firstlanguageacquition

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1、first-language-first-language-acquitionacquitionWhat are the major L1 acquisition theories?There are three major L1 acquisition theories.1.Behavioristic Approaches2.The Nativist Approach3.Functional ApproachesBehavioristic Approaches Behaviorism was a predominantly American learning theory developed

2、 in the early period of the 20th century and associated with many researchers and psychologists.Four of the principal protagonists in behaviorism are an early twentieth-century Russian,Ivan Pavlov;early twentieth-century Americans,John Watson and Edward Thorndike;and a mid-twentieth-century American

3、,Burrhus Skinner.Three basic behaviouristic ideas about learning1.Conditioning Learning is seen as a question of developing connections(known as stimulus-response bonds)between events.The process of developing connections is called conditioning.2.Habit formation Behaviorists believed that learning w

4、as a mechanical process of habit formation.When the behavior to be learned was complex,it might be broken down into small parts,and each part would be taught one at a time,until eventually the whole complex behavior is build up.3.The importance of the environment environment is here being used in a

5、very wide sense to refer to anything external to the organism(The person or animal that dose the learning.),such as an event or a situation,or even another person(a teacher or a parent for example).Different learning theories give different degrees of importance to the organism and the environment.I

6、n behaviorism,the environment is all,and the role of the organism is considered insignificant.The Nativist Approach Nativist Approach,sometimes called Innateness Hypothesis or Mentalist Theory.the term nativist is derived from the fundamental assertion that language acquisition is innately determine

7、d,that human beings are born with a build-in device of some kind which predisposes them to language acquisitionto a systematic perception of language around them,resulting in the construction of an internalized system of language.The three important representatives of this approach are Noam Chomsky,

8、David McNeill and Eric Lenneberg.Language Acquisition Device Nativist strongly held the fundamental assertion that language acquisition is innately determined,that human beings are born with an innate or internalized system of language.This innate knowledge,according to Chomsky,is embodied in a “lit

9、tle black box”of sorts which Chomsky called the language acquisition device or LAD.Universal Grammar According to Cook(1997),UG is the black box responsible for language acquisition.It is the mechanism in the mind which allows children to construct a grammar out of the raw language materials supplie

10、d by their parents.In other words,all human beings inherit a set of universal principles which control the shape human language can take,and which make human languages similar to one another.Functional Approach The functional approaches put special emphasis on the functions of language.In the functi

11、onal view,language was hardly something you could extract and detach from your cognitive and affective framework and consider separately.One of the representatives of functional approaches,Jean Piagent,described Overall language development as the result of childrens interaction with their environme

12、nt,with a complementary interaction between their developing perceptual cognitive capacities and their linguistic experience.The main criticisms on these theories in language acquisition1.Criticisms on behavioristic theory in language acquisition2.(1).The behavioristic theory in language learning fa

13、iled to explain the abstract nature of language as a system and viewed language learning only as acquiring concrete linguistic forms and structures.(2).It did not adequately account for the childs ability to acquire language and creative use of language.(3).It failed to interpret the childs acquisit

14、ion of complexity of meaning and communicative functions of language.Criticisms on the nativist theory in language acquisition The generative rules that were proposed under the nativistic framework abstract,formal,explicit,and quite logical,yet they dealt specially with the forms of language and not

15、 with the very deepest level of language.Besides,they failed to account for the functions of language.What is universal grammar?The term Universal Grammar refers to the language faculty built into the human mind consisting of principles and parameters,that is,(in Chomskys words)the system of princip

16、les,conditions,and rules that are elements or properties of all human languagesthe essence of human language(1976).UG claims that all human beings inherit a universal set of principles and parameters which control the shape human language can take and which are what make human languages similar to o

17、ne another.What is LAD?According to Chomsky,the LAD is a construct that describes the childs initial state,before the child receives linguistic input from the environment.Is the universal grammar different from LAD?1.LAD(语言习得机制）是离开人类其他功能而独立存在的，其最终目的是语言规则（Universal Grammar)内化。2.语言习得得益于天生的语言机制，即UG。Wha

18、t enables the child to acquire his first language?Behavioristic Approaches:1.The role of environment is emphasized.2.Human learning is equated with animal learning.3.Language is learned in the same way as other knowledge and skills are learned.4.Learning is habit formation.The Nativist Approach:1.La

19、nguage learning is species specific.2.Language learning is determined by LAD.3.Language learning is internalization of linguistic rules.4.The rule of environment is not significant.Functional Approaches:1.Interpersonal interaction is emphasized.2.Language functions rather linguistic form are emphasized.3.Language learning is viewed as a socialization process.结束结束