汉英笔译基础教程第6章人称与物称

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1、LOGO 第6章 人称与物称6.1汉语的人称倾向I 6.2 英语的物称倾向II 6.3汉英翻译中的人称向物称的转换III v例1.Words fail me! （什么事发生在什么人身上）v 我吓得 / 惊得说不出话来！ （什么人怎么样了）v例2. If the pain comes on again, give him another pill.v 如果他再次感到疼痛，就给他再服一片药。v以上例句分别体现了英语重物称和汉语重人称的表达习惯. 第6章 人称与物称 6.1汉语的人称倾向v主要表现在用有灵主语(animate subject)和有灵动词(animate verb)搭配。v例3.该公司

2、二季度共出口各种重型设备39台（件、套），赚取外汇总计260万美元。v译文1: In the second quarter this year, the company sold 39 heavy duty equipment pieces worth a total of US $2.6 million.v译文2：The export of 39 heavy-duty equipment pieces in the second quarter this year has earned the company a total of USD 2.6 million in foreign exc

3、hange. v汉语“无灵主语”与“有灵动词”搭配通常用作一种修辞手段 拟人化，如 “什么风把你吹来的”， “爱情把我们的心连在一起”， “高山低头，河水让路”。v例4.北京目睹过许多伟大的历史事件。vBeijing has witnessed many great historical eventsv例5. 星光很早以前就踏上了旅程。 vThe light from the stars started on its journey long long ago. 6.1汉语的人称倾向 v在无法确定人称时，汉语就采用“有人”、“人们”、“大家”、“人家”、“别人”、“众”、“我们”等泛称：v例6

4、.人们发现这小偷藏有大量赃物。v The thief was found in possession of a large quantity of stolen goods.v例7.众所周知，中国人四千年前就发明了指南针。 v It is well known that the Chinese invented the compass four thousand years ago. 6.1汉语的人称倾向 v若无法采用泛称，则采用无人称（如“无主句”）；当人称或泛称不言而喻时，又常常采用隐称 省略人称。v例8.要使大多数国有大中型亏损企业摆脱困境。v We should extricate m

5、ost of the unprofitable large and medium-sized State enterprises from their predicament. 6.1汉语的人称倾向 v例9.一死了百债。(无主句)v Death pays all debtv例10.大街小巷早就传遍了各种流言蜚语。v Rumors had already spread along the street. 6.1汉语的人称倾向 v物称表达法是英语常见的一种文风，尤其常见于书面语，如公文、新闻、科技论著以及散文、小说等文学作品。这种表达法往往使叙述显得客观、公正，结构趋于严密、紧凑，语气较为委婉、间

6、接。v例11. When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously.v当伦敦动物园接到报告说，在伦敦以南45英里处发现一只美洲狮时，这些报告并没有受到重视。 6.2 英语的物称倾向 v6.2.1.“无灵主语” ( Inanimate subject)和“有灵动词”(animate verb)搭配v1.主语是事物的名称或抽象概念：v例12.面对着满院子灿烂的花，不说一句话，心中的怨恨已全

7、消失。vThe blooming flowers of the yard presenting of color before my eyes quietly dispelled all my grudgesv例13.他没有遵守安全规程，使机器发生意外。v His failure to observe the safety regulations brought an accident to the machine. 6.2 英语的物称倾向 v2.主语是表意识、感觉、心理感觉的词：v例14.我感到很饿，又发现日影移动，这是我明白：自从我睡着以后，太阳一走了很长的路了。v My hunger a

8、nd the shadows together tell me that the sun has done much travel since I fell asleep. 6.2 英语的物称倾向 v3.表见闻的the sight, the thought等构成的物称：v例15.想起辛酸的往事，奶奶就悲伤不已。v The thought of bitter past overwhelmed my grandma with griefv4.可以是时间、具体地点、人生阶段: v例16. 那个寒冷的下午，他独自在雪地里跋涉。v The chilly afternoon found him trudg

9、ing the snow 6.2 英语的物称倾向 v5.表示外因(external cause)和工具(instrument)的词：v例17.因为在市中心当了十年交通警察，他的听力受到了损伤。v A decade of the traffic police job in the city center has hurt his hearing.v例18.The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps. v 我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声也没有。 6.2 英语的物称倾向 v6.2.2非人称代词“it”的广泛使用v1.作先行词，用来替代逻辑主语或

10、逻辑宾语：v例19.It never occurs to me that she is so dishonest.v 我从来没想过他有这么不老实。v2.用来构成强调句型：v例20.It is a good horse that never stumbles(proverb)v 人有失误，马有失蹄。 6.2 英语的物称倾向 v3. 用来指时间、距离、自然现象或虚指情况：v例21.离下一站有60英里。v It is sixty miles to the next station.v例22.Its only half an hours walk to the ferryv 只要走半个钟头就可以到轮渡

11、。v4.惯用法：v例23.How is it with the sick man?v 那病人怎么样了? 6.2 英语的物称倾向 v6.2.3 被动句的使用v例24.The murderer was caught yesterday, and it is said that he will be hangedv 凶手已于昨天被捕，据说他将会被绞死。v例25.Lulled by the gentle motion and soothed by the rippling music of the waves，the babies soon fell asleepv 船儿在轻轻摇荡，波声潺潺悦耳，孩子

12、们不久就睡着了。 6.2 英语的物称倾向 v尤其是用it作为主语的非人称被动式（impersonal passive）, 如 it is believed, it is felt, it is thought 等，往往不说出施动者（doer 或 agent）。这是为了让所叙述的事实或观点以客观、间接和婉转的方式表达出来.v例26.It is said that the rhythm of tides is affected by the moon.v据说潮汐的涨落受月亮的影响。 6.2 英语的物称倾向 v6.2.4 there be句型的使用。v这是英语中一种特殊而常见的句型，也是一种冷静客观

13、的叙述方式，具有明显的物称倾向。汉语表达同样的意思往往直接用人、事物作主语，或用无主句：v例27. In 1958, there was a strike participated in by five thousand workers. v 1958年，五千个工人参加了一次罢工。 6.2 英语的物称倾向 6.3汉英翻译中的人称向物称的转换v6.3.1 用物称代替人称：v例27.他得到一笔优厚的奖学金，便出国到耶鲁大学进修去了。vA sizable grant took him abroad to Yale University. v例28.随着经济实力的增加，中国在继续引进来的同时，也开始稳

14、步地走出去，为繁荣世界经济作出了贡献。vThe increased strength has enabled China, while continuing to introduce foreign technologies, to start her venturing out and contributing our own share to the global prosperity. 6.3汉英翻译中的人称向物称的转换v6.3.2用被动句v例29.几年前发现了一种新的彗星。vA new comet was discovered a couple of years ago.v例30.只要

15、知道电压和电流，就能确定电阻。vThe resistance can be determined provided that the voltage and current are known 6.3汉英翻译中的人称向物称的转换v以“有人”、“人们”、“大家”等泛称作主语的汉语句子往往可译成英语的被动句，用原来的宾语作主语：v例31.人们发现那个失踪的人被捆在卡车后面，昏迷不醒。vThe missing man was found bound and unconscious in the back of a truck.v例32.大家知道，电子是极微小的负电荷.vElectrons are k

16、nown to be minute negative charges of electricity. 6.3汉英翻译中的人称向物称的转换v泛指人称做主语的句子在汉译英时，更常见的处理方法是使用it引导的被动句：v例33.人们普遍认为，孩子们的早年经历在很大程度上决定了他们的性格及其未来的人品。vIt is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality. 6.3汉英翻译中的人称向物称的转换v在

17、翻译无主句或主语省略句时，一般可根据上下文译成被动句，尤其是用it 引导的被动句：v例34.必须保证产品的质量。vThe quality of products must be guaranteed.v例35.可以有把握地说，会议如期召开。vIt may be safely said that the meeting will be held on schedule. 6.3汉英翻译中的人称向物称的转换v汉语含有“据悉”“据说”“据称”等词语的句子，通常用it引导的被动句来翻译：v例36.据说，核电站正在筹建中。vIt is said the nuclear power plants are

18、under preparation for construction.v例37.应该说，情况基本上是正常的。v It should be said that the situation is basically sound. 6.3汉英翻译中的人称向物称的转换v6.3.3运用非人称代词“it”来翻译v1. 用it作形式主语或形式宾语，替代逻辑主语或逻辑宾语，尤其是泛指人称句的翻译：v例38. He made it clear that he wouldnt take the job.v他明确表示不会接受这份工作。v例39.我们认为开支还可以进一步削减。vIt is our idea that

19、expenditure can be further reduced. 6.3汉英翻译中的人称向物称的转换v2. 用it引导的强调句：v例40.人总是在面临考验的关头，才发现自己的专长。vIt is in the hour of trial that a man finds his true profession.v例41.正是因为我们互不相同，每个人才各有千秋vIt is because we are different that each of is special. 6.3汉英翻译中的人称向物称的转换v6.3.4运用there be 句型或用不定代词one 做主语v例42.要当主人，先当仆人。vOne must be a servant before one can be a masterv例43.必须改革旧的教育制度。vThere must be a reformation of the old educational system. 小结v本章通过大量的例证论述，对比分析了汉语人称倾向、英语物称倾向的表现形式，介绍了汉英翻译中实现人称向物称转换的几种方法。我们可以灵活运用不同方法来翻译，实现物称化，译出最地道最合适的译文。