牛津译林版八年级下册8BUnit1--Unit4期中复习梳理

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1、牛津译林版八年级下册8BUnit1- Unit4期中复习梳理一、语法和句型【知识梳理】1It moved up over my stomach and neck until it was standing near my face. (P50)它爬上我的肚子和脖子，直到（它）来到我的脸上。until conj. 直到【拓展】 until用于肯定句中，表示主句的动作一直持续到从句动作发生或状态出现时为止。一般可译为“_”。在这种用法中，主句的谓语动词必须是持续动词（非瞬间动词），如live, wait, last, love, like, stay, work, continue等。e.g.:

2、I will wait until you come back. until用于否定句中，表示主句的动作在从句的动作发生之前尚未发生，或者说主句的动作在从句的动作发生之后才开始。一般可译为“_”。e.g.: I didnt leave until the rain stopped.直到雨停了我才离开。 until后面的从句中不能用一般将来时，应该用一般现在时代替，即“_”。e.g.: He will stay here until his mother comes back.2疑问词加动词不定式(1) 句法功能：“ wh-词不定式” 主要用作宾语或者宾语补足语，跟在动词decide, forg

3、et, advise, discuss, remember, understand, think, teach等之后。e.g.: We must think what to do. I cant decide whom to invite. Daniel taught himself how to use a computer to draw. 除用作宾语外，还可用作主语、表语等。e.g.: When to leave has not been decided.何时离开还没有决定。 The question is how to find him.问题是如何找到他。 【易错点拨】(2) 注意点：

4、 若动词不定式的动词为不及物动词，需要加上后面的介词。e.g. Daniel did not say who to talk to about this book. I dont know who to turn to for help when I have problems. 原则上说，why后不接不定式：误：Kitty explained why to be late for school.正：Kitty explained why she was late for school. 不过若不定式不带to，则可用why。e.g.: Why not go there at once?Why

5、argue with her?但这类结构通常只用于谈论现在和将来，不用于谈论过去。误：Why not clean the room yesterday?正：Why didnt you clean the room yesterday? 【易错点拨】(3) how用于该结构的注意点：有些动词后接“how不定式”作宾语时，how可以省略：e.g.: Did you learn (how) to drive a car?你学过开车吗？但是，有些动词后面接“疑问词how不定式”作宾语时，尽管其中的how在汉语中无需译出，但不能将how省略。e.g.: He knows how to play the

6、piano.He showed her how to swim. (4)“疑问词十不定式”结构可以和复合句转换。e.g.: He asked where he would go shopping after supper.He asked where to go shopping after supper. 【典例讲解】例1: 同义句转换The teacher asked us how we could help him.The teacher asked us_ _ _ him. 例2: He didnt know where_ his brother.A. find B. to find

7、C. to finding D. finding例3: -Excuse me. Could you please tell me_ my car? -Sure. Park it right here. Ill help you.A. how to stop B. where to parkingC. where to stop D. when to park 例4: 他不知道和谁谈有关旅行的计划。He doesnt know_ _ _ _ about the travel plan.3must& have to(1) 意义区别两词都是“必须”的意思，have to表示客观的需要，must表示说

8、话人主观上的看法，即主观上的必要。e.g.: My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。（客观上需要做这件事）He said that they must work hard.他说他们必须努力工作。（主观上要做这件事） (2) 形式的区别 have to有人称、数和时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。e.g.: He had to look after his sister yesterday. 昨天他不得不照顾他的妹妹。 否定结构：h

9、ave to的否定结构为：dont have to do表示“不必”= neednt do而must的否定结构为mustnt 表示“禁止”，“绝对不可以”。e.g.: You dont have to tell him about it你不一定要把此事告诉他。You mustnt tell him about it你一定不要把这件事告诉他。 (3) 联系Must引导的疑问句可以用dont have to/ neednt来回答。e.g.: Must I finish my homework now?No, you dont have to. / neednt. 【典例讲解】例1: You_ sm

10、oke in public.A. mustnt B. neednt C. wouldnt D. may not 例2: Its late. I_ sleep here.A. must B. have to C. has to D. had to 例3: 作为一名学生，你必须按时上交作业。As a student, you _ hand in your homework on time.4现在完成时特殊情况1. 现在完成时强调的是过去发生的动作对现在的影响，所以若是过去发生的一个动作，现在情况已经发生的变化，则不用现在完成时，而用一般过去时。e.g.: I put my ruler in my

11、pencil-box, but I cant find it now. 批注：若用I have put my ruler in my pencil-box, 则过去的动作put对现在的影响是“尺子还在笔袋里”，但实际上我现在找不到了，说明现在情况发生了变化，不用现在完成时。 【典例讲解】例1：My father _(work) in a factory for five years. But now he is a teacher. 2. 现在完成时不与when引导的特殊疑问句连用, when后只用一般过去时表示已发生的动作。但现在完成时可与where, why等疑问词连用。e.g.: -Th

12、e train has left. -When did the train leave?e.g.: Where have you been?【典例讲解】例1: When _you _ your dictionary?A. did; lose B. has; lost C. will; lose D. does; lose 3. 现在完成时五大句型：1) Its +一段时间+since(或It has been +一段时间+since)e.g.: It is 8 years since I came to Nanjing. = It has been 8 years since I came t

13、o Nanjing.2) This is the +形容词最高级+ 名词+ that +从句（从句用现在完成时）e.g.: This is the saddest film that I have ever seen.3) Where have you been?4) There have/ has been e.g.: There have been great changes to my hometown in the past two years.5) It is the first / second/ time that+从句（从句用现在完成时）e.g.: It is the firs

14、t time that I have visited Beijing.5一般过去时和现在完成时时间状语的区别时态时间状语一般过去时yesterday, the other day (= a few days ago), last, ago, the day before yesterday, just now, in +过去时间现在完成时already, ever, just, recently, (not) yet, so far (迄今为止), up to now, till now, since, never, before 批注：老师讲解时，需要提醒学生养成良好的做题习惯，解题时，若出

15、现明确的过去时间状语，则不用现在完成时态，而用一般过去时。 【典例讲解】例1: Julies father _ to London last month. He _ there three times.A. went; had gone B. has gone; has been C. went; has been D. has been; had gone例2: -How long have you _here? -For two days. I _here the day before yesterday.A. been; came B. come; came C. came; came

16、D. been; been例3: -Have you ever been to Shanghai, Mary? -Yes, I _there for three days with my parents last month.A. have gone B. have been C. went D. was 6一般过去时和现在完成时结构上的区别时态结构一般过去时主语+ was/ were+其他主语+ 动词过去式+其他现在完成时主语+has/ have +动词过去分词7现在完成时与一般过去时用法异同1. 相同点：两个时态都表示一个在过去完成的动作。 2. 不同点：现在完成时强调的是与现在的关系，对

17、现在产生的结果或影响等，属于现在时范围，谈论的是现在的情况；一般过去时只表示动作在过去某一时刻发生，不表示和现在的关系，现在情况可能已发生变化。e.g.: Who opened the door?谁开的门？(只强调过去开门这一动作，门现在可能已关上。)Who has opened the door?谁把门开了？(强调门现在依然还开着。)【典例讲解】例1: -Tom, Can I borrow your magazine? -Sorry, I _it to Mary.A. lent B. have lent C. had lent D. lend 例2: I left my pen in the

18、 desk and now its gone, who _it?A. took B. has taken C. will take D. had taken8延续性动词和非延续性动词的用法（1）现在完成时与一段时间连用时应注意句中的谓语动词必须是延续性动词，非延续性动词不能和一段时间连用。如：翻译：这本书我从图书馆已经借了两个多星期了。误：I have already borrowed the book for over two weeks.正：I have already kept the book for over two weeks. （2）非延续性动词与一段时间状语连用时可采用将非延续

19、性动词转化为延续性动词的方式。如：comebe here；gobe there; die-be dead; borrow-keep; buy-have; join-be in(be a member);leave-be away等。非延续性动词延续性动词现在完成时形式borrowkeepShe has kept this book for three weeks.leavebe awayThey have been away from home for two days.arrive/reach/get/movebe in/atKitty has been in Hong Kong for a

20、 e/gobe in/atMy mum has been in Beijing for two months.begin/startbe onThe film has been on for an hour.stop/finish/endbe overThe meeting has been over for two hours.diebe deadThe lamb has been dead for some time.joinbe in/be a member ofSimon has been a member of the Football Club since last year.be

21、comebeHow long has your sister been a teacher?openbe openThe shop has been open for ten hours.closebe closedThe market has been closed since 2010.buyhaveHe has had this motorcycle for two years.fall asleepbe asleepThe dog has been asleep for several hours.catch a coldhave a coldHow long have you had

22、 a cold?fall illbe illMike has been ill for ten years.get marriedbe marriedThey have been married for fifteen years.get upbe upThey have been up for two e backbe backThe lost cat has been back since last night.go outbe outThe old man has been out since last Friday.【易错点拨】补充强调一下，非延续性动词可以用于现在完成时，只是不能与一

23、段时间连用。9since和 for 的用法区别和联系(1)since的用法A. since后可加时间点例：They have been here since last week.B. since引导时间状语从句时，后面的时间状语从句动词用一般过去时，主句动词用现在完成时例：They have learned English since they were 10 years old.(2)for的用法：for后加一段时间。They have learned English for ten years.(3)since 和 for 用法的相互转换：for +一段时间= since+ 一段时间+ a

24、goThey have learned English for ten years. = They have learned English since ten years ago.(4)对since和for的提问用how long。如：-How long have you been in Nanjing?-For three years. / Since three years ago. 【典例讲解】用for, since, ago填空。1. Sally has been away from London _ last Saturday.2. Our school has changed a

25、 lot _ the new building was built.3. Tommy has had this motorcycle _ three years.4. I have been in Nanjing _ eight years.5. My parents has been married since twenty years _.6. My cousin joined the army three months _.10have/ has been to, have/ has gone to, have/ has been in的区别（1）have/ has been to：曾经

26、去过，强调以往的经历。如： The old man has been to Egypt when he was young.（2）have/ has gone to：去了某地，强调还没有回来。如： -Where is your uncle? - He has gone to the supermarket.（3）have/ has been in：待在某地，住在某地。如： 【典例讲解】用have(has) been 或have(has) gone 填空。A: Where _ Li Fei _?B: He _ to Hainan Island.A: How long _ he _ there?B

27、: He _ there for three days.A: When will he come back, do you know?B: Im afraid he wont come back recently.A: Could you tell me the way to Hainan Island?B: Sorry, I _ never _ there.A: How many times _ Li Fei _ to that place?B: He _ there only once.11动词的过去分词的用法 规则动词的过去分词的构成1.大多数的动词的过去分词是规则的，只需在动词后加-e

28、d；例如： workworked listenlistened jumpjumped visitvisited2.在以-e结尾的动词后只加-d；例如： closeclosed likeliked agreeagreed movemoved3.在以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，应将y改为i再加ed；例如： studystudied carrycarried trytried worryworried4.以重读闭音节结尾的动词，要双写末尾的辅音字母再加-ed；例如： stopstopped dropdropped 不规则动词的过去分词的构成1. 有些动词的原形和过去分词相同；例如： putput hur

29、thurt becomebecome runrun2.改变单词中间元音字母；例如： sitsat winwon holdheld3.把单词结尾的字母d改为t；例如： lendlent spendspent sendsent4.以eep结尾的动词，把eep改为ept；例如： keepkept sleepslept5. 过去分词以aught或ought结尾；例如： teachtaught buybought6.以ay结尾的动词，把ay变成aid；例如： saysaid paypaid7.在原形词尾加n或en；例如： givegiven eateaten12since 和for用法区别(1)sinc

30、e的用法：since 后面加点时间，如since nearly three years ago或since2008. since引导时间状语从句时，后面的时间状语从句动词用一般过去时。(2) for的用法：for后加一段时间。【拓展】since/for 可以通过ago进行同义句转换。例：1.They have worked in the factory since ten months ago.= They have worked in the factory for ten years 2.We have learned English for nearly three years. =We

31、 have learned English since three years ago. 3.I have had a cold _ last Saturday, I have had a cold _ 5 days. I have had a cold _ 5 days ago.所以：_ 5 days= _ 5 days ago【典例讲解】例1： I havent seen you _ last Friday.A. for B. since C. from D. on例2：Mr. White came to our school in 2008, and since then he _ us

32、 English. A. teaches B. taught C. has taught D. will teach【例题精讲】例1- Have you decided _ to Beijing, the capital of China?-Yes. Ill go there by plane. Its faster than by train.A. when to goB. how to goC. who to goD. where to go例2An accident _ on this road last week.A. has been happenedB. was happenedC

33、. is happenedD. happened例3She has had the bike for 5 years. (对划线部分提问)_ _ has she had the car?例4- Have you ever _ to Holland Flowers in Dafeng, Yancheng.-Yes. I _ there with my family last April.A. gone; wentB. been; went toC. been; wentD. gone; was in【巩固练习】1They are talking about how _ (translate) t

34、he sentence into English.2-Hello. May I speak to Marry?-Sorry, she _ to the supermarket. May I take a message?A. has beenB. has goneC. wentD. goes3-How long can I _ the book?-For two weeks. And you mustnt _ it to others.A. borrow; keep B. keep; lendC. keep; borrowD. borrow; lend二、重点词汇【知识梳理】1How long

35、 can I keep the books? (P58) 这些书我可以保留多长时间？keep v. 保留【辨析】词汇辨析：borrow, lend和keep的区别：_ e.g.: Can you lend me your bike? Who did you borrow the book from? 批注：borrow意为“借进”，常和介词from搭配；lend意为“借出”，常和介词to搭配；keep意为“保留”；borrow和lend为短暂性动词，keep为延续性动词，常和表示一段时间的状语连用。2How many books can I borrow at a time? (P58) 我一

36、次可以借多少书？1) at a time 一次e.g.: Giant pandas have only one baby at a time.【搭配】2) 与time有关的词或词组 at times= sometimes= _ some time _ some times _ sometimes _ sometime _ e.g.: I will invite you to see a film sometime next week.He sometimes goes swimming.My parents stayed in Nanjing for some time.He has been

37、 to the park some times.3The first Harry Potter book was a great success in the very beginning. (P58) 在一开始，哈利波特第一本书获得了巨大的成功。1) success un. 成功（抽象意义） cn. 成功的人或者事e.g.: He is a great success as a writer. Failure is the mother of success.【拓展】 vt. succeed _成功地做某事。e.g.: He succeeded in swimming across the

38、river. adj. _成功的e.g.: He is a successful writer. adv. _成功地e.g.: He passed the exam successfully.2) in the beginning 在一开始【搭配】in the beginning _ e.g.: In the beginning, he wasnt a boss.at the beginning _ e.g.: At the beginning of the meeting, they sang a song together. 相同的用法还有endin the end& at the end

39、 of4I tried to pull one hand free and finally managed to break the ropes. (P51) 我试图空出一只手，最后设法解开了绳子。【搭配】manage to do sth. : _，与_同义；try to do sth. _ 。e.g.: I managed to see the writer.我设法见到了那个作家。 I try to open the door with the key. 我尽力用钥匙打开门。【辨析】try to do sth.倾向于努力做某事，有没有成功不确定5I did not know what to

40、say either. (P51)我也不知道说什么。【辨析】可以表示“也”的单词或短语有also, too, as well与either均表示“也”，但有以下区别：_ e.g.: He went there too.We didnt go there either.I like you as well. You are also a good student.6I shouted at them-the loud noise made them all fall over. (P51)我冲着他们大声叫嚷声音大得使他们所有人跌倒。1) shout at意为“叫嚷”，一般表示因生气而对某人大喊大

41、叫，带有感情色彩。同样的表达还有：_e.g.: Dont shout at the boy. He is afraid.【辨析】shout to意为_ e.g.: He shouted to the man on the other side of the street, “Come here.”2) make v. 使 _使某人做某事e.g.: The mother made his son do housework everyday.3) fall 的词组:【搭配】fall over_； fall off_； fall down_； fall asleep _ 7After our shi

42、p crashed against the rocks, I swam as far as I could. (P50) 在我们的轮船触礁之后，我尽可能地游。1) against【拓展】prep: _ e.g.: I pushed against the door and the door opened at last. _ e.g.: We all should fight against evil. _e.g.: Dont drive against the traffic.不要逆向行车。批注：prep: 撞击，碰着，与相撞： 相反；反对；违反；违背；逆： 逆行，逆方向，对着；跟反方向：2

43、) as as sb. can/ could= _ as as之间可以是副词，也可以是形容词。e.g.: I open the door as soon as I can. = I open the door as soon as possible.It is not as difficult as I thought.9I have to use them to reach the box on the fridge. (P48) 我不得不用他们去够冰箱上的盒子。reach【拓展】vt. 到达= _e.g.: She will reach/ arrive at the school at 9

44、:00 tomorrow.vt. 够得到e.g.: He tried to pick the apples, but he cant reach it.10It is made up of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. (P47)它（英国）由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和爱尔兰组成。be made of .由组成e.g.: Our class is made up of 32 boys and 23 girls.【搭配】be made from 由 制成（看不出原材料）be made of由制成（看出原材料）be made in 在制造

45、be made by 由某人制造e.g.: The paper made from wood and the tie made of silk are both made by Mr. Smith and are both made in China.11-Thank you for your help. - My pleasure. (P44) -谢谢你的帮助。-不客气。pleasure n. 荣幸【搭配】 Its ones pleasure to do sth. 做某事时某人的荣幸。e.g.: Its my pleasure to help you.【辨析】 my pleasure & w

46、ith pleasure区分两者都是客气的回答方式，但是(its ) my pleasure通常用于对别人的感谢之词的回答，而with pleasure则是应允帮助别人的回答，即一个是对已经完成的事情的回答，另一个是未做的事情。e.g.: -Can you help me carry the heavy bag? - With pleasure. -Thank you for helping me with all kinds of problems.- Its my pleasure. /My pleasure. = Youre welcome.12Would you mind showin

47、g me how to start this online tour? (P44) 请你演示一下如何开始这个在线旅游好吗？mind【拓展】 vt. 介意，在意mind sb. doing sth. 介意某人做某事，此处，sb正式的形式用形容词性物主代词，但一般情况下，用宾格代替：e.g.: Do you mind my (me) opening the window? n. 意识，主意 mind and bodye.g.: I will not change my mind. Never mind 没关系e.g.: -Sorry, I left my book at home. - Never

48、 mind. would you mind的回答：虽然是一般疑问句的句式，但一般不用yes和no直接回答，而用比较委婉的方式，若是介意，则用：Sorry, Im afraid you cant./ Youd better not.若是不介意，则用：Of course not./ Not at all.e.g.: -Would you mind showing me around your school? - Of course not.13Have you ever dreamt of travelling around the world without a passport? (P42)

49、你曾经梦见过没有护照环游世界吗？用法讲解：1) dream of sth/ doing sth _e.g.: I dreamed of my grandmother last night. He never dreams of winning the first prize.2) without sth/ doing sth _ e.g.: I go to work without breakfast every day. He often falls asleep without taking off his coat.14Have you ever heard of the song “M

50、emory”? (P37) 你曾经听说过“Memory”这首歌吗？1). hear vt.听到，听见hear from sb. 收到某人的来信= _ 【辨析】2). hear of与hear about有什么区别？hear of : _ e.g.: I have never heard of him since he left. 自从他离开后，我再没听到过他的消息。I have heard of the song. 我曾听说过这首歌。hear about: _ .e.g. Ive just heard about his illness. 我刚听说他生病的事。Ive just heard ab

51、out his promotion. 我刚刚听到了他被提升的事。15Further on is Times Square. (P37) 再往前走就是时代广场。further& fartherfarther与further都是形容词和副词far的比较级：farfartherfarthest ; farfurtherfurthest 【辨析】但是它们在词义和用法上却有区别。 _：e.g.: There was a large shop on the farther side of the street. We cant go any farther without a rest. _ ：e.g.:

52、 There is a cottage on the further side of the hill. It turned out a further distance than he had imagined. _：e.g.: Have you any further questions to ask? We intend to stay for a further two months. If you need further information, I suggest you go to the library. 17use用法单元例句：Have you used this before, Eddie? (P34) 艾迪，你之前使用过这个吗？ What do you usually use your computer for? (P35) 你通常用电脑做什么？ I usually use it to search for information. (P35) 我通常用它寻找信息。 How often do you use your computer for this? (P35) 你用电脑做这个多久一次？用法讲解：use /ju:z/ v. 使用 【拓展】adj. _（无用的）； _（有用的）【搭配】