(英语)高考英语阅读理解(科普环保)专项训练及答案及解析

《(英语)高考英语阅读理解(科普环保)专项训练及答案及解析》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《(英语)高考英语阅读理解(科普环保)专项训练及答案及解析（18页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、（英语）高考英语阅读理解(科普环保)专项训练及答案及解析一、高中英语阅读理解科普环保类1犇犇阅读短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。 A shark moving around the coastline is normally a worrying sight，but this waterborne drone (无人机) threatens floating rubbish instead of people. Developed by Dutch company RanMarine, the WasteShark takes nature as its insp

2、iration with its whale shark-like mouth. Responsible for collecting waste, the drone will begin operations in Dubai Marina in November after a year of trials with local partner Ecocoast. According to RanMarine, the WasteShark is available in both autonomous and remote-controlled models. Measuring ju

3、st over five feet by three-and-a-half feet (1.5 meters by 1.1 meter), it can carry up to 352 pounds of rubbish (159.6 kg) and has an operational battery life of 16 hours. By 2016 there were approximately 150 million tons of plastic in the worlds oceans. One paper from December 2014 estimated that ov

4、er a quarter of a million tons of ocean plastic pollution was afloat. WasteShark also has the abilities to gather air and water quality data, remove chemicals out of the water such as oil, and heavy metals, and scan the seabed to read its depth and outlines, said Oliver Cunningham, one of the co-fou

5、nders of RanMarine. Fitted with a collision-avoidance system, the drone uses laser imaging detection and ranging technology to detect an object in its path and stop or back up if the object approaches. Our drones are designed to move through a water system, whether its around the perimeter (周边) or t

6、hrough the city itself. The drones are that last line of defense between the city and the open ocean, added Cunningham. WasteSharks are operating in Dubai, South Africa and the Netherlands and cost $ 17, 000 for the remote-controlled model and just under $ 23, 000 for the autonomous model. Dubai-bas

7、ed operator Ecocoast has two WasteShark drones. Co-founder Dana Liparts says they will clean waterfronts for clients including hotels and environmental authorities and that Ecocoast intention is to have the collected rubbish recycled or upcycled. However, Liparts argues that cleaning waterways doesn

8、t have a one-size-fits-all solution and requires a combination of new technology, preventative measures and changing peoples attitudes towards littering.（1）What do we know about the WasteShark? A.It can frighten sharks away.B.It is an ocean explorer.C.It is a rubbish collector.D.It can catch fish in

9、stead of people.（2）What does Paragraph 4 mainly tell us? A.The causes of ocean pollution.B.The dangers of using plastics.C.The severity of ocean garbage pollution.D.The importance of ocean protection.（3）What will the WasteShark do with an approaching object? A.Avoid crashing into it.B.Break it into

10、pieces.C.Swallow it.D.Fly over it.（4）Which of the following ideas does Liparts agree with? A.The WasteShark should be used more widely.B.More measures should be taken to make water clean.C.The production cost of WasteSharks should be reduced.D.People should take a positive attitude to new technology

11、.【答案】 （1）C（2）C（3）A（4）B 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍一种水上无人机可以用于清理浮在水面上的垃圾。 （1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Responsible for collecting waste, the drone will begin operations in Dubai Marina in November after a year of trials with local partner Ecocoast.”可知，这种无人机是用来清理垃圾的，故选C。 （2）考查段落大意。根据第四段中的“By 2016 there were approximatel

12、y 150 million tons of plastic in the worlds oceans. One paper from December 2014 estimated that over a quarter of a million tons of ocean plastic pollution was afloat.”可知，预计到2016年，海洋里会有1.5亿吨垃圾，估计约有25万吨垃圾漂浮在海洋上，故可知，本段主要讲述海洋垃圾的严重性，故选C。 （3）考查细节理解。根据第五段中的Fitted with a collision-avoidance system, the dro

13、ne uses laser imaging detection and ranging technology to detect an object in its path and stop or back up if the object approaches.可知，配备防碰撞系统，无人机使用激光来探测物体，用测距技术来探测前方是否有物体，如果探测到物体，无人机就会停下来或者后退，故选A。 （4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“However, Liparts argues that cleaning waterways doesnt have a one-size-fits-all sol

14、ution and requires a combination of new technology, preventative measures and changing peoples attitudes towards littering.”可知，这种无人机并非解决水上垃圾污染的万全之策，需要多措并举，才能达到目的，故选B。 【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和段落大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科教类阅读，考生需要准确掌握细节信息，同时根据上下文进行逻辑推理，概括归纳，从而选出正确答案。2犇犇阅读理解 Researchers have found bees can do basic ma

15、thematics, in a discovery that deepens our understanding of the relationship between brain size and brain power. Recently, A study conducted by researchers from RMIT University in Melbourne, Australia showed that bees could perform arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction (减法). Solving ma

16、th problems requires a complex level of involving the mental management of numbers, long-term rules and short-term working memory. The finding that even the tiny brain of a honeybee can grasp basic mathematical operations has a possible effect on the future development of Artificial Intelligence, pa

17、rticularly in improving rapid learning. RMITs Professor Adrian Dyer said numerical (数字的) operations like addition and subtraction are complex because they require two levels of processing. “You need to be able to hold the rules around adding and subtracting in your long-term memory, while mentally u

18、sing skillfully a set of given numbers in your short-term memory,” Dyer said. “On top of this, our bees also used their short-term memories to solve arithmetic problems, as they learned to recognize plus or minus as abstract concepts.” The findings suggest that advanced numerical cognition (认知) may

19、be found much more widely in nature among non-human animals than previously suspected. “If math doesnt require a massive brain, there might also be new ways for us to include interactions of both long-term rules and working memory in designs to improve rapid AI learning of new problems,” said Dyer.

20、Many species can understand the difference between quantities and use this to search for food, make decisions and solve problems. But numerical cognition, such as exact number and arithmetic operations, requires a more complex level of processing. Previous studies have shown some primates (灵长目动物), b

21、irds, babies and even spiders can add and/or subtract. The new research, published in Science Advances, adds bees to that list.（1）What have the researchers from RMIT University discovered? A.The relationship between brain size and brain power.B.Long-term rules and short term working memory.C.Bees ca

22、n perform complex arithmetic operations.D.Bees can do basic mathematics.（2）According to Adrian Dyer, bees numerical cognition _. A.requires addition and subtraction two complex processingB.has a possible effect on the future development of AIC.only involves their short-term working memoryD.calls for

23、 a lot of maths knowledge（3）What does the finding of the new research suggest? A.Bees can recogize the exact number.B.Arithmetic operations exist in human and bees.C.Numerical cognition has been found in many more species.D.Some primates, birds and even spiders can add and substract.（4）What can be t

24、he best title for the text? A.A Discovery About the Tiny Brain of BeesB.New Findings About Bees Having Numerical CogintionC.Numerical Cognition Requires a Complex Level of ProcessingD.The Relationship Between Brain Size and Brain Power【答案】 （1）D（2）B（3）C（4）B 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，RMIT大学的研究人员发现了蜜蜂能做基本的数学。此前

25、的研究表明，一些灵长类动物、鸟类、婴儿甚至蜘蛛都可以加减法。发表在科学进展(Science Advances)杂志上的这项新研究将蜜蜂也列入了这一名单。 （1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“Australia showed that bees could perform arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction (减法).”澳大利亚证明蜜蜂可以做加法和减法等算术运算。”可知，RMIT大学 的研究人员发现了蜜蜂能做基本的数学。故选D。 （2）考查推理判断。根据第五段中的“If math doesnt require a massive

26、 brain, there might also be new ways for us to include interactions of both long-term rules and working memory in designs to improve rapid AI learning of new problems,”如果数学不需要一个巨大的大脑，那么在设计中，我们也可能有新的方法来包括长期规则和工作记忆的互动，从而提高人工智能对新问题的快速学习，可知，Adrian Dyer认为，蜜蜂的数字认知对人工智能的未来发展可能有影响。故选B。 （3）考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的“M

27、any species can understand the difference between quantities and use this to search for food, make decisions and solve problems. But numerical cognition, such as exact number and arithmetic operations, requires a more complex level of processing.”许多物种都能理解数量之间的差异，并以此来寻找食物、做出决定和解决问题。但是数字认知，比如精确的数字和算术运

28、算，需要更复杂的处理。可知，新研究的发现说明了在更多的物种中发现了数字认知。故选C。 （4）考查主旨大意。根据最后一段中的“Previous studies have shown some primates (灵长目动物), birds, babies and even spiders can add and/or subtract. The new research, published in Science Advances, adds bees to that list.”此前的研究表明，一些灵长类动物、鸟类、婴儿甚至蜘蛛都可以加减法。发表在科学进展(Science Advances)杂

29、志上的这项新研究将蜜蜂也列入了这一名单。”故选B。 【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。3犇犇阅读理解 A study found wireless signals are able to pass through bags and suitcases to judge the sizes of dangerous metal objects and identify them. These items could include weapon

30、s, chemicals, laptops and batteries for bombs, the research team said on Tuesday. Research suggested that Wi-Fi can now be used to estimate the volume of liquids such as water, acid, alcohol and other chemicals for explosive material. The study led by researchers at the Wireless Information Network

31、Laboratory (WINLAB) in the School. of Engineering showed a wireless device with two to three antennas(天线)that could be fitted in existing Wi-Fi networks. The detection system analyzes what happens when wireless signals go through and bounce off objects or materials. The approach, which the paper sta

32、tes, works by separating the wireless interference(干扰)caused by two factors of objects-the material and shape. Most dangerous objects such as weapons are usually metal or liquid, which have significant interference, researchers said. When it was tested on a backpack, the accuracy rate topped 95 perc

33、ent. But the accuracy dropped to about 90 percent when objects inside bags are wrapped. And the tech could save lives if used in museums, stadiums, theme parks or schools, the team said, noting its design can inspect bags or luggage without being an exposure to privacy. It uses channel state informa

34、tion (CSI) that is readily available in low-cost Wi-Fi devices. This could have a great impact on protecting the public from dangerous objects, said Yingying Chen, a co-author of the study, Theres a growing need for that now. In large public areas, its hard to set up expensive screening equipment li

35、ke whats in airports. Manpower is always needed to check bags and we want to develop a method to try to reduce manpower.” The peer-reviewed study, which recently won a best paper award at the 2018 IEEE Conference on Communications and Network Security, is now published online. Future work will conti

36、nue to focus on ameliorating the accuracy of identifying objects and imaging shapes and volumes, researchers said.（1）What does paragraph 3 talk about? A.The function of the technique.B.The way the device works.C.The principle the study is based on.D.The benefit of the study findings.（2）Whats the adv

37、antage of the device? A.It saves people in danger of natural disasters.B.It passes through bags without damaging them.C.It uses antennas to pick up networks signals.D.It protects personal information from being disturbed.（3）Why did the researchers study the device according to Yingying Chen? A.To sa

38、ve money and labour.B.To make full use of Wi-Fi.C.To protect passengers privacy.D.To research dangerous objects.（4）Which of the following can replace the underlined word “ameliorating in the last paragraph? A.Confirming.B.Improving.C.Discovering.D.Examining.【答案】 （1）B（2）D（3）A（4）B 【解析】【分析】本是一篇说明文，介绍了研

39、究人员发现，WiFi可用于可用于安检。 （1）考查段落大意。根据第三段中的“The detection system analyzes what happens when wireless signals go through and bounce off objects or materials.”这个检测系统分析信号在物体和材料上穿透和反射时会发生什么。可知选B。 （2）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“noting its design can inspect bags or luggage without being an exposure to privacy.”可知，不用打开和检查人们

40、的个人物品，避免了侵犯隐私，可知选D。 （3）考查推理判断，根据第五段中的“In large public areas, its hard to set up expensive screening equipment like whats in airports. Manpower is always needed to check bags and we want to develop a method to try to reduce manpower.”在大型公共场所，很难像机场那样设置昂贵的安检设施。检查行李总是需要人力，我们希望开发一种互补的方法来减少人力，可推知选A。 （4）考查

41、词义猜测。根据最后一段中的“Future work will continue to focus on ameliorating the accuracy of identifying objects and imaging shapes and volumes”今后的工作将继续侧重于提高识别物体和成像形状及体积的准确性，故选B。 【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测，推理判断和段落大意四个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。4犇犇阅读理解 A good disguise keeps you

42、hidden, right? Well, sometimes the best disguise is actually the most dazzling because research reveals that flashy metallic iridescence(金属彩虹色) can visually puzzle predators, which allows colorful prey to survive another day. Those surprising results appear in the journal Scientific Reports. Shining

43、 iridescent color, which changes depending on the angle from which its viewed, is favored by everything from birds to beetles and blossoms to butterflies. And in our research group we are of course interested in why this vivid metallic color is so widespread in nature. Karin Kjernsmo of the Universi

44、ty of Bristol adds that in some cases the showy splashes of light are a sexual strategy. Here I would like to point out that in some species, particularly those that display strong sexual dimorphism(雌雄两性), such as birds of paradise or some butterflies or fishes, the occurrence of iridescence is most

45、 likely driven by sexual selection. For example, in many of these cases it is the males that have these vivid iridescent colors and they use them in mate choice or they use them as a signal to attract mates. But iridescence also shows up in situations where reproduction is not an issue. So what we a

46、re studying now is whether natural selection imposed by predation(捕食行为) could explain the occurrence of iridescence in prey animals. The idea that eyecatching colors could be used as a coverup isnt a new one. The father of camouflage theory, Abbott Thayer, really believed that iridescence should be

47、categorized as a camouflage strategy. And he wrote in his famous lifework ConcealingColoration in the Animal Kingdom, already in 1909, that brilliantly changeable or metallic colors are among the strongest factors in an animals concealment. And this sounds like a completely unreasonable thing to say

48、, because how can colors that are both brilliant and changeable contribute to animals concealment？ In a similar way, we were asking whether iridescence, due to its changeability, could work as a form of camouflage by preventing shape recognition. Kjernsmo and her colleagues trained bumblebees to ass

49、ociate a particular shapea circle or an ovalwith a sugar reward. And they found that the bees, when given a choice, would preferentially visit the shape they knew to be sweet. But when the shapes were iridescent, the bees had trouble telling them apart. It seemed that the strikingly iridescent surfa

50、ces on our targets visually broke up the otherwise recognizable shape of the targets, which made them hard to distinguish. As for making use of this method for hiding in plain sight, Any practical applications is of course directly linked to any industry that has an interest in camouflage, that is h

51、ow to conceal objects or make them more difficult to recognize. The researchers are currently conducting experiments with birds, which often prey on iridescent insects to see if it helps to have a birdseye view.（1）According to the passage, iridescence is not made use of by animals to _. A.live a lit

52、tle longer by escaping their predator(捕食者)B.catch the attention of their matesC.conceal themselves when in dangerD.catch sight of more colorful preys（2）From the study in the last paragraph, we can learn that _. A.Bees can always tell the difference between a circle and an ovalB.Bees are creatures th

53、at are fascinated by sweet things that are iridescentC.If a circle, with a sugar reward, is iridescent, the bees may have difficulty finding itD.Bees are likely to prefer circles to ovals, whether they are iridescent or not（3）What will be talked about in the following paragraph? A.Whether there are

54、any differences between bees and birds.B.Some industries that have great interest in camouflage.C.Why birds are not effected by iridescent insects.D.Which camouflage theory applies more to birds.（4）Which of the following might serve as the best title of the passage? A.A famous camouflage strategyB.M

55、etallic iridescent as the best disguiseC.Colors unique to animalsD.Shining colors as a sexual strategy【答案】 （1）D（2）C（3）C（4）B 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了彩虹色有助于生物隐藏。 （1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“A good disguise keeps you hidden, right? Well, sometimes the best disguise is actually the most dazzling because research reve

56、als that flashy metallic iridescence(金属彩虹色) can visually puzzle predators, which allows colorful prey to survive another day.”可知彩虹色被动物用来通过逃离捕食者而活得更久，排除A；根据第三段中的“Here I would like to point out that in some species, particularly those that display strong sexual dimorphism(雌雄两性), such as birds of parad

57、ise or some butterflies or fishes, the occurrence of iridescence is most likely driven by sexual selection.”在这里我想指出的是，在某些物种中，尤其是那些表现出强烈两性差异的物种，比如天堂鸟、孔雀，甚至在某些蝴蝶或鱼类中，彩虹色的出现很可能是由性别选择所驱动的。可知动物用彩虹色引起同伴的注意，排除B；根据倒数第二段中的“The idea that eyecatching colors could be used as a coverup isnt a new one.”引人注目的颜色可以用

58、来伪装，这种想法并不新鲜，排除C，故选D。 （2）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“It seemed that the strikingly iridescent surfaces on our targets visually broke up the otherwise recognizable shape of the targets, which made them hard to distinguish.”似乎我们的目标上惊人的彩虹表面在视觉上打破了原本可以辨认的目标形状，这使得它们很难区分。故选C。 （3）考查推理判断。根据最后一段说研究人员目前正在对鸟类进行实验，这些鸟类的饮食中

59、经常含有彩虹色的昆虫。实验目的是看看鸟类的视角是否能提供帮助。由此推断接下来一段会谈论 为什么鸟类不受彩虹色昆虫的影响，故选C。 （4）考查主旨大意。第一段中的“Well, sometimes the best disguise is actually the most dazzling because research reveals that flashy metallic iridescence(金属彩虹色) can visually puzzle predators, which allows colorful prey to survive another day.”有时，最好的伪装

60、其实是最耀眼的伪装，因为研究表明，闪光的金属彩虹色能在视觉上迷惑捕食者，这让五颜六色的猎物能够再存活一天，是全文的主题句，结合全文内容，可知这篇文章主要讲了彩虹色有助于生物隐藏，故选B。 【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。5Directions: Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.

61、 A tiny clue found in ancient deposits has unlocked big secrets about Greenlands past and future climate. Just beyond the northwest edge of the vast Greenland Ice Sheet, researchers have discovered lake mud that have survived the last ice age. The mud, and remains of common flies in it, record two i

62、nterglacial periods(间冰期)in northwest Greenland. Although researchers have long known these two periodsthe early Holocene and Last Interglacialexperienced warming in the Arctic, the mix of fly species shows that Greenland was even warmer than previously thought. As far as we know, it has never been f

63、ound in Greenland. We think this is the first time anyone has reported it in ancient deposits or modern lakes there, Axford said. We were really surprised to see how far north it migrated (迁徙). This new information could help researchers better measure Greenlands sensitivity to warming, by testing and improving models of climate and ice sheet behaviour. Those models could