学术英语写作Unit-11-Oral-Presentation

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1、Unit 11 Oral PresentationStructure of an oral presentationThings to think aboutA Generic Conference Talk OutlineGiving an Oral Presentation Ten Dos and Donts for a student preparing a presentation Conclusion Structure of an oral presentationIntroductionBodyConclusion IntroductionThe oral presentatio

2、n at international academic conference is often given to introduce the research done and the achievements made by the presenter.The introduction of the presentation usually includes:greetings,self-introduction(name,position,affiliation and other related information),title or subject of the presentat

3、ion,and an outline of the main parts of the presentation.Body(1)In the body part of the presentation,the speaker either analyzes the problem step by step,or follows the procedure below:Motivationandproblemstatement.Relatedwork(cover superficially or omit;refer people to your paper).Methods(cover bri

4、efly in short talks;refer people to your paper).Body(2)Results(Present key results and key insights.This is main body of the talk.Its internal structure varies greatly as a function of the researchers contribution.Do not superficially cover all results;cover key results well.Do not just present numb

5、ers,interpret them to give insights.Do not put up large tables of numbers.)conclusionThe speaker often ends his presentation by giving a brief summary and extending thanks to the audience.Things to think about1.1.Oral Oral Communication Communication is is different different from from written commu

6、nication written communication 2.Think about your audience 2.Think about your audience 3.Think about your rhetorical goals 3.Think about your rhetorical goals 4.Practice in public 4.Practice in public 5.Prepare 5.Prepare A Generic Conference Talk Outline This conference talk outline is a starting po

7、int,not a rigid template.Most good speakers average two minutes per slide(not counting title and outline slides),and thus use about a dozen slides for a twenty minute presentation.a dozen slides for a twenty minute presentationTitle/author/affiliation(1 slide)Forecast(1 slide)Give gist of problem at

8、tacked and insight found(What is the one idea you want people to leave with?This is the abstract of an oral presentation.)Outline(1 slide)Give talk structure.Some speakers prefer to put this at the bottom of their title slide.(Audiences like predictability.)(continued)Background(2-4 slides)Motivatio

9、nandProblemStatement(1-2slides)(Why should anyone care?Most researchers overestimate how much the audience knows about the problem they are attacking.)RelatedWork(0-1slides)Cover superficially or omit;refer people to your paper.Methods(1slide)Cover quickly in short talks;refer people to your paper.(

10、continued)Results(4-6 slides)Present key results and key insights.This is main body of the talk.Its internal structure varies greatly as a function of the researchers contribution.(Do not superficially cover all results;cover key result well.Do not just present numbers;interpret them to give insight

11、s.Do not put up large tables of numbers.)Summary(1 slide)(continued)Future Work(0-1 slides)Optionally give problems this research opens up.Backup Slides(0-3 slides)Optionally have a few slides ready(not counted in your talk total)to answer expected questions.(Likely question areas:ideas glossed over

12、,shortcomings of methods or results,and future work.)Giving an Oral Presentation Preparing your oral presentation Organising the content Delivering your presentation Using visual aids Dealing with nervousness Preparing your oral presentation(1)First of all,think.Think about what you want to achieve:

13、do you want to inform your audience,inspire them to think about your topic,or convince them of a particular point of view?Think about your audience:what background knowledge do they have about your topic?Do they have any particular interests?How are you going to involve them in your presentation?Pre

14、paring your oral presentation(2)Then.Brainstormyourtopicandwritearoughoutline.Researchyourtopic.Dontgetcarriedawayremember you have a limited time for your presentation.Organiseyourmaterialandwriteadraftthink about the length of time you have to talk.Summariseyourdraftintopointstowriteonoverheadsand

15、/orcards.Planandprepareyourvisualaids.Rehearseyourpresentationandgetitslengthright.Askafriendtolistenandtimeyou.Organising the contentIntroduction(may be written last)Capture your listeners attention:Begin with a question,a funny story,a startling comment,or anything that will make them think.State

16、your purpose;for example:Im going to talk about.This morning I want to explain Present an outline of your talk;for example:I will concentrate on the following points:First of allThenThis will lead to And finally The bodyPresent your main points one by one in logical order.Pause at the end of each po

17、int(give people time to take notes,or time to think about what you are saying).Make it absolutely clear when you move to another point.For example:The next point is that.OK,now I am going to talk about.Right.Now Id like to explain.Of course,we must not forget that.However,its important to realise th

18、at.Use clear examples to illustrate your points.Use visual aids to make your presentation more interesting.The Conclusion Itisveryimportanttoleaveyouraudiencewithaclearsummaryofeverythingyouhavecovered.Itisalsoimportantnottoletthetalkjustfizzleout.Makeitobviousthatyouhavereachedtheendofthepresentati

19、on.Summarisethemainpointsagain,usingphraseslike:To sum up.So,in conclusion.OK,to recap the main points Restatethepurposeofyourtalk,andsaythatyouhaveachievedyouraim:I think you can now see that.My intention was.,and it should now be clear that.Thanktheaudience,andinvitequestions:Thank you.Are there a

20、ny questions?Delivering your presentation(1)Talk to your audience,dont read to them!A presentation is not the same as an essay.If you read out your presentation as if it were an essay,your audience will probably understand very little and will lose concentration quickly.So use notes,cue cards or ove

21、rheads as prompts,and speakto the audience.Include everyone by looking at them and maintaining eye-contact(but dont stare or glare at people).Delivering your presentation(2)Watchyourlanguage!Keep it simple.The aim is to communicate,not to show off your vocabulary.Emphasise the key pointsand make sur

22、e people realise which are the key points.Repeat them using different phrasing.Check the pronunciation of difficult,unusual,or foreign words beforehand.Delivering your presentation(3)Use your voice to communicate clearly Speakloudlyenoughforeveryoneintheroomtohearyou.This may feel uncomfortably loud

23、 at first,but if people cant hear you,they wont listen.Speakslowlyandclearly.Dont rush!Speaking fast doesnt make you seem smarter,it will only make it harder for other people to understand you.Keywordsareimportant.Speakthemoutslowlyandloudly.Varyyourvoicequality.If you always use the same volume and

24、 pitch(for example,all loud,or all soft,or in a monotone)your audience will switch off.Whenyoubeginanewpoint,useahigherpitchandvolume.Slowdownforkeypoints.Usepausesdontbeafraidofshortperiodsofsilence.(They give you a chance to gather your thoughts,and your audience a chance to think.)Delivering your

25、 presentation(4)Use your body to communicate,too!Stand straight and comfortably.Do not slouch or shuffle about.Hold your head up.Look around and make eye-contact with people in the audience.Do not just address the lecturer!Do not stare at a point on the carpet or the wall.If you dont include the aud

26、ience,they wont listen to you.When you are talking to your friends,you naturally use your hands,your facial expression,and your body to add to your communication.Do it in your presentation as well.It will make things far more interesting for the audience.Dont turn your back on the audience!Deliverin

27、g your presentation(5)Interact with the audience Beawareofhowyouraudienceisreacting.Are they interested or bored?If they look confused,ask them why.Stop if necessary and explain a point again.Checkiftheaudienceisstillwithyou.Does that make sense?Is that clear?Beopentoquestions.If someone raises a ha

28、nd,or asks a question in the middle of your talk,answer it.If you cant answer it,turn the question back out to the audience and let someone else answer it!Questions show that the audience is listening with interest.They should not be regarded as an attack on you,but as a collaborative search for dee

29、per understanding.Bereadytogetthediscussiongoingafteryourpresentation.Just in case nobody has anything to say,have some provocative questions or points for discussion ready to ask the group.Using visual aids It is very helpful to use visual aids in your presentation,as it helps people to understand.

30、People learn visually as well as orally.Particularly if your accent is different from your audiences accent,it can be very helpful to let them see your keywords.1.OverheadsOverheads are the easiest and most reliable form of visual aids.You can use them as a prompt for your talk,so that you may not n

31、eed cards.But dont read word-for-word from your overheads!visual aids(1)Becarefulto:Use bold typeface,and a minimum of size 16 font Use no more than seven or eight main points on an overhead Give your audience time to take notes from your overhead Make sure your audience can see the overhead screen

32、Using colour,pictures and graphs can make your overheads more interestingVisual aids(2)2.PowerPoint YoucanusePowerPointsoftwaretoproduceveryprofessionaloverheads,ortomakeacomputer-basedpresentation.If you would like to learn more about it,you can follow the Smart Force guide to PowerPoint,or ask the

33、 Computer Helpdesk for more information.Remember that PowerPoint may look great,but if the technology goes wrong you may be very embarrassed.Itsagoodideatoprintoutahandout,orhavesomeoverheadsasabackupjustincase.Sometimes students are tempted to spend more time on producing PowerPoint graphics than o

34、n the actual talk.Rememberifyourtalkispoor,noamountoffancygraphicswillsaveit!Visual Aids(3)3.HandoutsHandouts are a great idea.Think about whether you want to distribute them before or after your presentation.It is a good idea to include your references on a handout,so that people can follow up on t

35、hem later.You could also include some follow-up questions for discussion.Visual Aids(4)4.Usingthewhiteboard(orblackboard)If possible,put your information on the whiteboard/blackboard before the talk begins,otherwise you will have to turn your back on the audience and break your eye contact with them

36、,which is never a good idea.Writing on a board is also time-consuming.Use alternative visual aids wherever possible.If you really must use a whiteboard,come prepared with the right pens(use pens clearly marked Whiteboard Marker dont use anything else)and write in large neat writing,so that people ca

37、n read it.Dealing with nervousness(1)The first few times you make a presentation,you will be nervous.Thats quite a good thinga bit of adrenalin often helps you to perform well.However,to make sure that your nervousness does not become a problem,here are some things to consider:Smile!Your audience wi

38、ll react warmly to you if you smile and at least look relaxed.Treat your audience like friends.Confess that you are nervous!Your audience will be very sympatheticthey know how you are feeling.Dealing with nervousness(2)Breathe deeply.It will calm you down and help to control the slight shaking that

39、you might get in your hands and your voice.Be well-prepared.Practise giving your talk.Be organised.If you are well organised,your task will be easier.If your overheads are out of order,or your notes are disorganised,you may get flustered.Slow down!When people are nervous,they tend to get confused ea

40、sily.So your mind may start to race,and you may feel panicky.Make use of pauses:force yourself to stop at the end of a sentence,take a breath,and think before you continue.Dealing with nervousness(3)Remember:The way you perform is the way your audience will feel.Giving an oral presentation is a perf

41、ormanceyou have to be like an actor.If you act the part of someone enjoying themselves and feeling confident,you will not only communicate these positive feelings to the audience,you will feel much better,too.Accomplished public speakers feel nervous before and even during a talk.The skill comes in

42、not communicating your nervousness,and in not letting it take over from the presentation.Over time,you will feel less nervous,and well able to control your nervousness.TenDosandDontsforastudentpreparingapresentation DODONTDo 1.Lotsofbackgroundresearch.Eveniftheinformationisnotusedinthepresentation,i

43、tisusefultohaveasmuchknowledgeaspossibleforthediscussionandaudiencequestions.2.Beorganised-prepareinplentyoftime.3.Structureyourpresentation.4.Focusonthequestionset.5.Obtainmaterialfromawiderangeofsources.6.Practiceyourpresentation.Thishelpstakeawaysomeoftheembarrassmentwhenitisforreal,andenablesyou

44、tocheckthetiming.7.Usenotecards.8.Speakclearly.9.Haveeyecontactwithyouraudience.10.UseclearOHPs(wordprocessed,largefontsize,useofbulletpointsetc.).Dont1.Leave research and preparation until the last minute.2.Rely on one source of data.3.Make it up.4.Just hope that it will come together on the day wi

45、thout preparation and practice.5.Have no notes to rely on if you get stuck.6.Worry too much-its not as bad as it seems.7.Mumble.8.Read from a script.9.Rush the presentation by speaking too fast.10.Go over the time allotted for the presentation.ConclusionGeneralpoints Timekeeping is vital and is the

46、responsibility of the presenters.Rehearse your seminar;it is very easy to misjudge timing unless you have had a full scale rehearsal.Think about the most appropriate format for your presentation.For example:a debate,a conversation,a shared lecture.Maintaininginterest Useofaudio-visualaids FinallyIt

47、is inevitable that you will be nervous but remember that everyone will be involved.Try to approach presentations as a team.You will obviously support your partner but also support others whilst they are giving their presentations:listen and signal that you are listening;do some preparatory reading so that you know what is going on and can join in the discussion.