语音课教案-英语语音课教学设计

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1、语音课教案:英语语音课教学设计Teaching Plan for English Pronunciation Practice 英语语音课程教学教案Unit 1B asic Concepts：Syllables,Stress&Rhythm Unit 2Consonants：Stops Unit 3Consonants：Fricatives and Affricates Unit 4Consonants：Nasals,Appro*imants&Literal(s)Unit 5Vowels：Front Vowels&Central Vowels Unit 6Vowels：B ack Vowels

2、Unit 7Vowels：Diphthongs Unit8Stressed Syllables&Unstressed Syllables Unit 9Stressed Words&Unstressed Words in a Sentence Unit 10Strong Forms and Weak Forms Unit 11Linking Unit 12Rhythm of English Speech Unit 13Types of Intonation in EnglishUnit 14Intonation Units of EnglishUnit 15Functions&Uses of E

3、nglish Intonation概论 English Phonemes Study 英语音素学习 1.Some concepts aboutphonology：几个语音学的概念 1)letters：words spelling symbols.字母：词语的拼写符号。2)phonetic elements(phonemel)：voice elements in speaking.音素：语音的要素。3)phonetic symbols：pronunciation symbols.音标：拼读符号。4)phonetic site(phoneme2)：the area a phonetic eleme

4、ntis uttered in the mouth.音位：音素在口腔的发音区域。5)phonetic site variety(allophones)：different forms of the samephonetic element at different stages of the same phonetic sitearea.音位变体：同一音素在同一音位的发音区域不同段位上的不同表现形式。2.Classification of English vowels英语元音的分类：长音 短音 音位 长 音 短 音 音 位 长 音 短 音 音 位 i：i 1 匕：3 4 u：u 6 e 2 A

5、 5：7 纪 3 a：8 前 元 音(不 圆 唇)中 元 音(不 圆 唇)后元音(圆唇)发音特点：在前、中、后各组元音内，按照音位从前往后，开口由小变大；同一音位上，同一音位的长、短音可看作同一音素的音位变体，短音比长音的音位偏后，开口偏大。Moving vowels运 动 音/变 化 音(双 元 音)：sky,die au now,loud is dear,hear ei make,saya u lo w,go a car e,t her e bo y,o il u a s u r e,p o o r 合口 音（向前音）圆唇音向中音发音特点：以ai为例，从 a：开始发音，音位向前移动，中间经

6、过若干音位，到终点i处收拢，整个过程连贯紧凑，浑然一体,音位比普 通 话“爱”字的韵母a i 更前，开口稍小。3.S in gle v o w els （car din al v o w els）u t t er in g p r act ice 单元音发音练习 4.M o v in g v o w els （glidin g v o w els o r dip ht o n gs）u t t er in g p r act ice 运动音发音练习 5.S im ilar v o w els co m p ar at io n 近似音发音区别 练 习 bed m ets et let p et

7、 bad m ad s ad lad p at A bu t m u s t s u ck lo v e p u bbo*m o p s o ft lo s t p o p a：bar m ar k s t ar las t p as t 6.t he v o cal o r gan s（发音器官）:v o cal co r ds 声带，u v u la 小舌，p alat e 腭，t o n gu e 舌头，t o n gu e blade 舌边，lip s 唇，t eet h 牙齿，alv eo lar 齿龈，t he n as al cav it y 鼻腔，t he o r al cav

8、 it y 口腔，p har y n*咽，lar y n*喉 T he co n s o n an t s elem en t s s t u dy 辅音音素学习I .t he co n s t r u ct u r e o f t he E n glis h co n s o n an t s 英语辅音构成 1.（1）清辅音：发音时声带不振动的辅音；（2）浊辅音：发音时声带要振动的辅音。2 .爆破音 p lo s iv e co n s o n an t s：p t k；b d g；摩擦音 fr icat iv eco n s o n an t s：s f 0 J;z v d;h r 鼻音

9、n as al co n s o n an t s：m n r；舌边音（旁流音）lat er al co n s o n an t s：1 ；半元音s em i-v o w els：j w；破擦音 affr icat eco n s o n an t s：t s t J dz d t r dr .I Lp ho n et ic p r act ice 发音练习I I I.har d p o in t s e*p lain at io n 难点解说：J :s hy,s ho w,s har p；汉 语 拼 音 s h（施）一*（西）：先定好发“施”的翘舌动作，在上齿后部发出“西”音，然后去除“*

10、i”的韵母。：p leas u r e,u s u al 汉语拼音 r（日）f y（衣）：chan ge,t each 汉语拼音 ch（吃）f q （七）；d ：char ge,dan ger 汉语拼音 z h（智）j（机）I V.E n glis h t o n gu et w is t er p r act ice 英语绕 口令练习：1.S he s ells t he s hells at t he s ea-s ho r e,an d t he s hells s he s ells ar e s ea-s hells,I m s u r e.C au s e s he s ells

11、t he s hells o n t he s ea-s ho r e,t he s hells s he s ells ar e s ea-s hells fo r s u r e.2.P et er P ip er p icked ap ack o f p ickled p ep p er s.I f P et er P ip er p icked a p ack o f p ickledp ep p er s,ho w m an y p ickled p ep p er s did P et er P ip er p ick?V I.in t er es t in gn u m ber

12、s r ecilt in g p r act ice趣味数字背诵练习：用“流水诵记法”背诵一百位圆周率小数目的：通过这一练习，使学生体验语音节律和联想对记忆的强化和整合作用，使较长的记忆单元变为一个有机的整体，熟练后可达到一气呵成的功效。一口气背完一百位圆周率小数最快仅7 秒。n=3.1 41 5926 53 589793 2 83 462643 3 3 829750 28841 971 693 9 93 751 0 5 820 9749445923 0 781 640 628620 8998 6280 3 48253 421 1 70 679-英语音标教学中非拉丁字母的符号如何输入？方法一、

13、插入字符。在 w o r d 中，不同字体的字符容量是不同的，M icr o s o ft R er er a n ce S a n sS er if等字体包含了非拉丁字母的其他国际音标符号。输入方法如下：使 用“插入”一“符号”-“字体”选择:1、M icr o s o ft R er er a n ce S a n s S er if：s e e 9 A Sd/30 a 日 d3 2、“M s G o t hicw：a I f 3、“M s M in cho ：由 4、aL u cida S a n s U n ico deM：，：$E 3 AS9 A O06 J3r)：a eaA oGd

14、/sqal Jo0 S J 3 r)a4 方法二：利用在线服务输入,复制并粘贴到wo r d上。网址:1、方法三：利用网络上的英语音标在线学习网页。网址:1、2、-s o u n ds ip a.h t m 方法四：利用网络在线词典，查出单词的注音，复制并粘贴到wo r d上。在线词典：G iga M edia,T a iwa n 在线英汉词典：.t w/Y a ho o 奇摩线上英汉字典：/韦氏大字典网络版M er r ia m-W eb s t er O n-lin eD ict io n a r y ht t p：/diet.ht m剑桥线上辞典 C a m b r idge D ict

15、 io n a r ies O n-lin e ht t p：/diet,ht m 方法五：将这些音标复制下来，保存为一个专门的文档，要用时就复制过去。A a：H e9 0 E J 音位标记（中括号）：长音符号：:重音符号：次重音符号：,元音：史 9 e a 0 a ：辅音：d/A 3 t n 说明：网页上出现的方框的”,表明该网页的显示字体库中没有相应字符，无法正常显示.U n it 1 L es s o n P la n B a s ic C o n cep t s：S y lla b les,S t r es s&R hy t hm （教案：附要点、重点和难点）D a t e：S ep

16、t.1 6-20 C la s s：C la s s es 1,2&3,G r a de 20 0 2 S u b ject：E n glis h P r o n u n cia t io n P r a ct iceP u r p o s e：T he s t u den t s will lea r n s o m e b a s ic co n cep t s in E n glis h p r o n u n cia t io n.W e a r e go in g t o lea r n s o m et hin g a b o u t s y lla b les,s t r es

17、s a n d r hy t hm in E n glis h.At t he s a m e t im e,t hey will lea r n t o s a y gr eet in gs a n d fa r ewell wit ha p p r o p r ia t e p r o n u n cia t io n a n d in t o n a t io n in E n glis h.O b ject iv es：S t u den t s will b e a b le t o ：1.D efin e-in t heir o wn wo r ds a defin it io n

18、 fo r “s y lla b le”a n dus t r es s ed s y lla b le”,t hen a defin it io n fo r “r hy t hm”a n d ur hy t hm icp a t t er n“；2.C o m p a r e-b a s ed o n t he u n der s t a n din g o f t hep a r e t he degr eeso f s t r es s a n d differ en t r hy t hm ic p a t t er n s；3.P r a ct ice-im it a t e t

19、het y p ica l s t r es s p a t t er n s a n d r hy t hm ic p a t t er n s in E n glis h.R es o u r ces/M a t er ia ls：1.T e*t b o o k：W a n g,G u iz hen,An E n glis h P r o n u n cia t io n C o u r s e,H igherE du ca t io n P r es s,B eijin g,20 0 0；2.H a n do u t s：illu s t r a t io n o f s t r es

20、sp a t t er n s a n d r hy t hm ic p a t t er n；3.R eco r din gs o f n a t iv e s p ea ker sAct iv it ies a n d P r o cedu r es：1.B egin b y a s kin g t he cla s s t o fin d o u t ho w m u ch t he s t u den t s kn o w a b o u ts t r es s p a t t er n s a n d r hy t hm ic p a t t er s in E n glis h,m

21、 a ke s u r e t ha t it s er v est he p u r p o s e o f s t im u la t in g t he s t u den t s t o t hin k a b o u t t he is s u e a n d ha v et he des ir e t o fin d o u t t he a n s wer s t hem s elv es.2.D is p la y e*a m p les b y p la y in gt he r eco r din g o f t he n a t iv e s p ea ker s s h

22、o win g t he t y p ica l s t r es s p a t t er s a n dr hy t hm ic p a t t er n s in E n glis h.3.As k t he s t u den t s t o lis t en t o t he t a p est o m a r k o u t t he s t r es s ed s y lla b les in wo r ds.4.As k t he s t u den t s t o lis t ent o t he t a p es t o m a r k o u t t he s t r e

23、s s ed wo r ds in s en t en ces.5.H a v e t he s t u den t sim it a t e t he s t r es s p a t t er n s a n d r hy t hm ic p a t t er n s t o e*p er ien ce t he r hy t hmin s p eech.6.H a v e t he s t u den t s s ha r e wha t t hey ha v e ea r n ed b y r ea din g o u tt he p r a ct ice m a t er ia ls

24、 in p a ir s.7.H a v e t he s t u den t s lis t en t o t heco n v er s a t io n s r eco r ded b y n a t iv e s p ea ker s o f E n glis h a n d t r y t o get t her hy t hm ic p a t t er n s in t heir s p eech.8.H a v e t he s t u den t s p r a ct ice t he gu idedco n v er s a t io n.As k t hem t o p

25、a y s p ecia l a t t en t io n t o t he s t r es s t he r hy t hmin s p eech.9.H ighlight t he la n gu a ge fu n ct io n in t he co n v er s a t io n in t he p r a ct ice.1 0.H a v e s ev er a l p a ir s o f t he s t u den t s p r es en t t heir co n v er s a t io n in t hecla s s.1 1.C o m m en t o

26、 n t he s t u den t s p er fo r m a n ce b y highight in g t hea chiev em en t o f t he s t u den t s a n d t he effo r t s t hey n eed fo r t he im p r o v em en t.1 2.As k t he s t u den t s t o do m o r e p r a ct ice a ft er cla s s a n d get r ea dy fo rp r es en t a t io n du r in g t he n e*t

27、 s es s io n.附：要点、重点和难点 U n it 1 B a s ic C o n cep t s：S y lla b les,S t r es s&RhythmIn this unit,we are going to learn some basic concepts in Englishpronunciation.W e are going to learn something about syllables,stress andrhythm in English.At the same time,we are going to learn to say greetingsan

28、d farewell with appropriate pronunciation and intonation in English.First of al 1,le t s look at the syllable in Eng ish.Please listen tothe following word：driveway.Now,tell me,how many syllables there arein this word?Right.There are two.Please listen to the following sentence：Drive him away.Tell me

29、,how many syllables there are in this sentence?Right.There are four.Introduction So.What is a syllable?A syllable is a word part and thebasic unit of English rhythm.English words can have one,two,three or evenmore syllables.In the word driveway,there are two syllables.In thesentence iDrive him away,

30、there are four.What is a stressed syllable?In English words with more than onesyllable,one of them will receive more stress than the others.Stressedsyllables are those that are marked in the dictionary as stressed.Fore*ample,in the word driveway,the first syllable is a stressed syllablewhile the sec

31、ond syllable is not.Stressed syllables in English are usually longer,louder,and higherin pitch.Listen to the following e*ample：baN A A A AnaS y lla b le 1 S y lla b le 2S y lla b le 3(s ho r t)(lo n g)(s ho r t)T he wo r d Mb a n a n aH ha s 3 s y lla b les.S y lla b le 1 is n o t s t r es s eda n d

32、 s o is s ho r t.S y l la b le 2 is s t r es s ed a n d s o is lo n g wit h a clea r v o wels o u n d/B：/.S y lla b le 3 is n o t s t r es s ed a n d s o is a ls o s ho r t.H er e is a s ho r ts u m m a r y a b o u t t he s t r es s ed a n d u n s t r es s ed s y lla b les：S t r es s ed s y lla b le

33、s a r e s t r o n g s y lla b les.U n s t r es s ed s y lla b les a r e wea ks y lla b les.S t r es s ed s y lla b les：一 a r e lo n g-ha v e a p it ch cha n ge-ha v e fu l 1 v o wels o u n ds.U n s t r es s ed s y lla b les：-a r e s ho r t -o ft en ha v e a r edu ced v o wel s o u n d.N o w let s lo

34、 o k a t t he r hy t hm in E n glis h.W e a ll kn o w t ha t co r r ectp r o n u n cia t io n o f t he in div idu a l E n glis h s o u n ds is im p o r t a n t inco m m u n ica t io n.T he wa y t he s o u n ds a r e o r ga n iz ed,ho wev er,is o ft en m o r ecr u cia l fo r u n der s t a n din g.T h

35、e r hy t hm o f E n glis h,fo r e*a m p le,is o n e o ft he t wo m a jo r o r ga n iz in g s t r u ct u r es t ha t n a t iv e s p ea ker s r ely o n t o p r o ces ss p eech.W ha t is r hy t hm?R hy t hm ca n b e fo u n d ev er y wher e in life：t he s o u n d o fa clo ck,t he b ea t in g o f t he he

36、a r t,t he s t r o kes o f a s wim m er,a n d o f co u r s ein p o et r y a n d m u s ic.B u t r hy t hm in la n gu a ge is les s fa m ilia r b eca u s e it isles s o b v io u s.T he r hy t hm o f a la n gu a ge is cha r a ct er iz ed b y t he t im in g p a t t er nof successive syllables.In some la

37、nguages,every syllable is given aboutthe same length,while in others,syllables vary in length.In English,strong beats are called stress-the heart of the rhythmic pattern.第 1 单元基本概念：音节、重音与节奏本单元将向大家介绍英语语音语调的基本概念，主要介绍英语语音的音节、重音和节奏规律。首先，让我们先来看看英语的音节：单词driveway有两个音节。句子Drive him away有四个音节。何 谓“音节”？音节是一个言语单

38、位，常常比一个语音长，但比一个单词短。一个英语单词可以有一个、两个三个或更多的音节。就像我们刚看到的单词driveway有两个音节，句子Drive him away有四个音节。同时，音节又是英语发音节奏的最基本的单位。何 谓“重读音节”？如果一个英语单词中拥有两个或两个以上的音节，其中一个音节会比其周围的音节要响亮些。重读音节通常在词典中有所标注。例如，单词driveway的第一个音节就是重读音节，而它的第二个音节就是非重读音节。英语中的重读音节在发音过程中往往要比非重读音节要长一些，响亮一些，同时音调也稍高一些。例如，“banana”一词有三个音节。第一个音节是非重音，所以发音所需时间比较短

39、。第二个音节是重读，所以元音/B：/发的比较长，清晰响亮。第三个音节同样属非重音，所以发音所需时间也很短。可见，重读音节与非重读音节分别有以下特征：重读音节：1.声音响亮2.延续时间较长3.音调较高非重读音节：1.延续时间 较 短 2.元音发音弱化英语话语节奏：学会发好每一个英语音素，是学好英语语音的基础，正确的发音在语言交流中非常重要。然而，语音的组合方式对于听者的理解也起着至关重要的作用。英语的话语节奏就是其中之一。何 谓“英语话语节奏”？节奏在我们的日常生活中无所不在：滴答转动的钟表声，砰砰不停的心脏跳动，游泳的划水节拍，优美诗句和音乐的韵律，这些都是节奏的体现。话语节奏与前面我们所提到

40、的日常生活中显而易见的节奏不同之处在于：语言中的话语节奏不是那么明显与绝对。语言中的节奏特征是由一连串音节的长短来体现的。有一些语言的话语特点是：每一个音节的音长呈大致相同的趋势，这种音节彼此距离大致相等的现象被称为“以音节定时”节奏。汉语的话语节奏就有这样的倾向。例如，当我说：“面包加牛奶”，这里含5 个音节，所需的时间暂且定为5 个时段。如果我要说：“一片面包加一杯牛奶”，这里含9个音节，所需的时间就是9 个时段。英语的话语节奏则显不同的趋势。例如，在bread and milk”短 语 中,音 节 数 是 三 个,其 中 bread与 milk是重读音节。在 some bread and

41、 some milk”这一短语中，音节数是5 个，其中重读的也是“bread”与“milk”。虽然这两个短语的音节数不同，但是在话语中，它们所需的时间却是大致相同的，因为它们有一个共同点：重读音节数相同。这种重读音节彼此距离相等的现象就是“以重音定时”节奏。掌握这一英语话语的节奏规律。对于提高我们英语口语的流利程度和自然程度以及英语听力理解快速解码的能力至关重要。正因为如此，我们将重音与节奏的学习放在中心与突出的位置，从第一单元的概念介绍开始，贯穿整个语音课程学习的始终。Unit 2 Lesson Plan Consonants：Stops（教案：附要点、重点和难点）Date：Sept.23-

42、27 Class：Classes 1,2&3,G rade 2002 Subject：En g l i s h Pr o n u n c i a t i o n Pr a c t i c ePu r p o s e：Th e s t u d e n t s w i l l l e a r n t h e s t o p c o n s o n a n t s i n En g l i s h.Ob j e c t i v e s：St u d e n t s w i l l b e a b l e t o ：1.De f i n e -i n t h e i r o w n w o r d s

43、 a d e f i n i t i o n f o r “s t o p s“；2.Co m p a r e -b a s e d o n t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e p a r e s t o p s a n d o t h e rc o n s o n a n t s；3.Pr a c t i c e -i m i t a t e t h e s o u n d s a n d d o p r a c t i c e.Re s o u r c e s/Ma t e r i a l s ：1.Te*t b o o k：Wa n g,G

44、u i z h e n,An En g l i s h Pr o n u n c i a t i o n Co u r s e,Hi g h e rEd u c a t i o n Pr e s s,Be i j i n g,2000；2.Ha n d o u t s：i 1 l u s t r a t i o n o f t h e p h o n e m e s i n f o c u s；3.Re c o r d i n g s o f n a t i v e s p e a k e r sAc t i v i t i e s a n d Pr o c e d u r e s：1.St

45、i m u l a t i n g：Be g i n b y a s k i n g t h e c l a s s t o f i n d o u t h o w m u c h t h e s t u d e n t sk n o w a b o u t w h a t t h e y a r e r e q u i r e d t o l e a r n.Ma k e s u r e t h a t i t s e r v e s t h ep u r p o s e o f s t i m u l a t i n g t h e s t u d e n t s t o t h i n

46、k a b o u t t h e i s s u e a n d h a v e t h ed e s i r e t o f i n d o u t t h e a n s w e r s t h e m s e l v e s.2.Di s p l a y e*a m p l e s b y p l a y i n g t h e r e c o r d i n g o f t h e n a t i v e s p e a k e r s s h o w i n gt h e t y p i c a l p r o n u n c i a t i o n i n En g l i s

47、h.3.As k t h e s t u d e n t s t o l i s t e n t o t h e t a p e s t o m a k e a g o o d d i s c r i m i n a t i o no f t h e s o u n d s i n f o c u s.4.Ha v e t h e s t u d e n t s i m i t a t e t h e s o u n d i n f o c u s.5.Ha v e t h e s t u d e n t s s h a r e w h a t t h e y h a v e l e a r

48、n e d b y r e a d i n g o u t t h ep r a c t i c e m a t e r i a l s i n p a i r s.6.Ha v e t h e s t u d e n t s l i s t e n t o t h e c o n v e r s a t i o n s r e c o r d e d b y n a t i v es p e a k e r s o f En g l i s h a n d t r y t o g e t t h e s o u n d s i n f o c u s c o r r e c t i n t

49、h e i rp r o n u n c i a t i o n.7.Ha v e t h e s t u d e n t s p r a c t i c e t h e g u i d e d c o n v e r s a t i o n.As k t h e m t o p a ys p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n t o t h e s o u n d s i n f o c u s i n s p e e c h.8.Hi g h l i g h t t h e l a n g u a g e f u n c t i o n i n t h e c o n

50、 v e r s a t i o n i n t h e p r a c t i c e.9.Ha v e s e v e r a l p a i r s o f t h e s t u d e n t s p r e s e n t t h e i r c o n v e r s a t i o n i n t h e c l a s s.10.Co m m e n t o n t h e s t u d e n t sy p e r f o r m a n c e b y h i g h l i g h t i n g t h e a c h i e v e m e n to f t h

51、e s t u d e n t s a n d t h e e f f o r t s t h e y n e e d f o r t h e i m p r o v e m e n t.11.As k t h es t u d e n t s t o d o m o r e p r a c t i c e a f t e r c l a s s a n d g e t r e a d y f o r p r e s e n t a t i o nd u r i n g t h e n e*t s e s s i o n.附：要点、重点和难点Un i t 2Co n s o n a n t s

52、：St o p sTn t h i s u n i t,w e w i l l l e a r n t h e s t o p c o n s o n a n t s i n En g l i s h.Th e s t o p c o n s o n a n t s a r e m a d e b y c o m p l e t e l y s t o p p i n g t h e a i r f l o w a t s o m ep o i n t i n t h e m o u t h a n d t h e n,f o r m o s t p r o d u c t i o n s,r

53、 e l e a s i n g i t i n t o t h es o u n d t h a t f o l l o w s.Th e r e a r e s i*s t o p s i n En g l i s h：/p/a n d /b/a r e f o r m e db y t h e l i p s,/t/a n d /d/a r e m a d e o n t h e g u m r i d g e b e h i n d t h e u p p e r t e e t h,and/k/and/g/occur at the back of the mouth where th

54、e tongue makes a wealwith the soft palate,/p/,/t/,/k/are voiceless stops as they are notaccompanied by vibration from the laryn*,while/b/,/d/,/g/are the voicedstops.These stops are among the most frequent sounds in English and havefairly consistent spellings./p/and/b/You pronounce the/p/and/b/by sto

55、pping the airstream with you lips,building up pressure and suddenly releasing the air.They can be used atthe beginning,middle and end of words.The following are some of theallophonic variations of/p/and/b/.Allophonic variations of/p/：urrenceE*ampleAspirated release in initial word and stressed posit

56、ions poke p-Unreleased in word final positiontop ten p Unaspirated release in clusters,esp.after/s/spot p：Lengthening,when an arresting/p/is followedby a releasing/p/Stop Pete.p(Nasal release,before a syllabic nasalStop him.Allophonic variations of/b/：urrenceE*ampleUnreleased in word final positionr

57、ob b：lengthened when an arresting/b/is followedby a releasing/b/Rob Bob.b(Nasal resonance,before a syllabic nasalRob him./t/and/d/The/t/sound is one of the most frequent in English and occur in allthree positions at the word level.It has many variations and is a veryinteresting and productive sound

58、in the language,/d/is not as frequentin English nor does it have the number of varieties that/t/has.Youpronounce them by blocking the airstream with the tongue and upper gum ridge,building up air pressure and suddenly releasing it.The following are someof the allophonic variations of/t/and/d/：Alloph

59、onic variations of/t/：urrenceE*ampleAspirated release in word initial and stressed positions tape t-Unreleased in word final positioncoat t Unaspirated release in consonant cluster,esp.with/s/stop tODentalized before/P/eighth t(Nasal release,before a syllabic nasalbutton RFlapped,intervocalicallylet

60、ter?Glottal stop,before syllabic n or 1button t：Lengthening,when an arresting/t/is followedby a releasing/t/let Tim tSr8Affrication of initial position/tr/trainAllophonic variations of/d/：urrenceE*cimpleDentalized before an interdentalwidth d-Unreleased in word final positiondad del Bi lateral relea

61、se wi th/I/p a d l o c k d(Na s a l r e l e a s e,b e f o r e a s y l l a b i c n a s a lb r e a dnn b u t t e r R Fl a p p e d,i n t e r v o c a l i c a l l yl a d d e r d：Le n g t h e n i n g,w h e n a n a r r e s t i n g /d/i s f o l l o w e db y a r e l e a s i n g /d/s a d Da v e d 3r Af f r i

62、c a t i o n o f i n i t i a l p o s i t i o n /d r/d r a i n/k/a n d /g/Yo u p r o d u c e /k/a n d /g/b y b l o c k i n g t h e b r e a t h-s t r e a m w i t h t h e b a c k o ft h e t o n g u e a n d s o f t p a l a t e,b u i l d i n g u p t h e p r e s s u r e,a n d s u d d e n l y r e l e a s i

63、n gi t.Th e h a r d-c”,a s i n c a t,a n d t h e l e t t e r k a c c o u n t f o r m o s t o f t h es p e l l i n g s o f /k/,b u t t h e r e i s a l s o a s i l e n t-k i n w o r d s s u c h a s k n o w a n dk n i g h t.Th e s p e l l i n g o f /g/i s c o n s i s t e n t i n En g l i s h,a l t h o

64、u g h t h e r e i s as i l e n t v e r s i o n i n w o r d s s u c h a s g n a s h a n d g n a t.Bo t h /k/a n d /g/c a n o c c u ra t t h e b e g i n n i n g,m i d d l e,a n d e n d o f w o r d s i n En g l i s h.Th e f o l l o w i n g a r es o m e o f t h e a l l o p h o n i c v a r i a t i o n s

65、o f /k/a n d /g/：Al l o p h o n i c v a r i a t i o n s o f /k/：u r r e n c eE*a m p l eAs p i r a t e d r e l e a s e i n w o r d i n i t i a l a n d s t r e s s e d p o s i t i o n s k e e p k-Unreleased in word final positiontake kUnaspirated release in consonant cluster,esp.with/s/sky k：Lengthen

66、ing,when an arresting/k/is followedby a releasing/k/take Kim k(Nasal release,before a syllabic nasalbeacon kel Bilateral release with/I/clock c or kAssimilated to a front soundkeen?Glottal stop,before syllabic nRounded,before a rounded soundquarterAllophonic variations of/g/：urrenceE*ampleUnreleased in word final position and some clustersflag g：Lengthening,when an arresting/g/is followedby a releasing/g/big grapes g61 B ilateral release before/I/glad g(Nasal release,before a syllabic nasalpig a