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1、Morphological changeBorrowed affixes e.g.ment(from French)Fusion:the grammaticalization in which words develop into affixes.e.g.P 95 Table 7.2Loss of affixes:the gradual disappearing of case ending and gender ending in English.第1页/共14页Syntactic changeChange of word order p.97 7.3.3Change of negation
2、 rulep.97 7.3.4第2页/共14页Lexical and semantic change Addition of new words Loss of words Changes in the meaning of words 第3页/共14页Addition of new wordsncoinage(创新词)nclipped words(缩略词)nblending(拼缀法)nacronyms(词首字母缩略词)nback-formation(逆构词法)nfunctional shift(功能性变化)nborrowing（借用）第4页/共14页Loss of words Words c
3、an be lost from a language as time goes by.The following words,taken from Romeo and Juliet,have faded out of the English language.Beseem to be suitableWot to knowGyve a fetterWherefore why第5页/共14页Changes in the meaning of words Widening of meaning Narrowing of meaning Meaning shift 第6页/共14页Widening
4、of meaningholiday:+specific holy day +general any rest daytail:+specific tail of a horse +general tail of any animal 第7页/共14页Narrowing of meaninghound:any dog a special kind of dogdeer:any animal a particular kind of animalmeat:food edible part of an animalcorn:grain a particular grain第8页/共14页Meanin
5、g shift inn:a small,old hotel or pub well-known,nice hotelnice:ignorant(1000 years ago)good,finelust:pleasure with negative and sexual overtonessilly:happy nave,foolish 第9页/共14页Some recent trendsMoving towards greater informality The influence of American English The influence of science and technol
6、ogy 第10页/共14页The influence of science and technologySpace travelComputer and internet languageEcology(生态学)第11页/共14页Causes of the language change The rapid development of science and technology;Social and political changes and political needs have supplied the English vocabulary with great quantity o
7、f new words and expressions.More and more women have taken up activities formerly reserved for men,more neutral job titles have been created.Analogic change(类比变化）:“Economy of memory”results in grammar simplification,e.g.dog-dogs,foe-foes -cow-cows(instead of kine)第12页/共14页 Simplification&elaboration/complication coexist,e.g.The disappearing of case ending results in rigid sentence structure.第13页/共14页感谢您的观看！第14页/共14页
新编简明英语语言学教程 第二 戴炜栋 Language Change
