学术英语理工详解答案Unit22

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1、学学术英英语(理工理工)详解答案解答案-Unit-2Unit 2 Searching for InformationUnit Contents1 Finding reliable and better sources2 Scanning and skimming3 Identifying topic sentences for information4 Guessing word meaning5 Using the organization of the text6 Reading critically7 Taking notes8 Writing a summary1 Finding re

2、liable and better sourcesTo evaluate source materialsTasksUnit 2 Searching for Information1 Finding reliable and better sourcesTo evaluate source materialsl Is the material a primary or a secondary source?l Is the source the latest one?l Is the author a reliable scholar or an expert in the field?l D

3、oes the author have biases or prejudices?l Has the author been cited frequently in the field?l Are the authors arguments supported by evidence such as statistics,experiment,recent scientific findings?l Are different opinions considered and weighed or simply ignored?l Are the authors arguments and co

4、nclusions convincing?Unit 2 Searching for Information1 Finding reliable and better sourcesTasks1Check the reliability of the sources on Page 40.2Search for source materials your paper may use and then write down the titles and sources of the articles.The model is given on Page 41.3Mark the reasons f

5、or your choice of the articles.Unit 2 Searching for Information2 Scanning and skimmingTips for scanning and skimmingTask 1 using scanning and skimming strategy Text 5 Can you complete with A.I.for the Next job?Unit 2 Searching for Information2 Scanning and skimmingTips for scanning and skimmingl kee

6、p in mind at all times what you are searching for(e.g.,the definition of a term,the effect of a phenomenon);l search thesis statements and topic sentences in paragraphs for the information you want to gain;l use the knowledge of the essay organization(such as cause-effect,comparison-contrast,problem

7、-solution)to find what you are looking for;l pay attention to signal words such as numbers,letters,steps,the words such as first,second,and next,or words that are bold-faced,italics,or in different sizes,fonts,etc.Scanning:Unit 2 Searching for Information2 Scanning and skimmingTips for scanning and

8、skimmingl the title and subtitles;l the abstract(if there is one);l the introduction and thesis;l the first or last paragraphs of the essays/chapters;l headings and subheadings;l the conclusion and summaries;l the first sentence or the last sentence of each paragraph;l highlighted texts such as word

9、s in bold or italic text;l graphs,tables or diagrams.Skimming:Unit 2 Searching for Information2 Scanning and skimming1What does“A.I.”in the title stand for?Artificial intelligence.2 What is the main idea of the article you may predict from the title?3 What does the story in the first paragraph imply

10、?The article may argue for/again the idea that Artificial intelligence will replace human jobs in the future.The story tells that computerization threatens to replace many white-collar jobs.Unit 2 Searching for Information2 Scanning and skimming4 What does the last paragraph suggest in terms of the

11、authors attitude?The author is optimistic and may not agree that machines will replace human jobs.5 What is the topic sentence of the second paragraph?The specter of automation unemploying us all may have finally arrived.Unit 2 Searching for Information2 Scanning and skimming6 The key sentence refer

12、s to the sentence informing readers of the attitude of the author.Can you locate the key sentence(s)in the first three paragraphs?7 Can you locate the places where the idea of the key sentence is repeated?But the mass job shrinkage that these observers all expected did not come.Yet Americans as a wh

13、ole were not automated out of work(Para.8,L1).Yet,through all that,more new jobs appeared(Para.11,L2).Unit 2 Searching for Information2 Scanning and skimming8 What does the subheading“Demands of a new economy”tell us?Man will not lose jobs because there will always be demands of a new economy.9 What

14、 does one of Leinbachs neighbors mean when she wrote about the order of her shoes?10 What does the subheading“Saving leads to spending”mean?The neighbors would prefer to order the shoes from machine-handling factories.Saving will lead to spending which in turn will create newer,perhaps better jobs t

15、omorrow.Unit 2 Searching for InformationUnit 2 Searching for informationl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 52 Scanning and skimming1 What was the virtual end of farming in American history?Please explain the declining trend of farming workers in the US.The biggest occupational dis

16、placement in American history was the virtual end of farming.Declining trend:Around the time of the Revolution,about 90 percent of Americans were involved in farming.But as the agricultural industry grew,it needed fewer and fewer workers.The absolute number of people who worked at farming and ranchi

17、ng hit its peak in about 1910at around 11 or 12 millionand then the number dropped off rapidly.Today,agriculture provides fewer than two million jobs.l Additional questions for your understanding of Text 52 What is the example the writer gives to show that automation made products cheaper?The exampl

18、e is:Around 1900 a pound of bread cost an American about half an hour of hard factory work;around 2000,a pound of fresher,more nutritious bread cost about five minutes of much easier work.2 Scanning and skimmingUnit 2 Searching for informationl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 53

19、What does the historical trend in American work suggest?The historical trend in American work suggests some optimism that better jobs for humans are coming,but history also suggests that few trends move in the same direction for very long.2 Scanning and skimmingUnit 2 Searching for informationl Enha

20、ncing your academic languageMatch the words with their definitions.5 c 10 i 1 e 2 h3 a4 g6 b7 j8 f9 d 2 Scanning and skimmingUnit 2 Searching for informationl Enhancing your academic languageMatch the words with their definitions.2 Scanning and skimming1 electric power (自动化)equipment2 (职业的)disease3

21、illegal (移民)4 Music can (振奋)your spirits.5 result in substantial population (转移)6 the (手工制作的)furniture7 He has (在牧场工作)in the north for 20 years.8 eat (有营养的)food9 be (卷入)in the trouble10 a new (装配)line11 (屈服)to the enemy12 make (难以置信的)progress13 unrealistic (乐观)14 in recent (暴徒)violenceautomation occ

22、upationalimmigrantupliftdisplacementhand-craftedranched nutritiousinvolvedassemblyyieldincredible optimismmobUnit 2 Searching for informationl Enhancing your academic languageMatch the words with their definitions.2 Scanning and skimming15 get (专业的)help16 the luggage should be (加上标签)17 financial (分析

23、员)18 trade (盈余)19 attack on pearl (海港)20 a professional (专栏作家)21 the (事实上的)manager of the business22 underestimate the strength of the (革命的)forces23 untie the (鞋带)and take off your shoes24 trying to (削弱)his authority25 (交换)furs for guns26 a(n)(可诉讼的)case27 raise the (恐惧)of oil crisis28 (仔细翻看)through

24、her purse29 He has got a(n)(大量的)of money.professionallabelledanalystsurplusharborcolumnistvirtualrevolutionaryundercut lacebarterlitigablespectersiftpotUnit 2 Searching for informationl Enhancing your academic languageComplete the paragraph2 Scanning and skimming Robots are playing (越来越重要的作用)in our

25、life.They replaced humans in the assistance of performing those repetitive and dangerous tasks,(那些人类不愿做或不能做的事)such as in outer space or at the bottom of the sea (以及诸如此类的事)where humans could not survive the extreme environments.But the important role of robots does not (解决人类的担忧).(问题提了出来):Will robots

26、control man?increasingly important role tasks humans prefer not to do,or are unable to doand the like settle mans worries Some questions are raised Unit 2 Searching for informationl Enhancing your academic languageTranslate the following sentences from Text 5 into Chinese.1 最近在纽约时报上刊登的一篇文章谈到了一种新计算机软

27、件，该软件在瞬间就能通过数以千计的法律文件筛选并寻找到那些可诉讼的条款，这为律师们节省了在阅读文件上所花费的数百小时。2 他们主要靠耕种来养活自己，然后再多种一些用以物品交易或卖一些盈余。3 从事农业和畜牧业者的绝对数量大约在1910年时达到顶峰（约有1,1001,200万），在此之后人数便急剧下降。2 Scanning and skimmingUnit 2 Searching for informationl Enhancing your academic languageTranslate the following sentences from Text 5 into Chinese.4

28、 这个故事总结了美国几个世纪以来的工作经历，从失业工人的层面上讲是悲剧，但从全国劳动力的层面上讲是件好事。5 人工智能是一种新的自动化技术吗？是一种削弱了曾经是20世纪末就业标志的脑力工作的技术吗？是一种只会消除更好的工作机会的技术吗？2 Scanning and skimmingUnit 2 Searching for information3 Identifying topic sentences for informationTwo parts of a topic sentenceTask 1Task 2 Task 3 Text 6 Game TheoryUnit 2 Searchin

29、g for Information3 Identifying topic sentences for informationA topic sentence consists of two parts:l Modern technology +intrudes into modern mens fun and relaxationl Nutritional deficiency +is a major problem of elderly Americanstopic+a commentExamples:Unit 2 Searching for Information3 Identifying

30、 topic sentences for informationl the definition of“hacker”:Paragraph _2Which paragraphs will you read in detail if you want to get the following information?l the ways to protect your computer from hackers:Paragraph _211Unit 2 Searching for Information3 Identifying topic sentences for information1

31、Game theory is the science of strategy.(Para.1)2Games are fundamentally different from decisions made in a neutral environment.(Para.3)3The essence of a game is the interdependence of player strategies.(Para.4)4A general principle for a player in a sequential-move game is to look ahead and reason ba

32、ck.(Para.5)Unit 2 Searching for Information3 Identifying topic sentences for information5In contrast to the linear chain of reasoning for sequential games,a game with simultaneous moves involves a logical circle.(Para.7)6 Another way to make threats credible is to employ the adventuresome strategy o

33、f brinkmanshipdeliberately creating a risk that if other players fail to act as one would like them to,the outcome will be bad for everyone.(Para.17)Unit 2 Searching for Information3 Identifying topic sentences for informationl the definition of“game theory”:Paragraph _l the general principles of a

34、player:Paragraph _l the fundamentals of game theory:Paragraph _15-1012-19Unit 2 Searching for InformationUnit 2 Searching for informationl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 61 What does game theory attempt to do?It attempts to determine mathematically and logically the actions that

35、“players”should take to secure the best outcomes for themselves in a wide array of“games”.3 Identifying topic sentences for informationl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 62 The writer mentions that“The essence of a game is the interdependence of player strategies.”What are the two

36、 distinct types of strategic interdependence?Please explain.Sequential and simultaneous.In the former the players move in sequence,each aware of the others previous actions.In the latter the players act at the same time,each ignorant of the others actions.Unit 2 Searching for information3 Identifyin

37、g topic sentences for informationl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 63 In the case of“the prisoners dilemma”,if suspect A confess,what should suspect B do to avoid especially harsh punishment?Suspect B had better confess to avoid harsh punishment.Unit 2 Searching for information3

38、Identifying topic sentences for informationl Enhancing your academic languageMatch the words with their definitions.5 h 10 g 1 d 2 f3 i4 b6 c7 a8 e9 j Unit 2 Searching for information3 Identifying topic sentences for informationl Enhancing your academic languageMatch the words with their definitions

39、.1 Some places are (有问题的)for women traveling alone.2 I have to make some (推测).3 go through what he calls a period of political (边缘政策)4 She reminds us of the famous (格言).5 enjoy the (垄断)of cigarette business6 try to (隐藏)his envy7 If you want a(n)(份额)of the pay,youll have to do your fair share of the

40、work.8 They threatened him with a(n)(诉讼).9 No difficulty can (阻止)us from trying it again.10 joint together for (相互的)benefitsproblematic presumptionsbrinkmanshipdictummonopolyconcealsharelawsuitdetermutualUnit 2 Searching for information3 Identifying topic sentences for informationl Enhancing your ac

41、ademic languageMatch the words with their definitions.11 If you are serious about our relationship,you should make (保证).12 promise never to (泄露)his secret13 a(n)(有目的的)decision and action14 (过得)badly during those days15 the (相互依赖)between humans and nature16 The troops were thoroughly (士气低落)by this se

42、tback.17 The children helped the old man (共同地).18 He (规定)payment in advance.19 The car is sold with a 12-month (担保).20 The benefits have (超过)the risk.21 Too much food will (引起)sleepiness.22 force applied (一致地)over a surfacecommitmentrevealpurposive fareinterdependence demoralizedcollectivelystipulat

43、ed warrantyoutweighedinduceuniformlyUnit 2 Searching for information3 Identifying topic sentences for informationl Enhancing your academic languageMatch the words with their definitions.23 the (最佳的)method for improving speaking practice24 refuse to (承认)to his crime25 Even the best quality rubber wil

44、l (毁坏)with age.26 Unless the employers (采取行动)quickly,there will be a strike.27 be faced with a(n)(两难境地)28 remain (中立的)in the war29 (无法忍受的)temper and attitude30 The right hand is (占优势的)in most people.31 His statement doesnt (符合)with the facts.32 the (结果)of the election33 (吓退)the man off34 It is a(n)(

45、直线的)diagram.optimalconfessperishdilemma moveneutralintolerabledominantsquare bluffoutcomelinearUnit 2 Searching for information3 Identifying topic sentences for informationl Enhancing your academic languageComplete the paragraph Few social situations can be modeled by a single interaction.The strate

46、gy one uses to (为自己得到最好的结果)depends on his experience in previous interactions.(为了说明这一点),the paper (尝试运用)the example of a game.A player is likely to cooperate only if his opponent previously demonstrated willingness to cooperate,(这个过程就导致了)a relationship of mutual reciprocity.(这种例子还出现)in other situati

47、ons where social interaction occurs.secure the best outcomes for himselfTo illustrate the pointattempts to usea process that leads toSuch an example also arisesUnit 2 Searching for information3 Identifying topic sentences for informationl Enhancing your academic languageTranslate the following sente

48、nces from Text 6 into Chinese.1 就前者来说，玩家按照顺序移动，（那么）每个人都了解其他玩家之前的动作。就后者而言，玩家同时做出动作，则不了解其他玩家的动作。2 当一个人思考别人会如何反应的时候，他必须站在别人的角度，用和他们一样的思考方式进行思考；一个人不能将自己的推理强加在别人的身上。3 尽管各位玩家同时做出动作，不知道其他玩家当前的动作，然而，每个玩家都必须明白其他玩家也和自己一样有同样的想法等等。Unit 2 Searching for information3 Identifying topic sentences for informationl En

49、hancing your academic languageTranslate the following sentences from Text 6 into Chinese.4 事实上，有众所周知不好的例子，如：“囚徒困境”（见下文），在这个游戏中如果每个人追求自我的最佳利益，那么所有玩家都会卷入一个糟糕的结局。5 这种合作行为可通过反复玩这个游戏实现，因为这种由作弊暂时获得的利益会被由于合作破裂引起的长期的损失所压倒。Unit 2 Searching for information3 Identifying topic sentences for information4 Guessin

50、g word meaningGuessing word meaning from contextGuessing word meaning through affixes and rootsTask 1 Text 7 Darkness on the Edge of the UniverseTask 2Task 3 Text 8 How Nanotechnology WorksUnit 2 Searching for Information4 Guessing word meaningGuessing word meaning from contextl Use restatement or s

51、ynonym clues such as in other words,that is,also known as,sometimes called as.l Use collocation knowledge to guess the meaning from the neighboring words in the sentences.l Use antonym or contrast clues such as but,however,unlike,in contrast,instead of,while.l Use definition clues such as is defined

52、 as,or an appositive phrase.Context clues can be used in different ways:Unit 2 Searching for Information4 Guessing word meaningGuessing word meaning from contextl Use explanation clues such as because,as a result,consequently.l Use example or anecdote clues such as for example,such as,like.Context c

53、lues can be used in different ways:Unit 2 Searching for Information4 Guessing word meaning2.immutable(Para.4,L2)不变的3.trampoline(Para.4,L4）蹦床，弹床4.malleable(Para.4,L5）有弹性和延伸性的5.stay put(Para.4,L7）不动的6.flew in the face(Para.5,L4）敢于违抗 7.stalemate(Para.6,L2）僵局 Context clues:Please read the paragraphs and

54、 sentences containing these words.Unit 2 Searching for Information4 Guessing word meaning8.repulsive(Para.6,L5）排斥的9.antigravity(Para.7,L2）排斥力 10.exodus(Para.8,L3）大批离开 11.supernovae(Para.11,L2）由于爆炸而突然变亮的星12.garner(Para.13,L5）获得、得到 13.perplexing(Para.14,L5）令人不解的Context clues:Please read the paragraphs

55、 and sentences containing these words.Unit 2 Searching for InformationUnit 2 Searching for informationl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 71 What did Einstein find about the space and time through his general theory of relativity?Through his general theory of relativity,Einstein fo

56、und that space,and time too,can bend,twist and warp,responding much as a trampoline does to a jumping child.4 Guessing word meaningl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 72 What did Einstein call the space-filling energy?Cosmological constant.Unit 2 Searching for information4 Guessing

57、 word meaningl Additional questions for your understanding of Text 73 If the dark energy doesnt degrade over time,then what will happen to the space?The accelerated expansion of space will continue unabated,dragging away distant galaxies ever farther and ever faster.Unit 2 Searching for information4

58、 Guessing word meaningl Enhancing your academic languageMatch the words with their definitions.5 f 10 h 1 g 2 d3 i4 b6 j7 a8 c9 e Unit 2 Searching for information4 Guessing word meaningl Enhancing your academic languageMatch the words with their definitions.1 amateur (天文学家)2 sign a(n)(合同)with the la

59、ndlord3 professional (奉献)4 theory of (进化)5 a(n)(踪迹)of evidence for the claim6 have no (概念)of the law7 (散发)light and heat8 correct (错误的)data9 be (插入)in the soil10 climate (预报)11 (数量的)information on both costs and benefits12 (扩大)domestic demand13 be (精确地)the same14 No one can (贬低)us except ourselves.U

60、nit 2 Searching for informationastronomer contract dedicationevolutiontraceconceptiondiffuseerroneousembeddedpredictionquantitativeexpand precisely degrade4 Guessing word meaningl Enhancing your academic languageMatch the words with their definitions.15 a(n)(排斥的)force16 goods in (运送)17 give us a(n)(

61、洞察力)into the problems of education18 (俘获)an escaped convict19 (充分的)and necessary condition20 a huge (分歧)between them21 have a productive (能力)of 200 cars a week22 cling to a somewhat (静态的)view of society23 The flames (舔着)against the building.24 slowly fall into (衰落)25 (原始的)accumulation of capital26 S

62、uccess (使承担)hard work.repulsivetransitinsightcapturesufficient gulfcapacitystaticlickeddecayprimitiveentailsUnit 2 Searching for information4 Guessing word meaningl Enhancing your academic languageMatch the words with their definitions.27 (精炼的)oil28 the most (引人注目的)global event29 (不易破碎的)glass30 (理论上

63、的)foundation31 a(n)(障碍)to understanding32 (取消)the dinner party33 broaden our (眼界)34 a pair of (配错的)shoes35 (公然地)break promises36 (目击)the robbery37 (照字面地)translated38 be of (至关重要的)importancerefinedspectacularunbreakabletheoreticalbarriercancelhorizonmismatchedblatantlywitnessliterallyvitalUnit 2 Sear

64、ching for information4 Guessing word meaningl Enhancing your academic languageComplete the paragraph A landmark discovery of the 1990s was that the expansion of the Universe is accelerating.(这个发现是如此的意义深远)that it provides a new way of understanding the behavior of space and time near black holes.It h

65、as changed our view of universe,(就如一样)the discovery has done that the earth rotates the sun.(如果会怎样)we have not such a discovery?Were Einstein still alive,(他的发现很可能为他获得又一个诺贝尔奖).The Beyond Einstein program seeks to advance science and technology in different ways.(将打开新的通道)the questions about universe a

66、nd space.So significant is the discoverymuch ashis discovery wouldUnit 2 Searching for informationWhat ifhave likely garnered him another Nobel PrizeIt will opennew paths to 4 Guessing word meaningl Enhancing your academic languageTranslate the following sentences from Text 7 into Chinese.1 在过去的十年里，对古老星光的观测让人对宇宙的过去有了深刻的了解，令人惊讶的是，他们也让人对未来的本质有了深刻的洞察。而这些数据所显示的未来令人非常不安因为某种被称之为暗能量的东西。2 像地球或太阳一样的普通物质只能生成引力，但数学演算却显示，一种更外在的能源 一种就像是填充桑拿浴的蒸汽一样的能量均匀地充满着整个空间，只不过这种能量是无法看到的会产生与引力相斥的力量。Unit 2 Searching for inf