非谓语动词to do

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1、非谓语动词非谓语动词是动词的形式。它在句中不能作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，也 称为非限定动词。非谓语动词有不定式、动词-ing形式和过去分词。动词不定式动词不定式在句中不能作谓语，在句中不能单独做谓语，也不受主语人称 数的限制，不受谓语动词的时态变化的干扰。它具有动词的性质，有形式的变 化，也可以有自己的宾语和状语，从而构成动词不定式短语。也具有名词、形 容词或副词的某些特征，在句中可以做谓语之外的所有句子成分，包括主语、 表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。1. 动词不定式的构成2. 动词不定式短语3. 动词不定式的句法功能4. 动词不定式的时态和语态5动词不定式的否定式6动词不定式不带 t

2、o 的情况1. 动词不定式的构成动词不定式是通常由“to+动词原形”构成，动词不定式有的带to，有的不带to。有一般式(to do )、进行式(to be doing )、完成式(to have done )和被动态(to be done)。所有的动词都有不定式形式。2. 动词不定式短语动词不定式尽管是非谓语动词的一种形式，但它仍保留动词的一些特征，可以带自己的宾语和状语，如果不定式来自连系动词，它也可以跟表语。不定式和它的宾语、状语或表语一起构成动词不定式短语。Our headmaster is going to Shanghai to attend a meeting.I want to

3、get up early tomorrow morning.He tried to work out the problem in five minutes.The theory proved to be correct.3. 动词不定式的句法功能A动词不定式做主语动词不定式起名词作用，在句中做主语，这时谓语动词常用单数。 直接做主语To finish such an essay in one week is beyond his ability.To live is to do something worthwhile. 用it做形式主语动词不定式直接做主语现在已很少使用，通常是用 it 做

4、形式主语，而把真正的主语后置，尤其是当着主语的不定式结构很长的时候。It is important to learn the right habits at an early age.It is a risk to writhe a poem in the composition of Chinese examinations.B动词不定式做表语动词不定式做表语常用来说明主语的具体内容或表示目。The next step is to make sure that you know exactly what is required.The important thing in life is t

5、o have a great aim and the determination to attain it.*作表语时，如果是1. all+定语从句2.主语受only/first/one /least或形容词最高级修饰后又有定 语从句修饰3.由what等引导的主语从句。以上三种情况中的从句中火短语中有实意动词do时All he does is gossip about others.The only thing I could do was do it alone. What we must do is reduce the waste of energy.C动词不定式做定语动词不定式做定语时

6、，须放在它所修饰的名词或代词的后面，通常和它所修饰 的词之间有逻辑关系。主谓关系、动宾关系、动状关系、或同位关系。1. There are many people to believe this nonsense.2. He was the first person to pass the finishing line.3. There is no more time to waste.4. The teacher left us a lot of homework to do.5. It is already time to start spring sowing.6. Is it the

7、best way to solve the problem?7. The way how to help the pupil is being studied.8. The place where to go has not been announced.9. You should not miss any chance to practice your English.10. We are sure he has the ability to deal with this problem.D动词不定式做宾语 动词不定式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语，也可以充当个别介词的宾语。 用动词不定式做宾语

8、的动词很多，其中以表示决心、打算、喜恶的居多。四个希望三答应，(hope/ wish/ expect/ long /agree /promise/ undertake)五个想要巧安排，(intend /plan /want/ mean/ desire /arrange)设法学会做决定，(manage/ learn/ decide /determine)企图假装要选择，(attempt/ pretend/ choose)提供要求勿拒绝，(offer /demand / refuse)威胁准备不失败。(threaten /prepare /fail)We agreed to meet here b

9、ut so far she hasnt turned up.She never fails to give her mother an email every week.当不定式做某些需要有宾语补足语的动词的宾语时，如果按“主+及物V+宾语+宾语补足语” 的结构排列显得蹩脚，因此，改用it代替不定式做形式宾语，而把真正的宾语放在后面。We thought it better to start early.They considered itimportant to get his permission.a不定式可作个别介词的宾语如but, except。It had no effect exc

10、ept to make him angry.I had no choice but to wait.They could do nothing but wait for the doctor to come.*在介词except, but之后，如果前面有动词的do某种形式，不定式一般不带to,反之则带to。b介词of，on， about， over和介词词组as to后常跟疑问代词或副词+不定 式。Im thinking about how to explain my absence.They did discussion on how to improve the teaching meth

11、od.The couple were at a loss as to what to do next.E动词不定式做宾语补足语 做使役类动词的宾语补足语这类常见的使役类动词有get make have let等。在make have let后，做宾语补足语的不定式不带 to。Tips:当句型转为被动语态，宾补变为主补时，to要加上。I ll get someone to carry your luggage.The doctors made him give up smoking.He was made to give up smoking. 做感官类动词的宾语补足语感官类动词如 see, h

12、ear, feel, notice, observe 等。在此做宾语补足语的不定式 不带 to。Tips:当句型转为被动语态，宾补变为主补时，to要加上。I saw him take your dictionary away.I felt something crawl up my leg.He was seen to water the flowers. 做判断类动词的宾语补足语判断类动词主要有：judge /think /consider /find/ know /suppose/ prove 等We know him to be honest.I judge her to be abou

13、t sixty years of age. 做建议、命令类动词的宾语补足语建议、命令类动词主要有 : advise/ allow/ beg /command/ force encourage/ permit/ request /order/ warn /persuadeHe commanded the soldiers to be silent.We dont allow such things to happen again. 做某些短语动词的宾语补足语如 long for/ wait for/ call on/ rely on/ depend on/ arrange for 等I rely

14、 on you to finish the work today.We are waiting for the doctor to come.He called on every friend to support his plan.F动词不定式做状语 做目的状语The whole family went to the beach to spend their weekend.To make the best ever games in 2008, the capital city, Beijing, will make several big changes.做目的状语的不定式可加上in o

15、rder to或so as to来加强说话的语气。它们的否定式是 区别在于.做结果状语 动词不定式做结果状语.The girl raised her head to find everybody was looking at her.不定式做状语常见的句型too-to do-The box is too small to hold all these things.enough to do-The wind is strong enough to carry the sand dunes.such-as to do-It was such a gook film as to move us t

16、o tears.so-as to do-Would you be so kind as to lend your bicycle to me?only to-He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet. 做原因状语动词不定式常跟在一些表示喜怒哀乐等情感的形容词或动词 -ed 形式的后米 面，说明产生该情绪的原因We shall be very happy to co-operate with you in the project.All of us were shocked to hear the sad news. 做条件状语不定式做条件

17、状语，可扩展成 if 引导的条件状语从句。To hear you speak English, people might take you for an American.G.动词不定式做插入语在句中作独立成分，用来表明说话人的态度To tell the truth, this is all Greek to me.（一窍不通）To make the matter worse, it began to rain.可做插入语的不定式有to tell the truth 说实话to be exact 精确地说strange to say 说也奇怪 to be sure 的确to be honest

18、坦率地说 to be brief简言之 to begin with 首先 not to say 更不用说 to believe it or not4. 动词不定式的时态和语态时态和语态主动被动一般式to doto be done进行式to be doing无完成式to have doneto have been done完成进行式to have been doing无A.时态1) 一般式表示的动作，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓 语动词的动作之后，He seems to know this. 他似乎知道这事。I hope to see you again. = I hope t

19、hat Ill see you again.2) 进行式表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。He seems to be eating something.3 )完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。特别强调动作已经 完成。Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.很抱歉，给你添了那么多的麻 烦。He seems to have caught a cold. 他好像已经得了感冒。完成式还可以用在 expected, hoped, intended, meant, planned, promised, thought, wanted

20、, wished, was, were, would like to 结构的后面，表示过去没有实现 的愿望，期待或计划等。I meant to have telephoned, but I forgot.(I had meant to telephoned-) Idlike to have gone shopping, but it rained.4) 完成进行式表示动作从过去开始并延续至说话的时候。She is known to have been working on the problem for many years.B. 语态The doctor advised him to air

21、 the room.The doctor advised the room to be aired.I am sorry to have given you so much trouble.I am glad to have been given a chance to drive after drinking.不定式的逻辑主语如果是不定式所表示动作的执行者，用不定式的主动式；如 果是承受者，则用被动式。如：I wish to be loved and respected by all.I felt astonished to be asked to answer such a questio

22、n.The next thing to be done is to clean the room.This novel is said to have been translated into English.5动词不定式的否定式在不定式标志to前加上not。例如：Tell him not to shut the window。让他别关窗。She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假装没看见。6 动词不定式不带 to 的情况：1) 情态动词(除ought夕卜)后。2) 使役动词le t, have, make后，感官动词 see

23、, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后。注意：被动语态中不能省去to。例如：I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。=He was seen to dance.The boss made them work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活。=They were made to work the whole night.3) would rat her, had bett er 句型后4) Why/ why no句型后5) help 后可带 to,也可不带 t

24、o, help sb (to) do sth：6) but和except后。but前是实义动词do时，后面出现的不定式不带to。 比较：He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.除了吃这药，他 什么都信。7) 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to可以省去：8) 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等词后作宾补时，可以省去to be。He is supposed(to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。9) 作表语时，如果是1 all+定语从句2主语受only/first/one /least或形容词最高级 修饰后又有定语从句修饰3由what等引导的主语从句。以上三种情况中的从句中火短语中 有实意动词do时All he does is gossip about others.The only thing I could do was do it alone.