemPromoting bilateral(双边的)and regional trade to enhance domestic stability and loyalty of alliesExportsabout 10%of the worlds totalMost important products for export office machines,household appliances,chemicals,metal manufactures,petroleum products

28、,etc.Ranking first in export of agricultural productsLeading exporter of civil aircraft,service,technology and weapons5.Foreign TradeAmericabiggest percentage of imports in the worldimport capacity15%of the worlds totalmajor products for importstin,nickel,etc.Industriesbuilt around a continuous supply of essential raw materialsThe largest single-country provider of trade-related assistance5.Foreign TradeGrowth and decline of the U.S.foreign trade volume determine the trend of the world economy.